BibTex RIS Cite

Effects of Lighting, Stocking Density and Perch Using on Leg Health, Fear and Stress Parameters as Welfare Criteria on Broiler Chickens I. Fear and Stress Parameters

Year 2016, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 426 - 431, 01.01.2016

Solmaz Karaarslan Ahmet Nazlıgül

Abstract

Background/Aim: This study was carried out to determine effects of lighting program, stocking density and use of perch on the tonic immobility, heterophil lymphocyte ratio, level of serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol and triglycerides on broiler chickens. Material, Methods: As the material, total number of 360 180 male-180 female one-day-old broiler chickens Ross 308 were used. The experiment was designed as a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement with three replicates. Factors of lighting program continuous lighting: during 42 day 23L:1D, restricted lighting: 0-21 day 18L:6D, 22-42 day 23L:1D , stocking density 12 broiler/m2 and 18 broiler/m2 and use of perch there is perch- not perch were examined in this study. On 40th day, 12 broilers two male-two female per replicate chosen randomly from each group were subjected to tonic immobility test. On 41th day, blood samples were collected from brachial vein of 18 broilers three male-three female per replicate chosen randomly from each group for determining heterophil lymphocyte ratio, level of serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol and triglycerides. Results/Conclusion: It was determined that lighting programme, stocking density and perch usage have no significant effect on tonic immobility duration and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. But, tonic immobility duration was obtained as lower in the group that perch was used. Heterophil lymphocyte rate was obtained as lower in the group that includes 12 broiler/m2 . It was determined that effect on total protein level P

Keywords

Lighting programme stocking density perch tonic immobility heterophil lymphocyte ratio

References

  • Abbas AO, Alm El-Dein AK, Desoky AA, Galal MAA (2008). The effects of photoperiod programs on broiler chicken performance and immune response. International Journal of Poultry Science,7(7), 665-671.
  • Abudabos AM,Samara EM, Hussein EOS, Al-Ghadi MQ, Al-Atiyat RM (2013). Impacts of stocking density on performance and welfare of broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 66-71.
  • Akşit M, Özdemir D. Kanatlılarda korku davranışı (2002). Hayvansal Üretim, 43(2), 26-34.
  • Al-Murrani WK, Kassab A, Al-Sam HZ, Al-Athari AMK (1997). Heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio as a selection criterion for heat resistance in domestic fowls. British Poultry Science, 38, 159-163.
  • Altan Ö, Altan A, Çabuk M, Bayraktar H (2000). Effects of heat stress on some blood parameters in broilers. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 24, 145-148.
  • Altınçekiç ŞÖ, Koyuncu M (2012). Çiftlik hayvanları ve stres. Hayvansal Üretim, 53(1), 27-37.
  • Anonim (2007).Council Directive 2007/43/EC of 28 June 2007, Laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production OJL 182, 28.06.2007, p. 19-28. http://eurlex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:182:0019: 0028:EN:PDF. Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2014.
  • Bayram A (2006). Sürekli ve kısa gün aydınlatma programlarının etlik piliçlerde gelişme ve davranış özelliklerine etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • Beuving G, Jones RB, Blokhuis HJ (1989). Adrenocortical and heterophil/ lymphocyte responses to challenge in hens showing short or long tonic immobility reactions. British Poultry Science, 30, 175-184.
  • Bizeray D, Estevez I, Leterrier C, Faure JM (2002). Influence of increased environmental complexity on leg condition, performance and level of fearfulness in broilers. Poultry Science, 81, 767-773.
  • Boissy A (1995). Fear and fearfulness in animals. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 70, 165-191.
  • Brown AJ (2010). Photoperiod effects on broiler performance and behavior. Master of Science. The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
  • Campo JL, Da´vila SG (2002). Effect of photoperiod on heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and tonicimmobility duration of chickens. Poultry Science, 81,1637-1639.
  • Das H, Lacin E (2014). The effect of different photoperiods and stocking densities on fattening performance, carcass and some stress parameters in broilers. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 69(4), 211-220.
  • Dozier III WA, Thaxton JP, Purswell JL, Olanrewaju HA, Branton SL, Roush WB (2006). Stocking density effects on male broilers grown to 1,8 kilograms of body weight. Poultry Science, 85(2), 344-351.
  • Emre B, Hatiboğlu Ş, Çetin İ (1991). Tavuklarda yerleşim sıklığının bazı hematolojik değerlere etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(1-2), 179-185.
  • Eratalar SA (2008). Beyaz hindilerde yerleşim sıklığının performans, karkas kalitesi ve bazı stres parametrelerine etkisi. Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Ferrante V, Lolli S, Marelli S, Vezzoli G, Sirri F, Cavalchini LG (2006). Effect of light programmes, bird densities and litter types on broilers welfare. XII European Poultry Conference. 10-14 September 2006, Verona, Italy.
  • Gray JA (1987). The Psychology of Fear and Stress. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press.
  • Gross WB, Siegel HS (1983). Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Diseases, 27(4), 972- 979.
  • Gross WB, Siegel PB (1985). Effect of initial and second periods of fasting on heterophil/lymphocyte rations and body weight. Avian Diseases, 30, 345-346.
  • Heckert RA, Estevez I, Russek-Cohen E, Pettit-Riley R (2002). Effects of density and perch availability on the immune status of broilers. Poultry Science, 81, 451-457.
  • Houshmand M, Azhar K, Zulkifli I, Bejo MH, Kamyab A (2012). Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poultry Science, 91, 393- 401.
  • Jones RB (1986). Tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: A review. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 42, 82-96.
  • Jones RB (1987a). Fear and fear responses: A hypothetical consideration. Medical Science Research, 15, 1287-1290.
  • Jones RB (1987b). The assessment of fear in the domestic fowl. In: Zayan R. and Duncan IJH (Eds), Cognitive Aspects of Social Behaviour in the Domestic Fowl. Cambridge, Elsevier, pp. 40-81.
  • Jones RB, Faure JM (1980). Tonic immobility (righting time) in the domestic fowl: Effects of various methods of induction. IRSC Medical Science, 8, 184-185.
  • Lien RJ, Hess JB, McKee SR, Biligili SF, Townsend JC (2007). Effect of light intensity and photoperiod on live performance, heterophil-to- lymphocyte ratio and processing yields of broilers. Poultry Science, 86, 1287-1293.
  • Maxwell MH (1993). Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 49, 34-43.
  • Mench JA (1992). The welfare of poultry in modern production systems. Poultry Science Reviews, 4, 107-128.
  • Onbaşılar EE (2005). Kanatlılarda stres. Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 15(2), 30-35.
  • Onbaşılar EE, Erol H, Cantekin Z, Kaya Ü (2007). Influence of intermittent lighting on broiler performance, incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia, tonic immobility, some blood parameters and antibody production. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 20(4), 550-555.
  • Onbaşılar EE, Poyraz Ö, Erdem E, Öztürk H (2008). Influence of lighting periods and stocking densities on performance, carcass characteristics and some stress parameters in broilers. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 72, 193-200.
  • Özdamar K (2004). Paket Programlama ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, İkinci Baskı. Eskişehir, Kaan Kitabevi..
  • Özkan S, Yalçın S, Akbaş Y, Kırkpınar F, Gevrekçi Y, Türkmut L (2006). Effects of short day (16L:8D) length on broilers: some physiological and welfare indices. XII European Poultry Conference. 10-14 September 2006, Verona, Italy.
  • Petek M, Çibik R, Yildiz H, Sonat FA, Gezen SS, Orman A, Aydin C (2010). The influence of different lighting programs, stocking densities and litter amounts on the welfare and productivity traits of a commercial broiler line. Veterinarija Ir Zootechnica, 51(73), 36-43.
  • Sanotra GS, Lund JD, Vestergaard KS (2002). Influence of light-dark schedules and stocking density on behaviour, risk of leg problems and occurrence of chronic fear in broilers. British Poultry Science, 43, 344-354.
  • Skomorucha I, Muchacka R, Sosnówka-Czajka E, Herbut E (2009). Response of broiler chickens from three genetic groups to different stocking densities. Annals of Animal Science, 9(2), 175-184.
  • Škrbić Z, Pavlovski Z, Lukić M (2009). Stocking density-factor of production performance, quality and broiler welfare. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25(5-6), 359-372.
  • Spinu M, Degen AA (1993). Effect of cold stress on performance and immune responses of Bedouin and White Leghorn hens. British Poultry Science, 34, 177-185.
  • Son J (2013). The effect of stocking density on the behaviour and welfare indexes of broiler chickens. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 3, 307-311.
  • Şekeroğlu A, Sarıca M, Gülay MŞ, Duman M (2011). Effect of stocking density on chick performance, internal organ weights and blood parameters in broilers. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10(2), 246-250.
  • Şimşek GU, Dalkılıç B, Çiftçi M, Çerçi İH, Bahşi M (2009). Effects of enriched housing design on broiler performance, welfare, chicken meat composition and serum cholesterol. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 78, 67-74.
  • Thaxton JP, Dozier WA, Branton SL, Morgan GW, Miles DW, Roush WB, Lott BD, Vizzier-Thaxton Y (2006). Stocking density and physiological adaptive responses of broilers. Poultry Science, 85, 819-824.
  • Üzüm MH, Oral Toplu HD (2013). Effects of stocking density and feed restriction on performance, carcass, meat quality characteristics and some stress parameters in broilers under heat stress. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 164, 546-554.
  • Ventura BA (2009). Effects of barrier perches and stocking density on the behavior, space use and leg health of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). Master of Science Thesis. University of Maryland, USA.
  • Wang B, Rathgeber BM, Astatkie T, MacIsaac JL (2008). The stress and fear levels of microwave toe-treated broiler chickens grown with two photoperiod programs. Poultry Science, 87, 1248-1252.
  • Zhao JP, Jiao HC, Jiang YB, Song ZG, Wang XJ, Lin H (2012). Cool perch availability improves the performance and welfare status of broiler chickens in hot weather. Poultry Science, 91, 1775-1784.
  • Zülkifli I, Rasedee A, Syaadah ON, Che Norma. MT (1998). Daylength effects on stress and fear responses in broiler chickens. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 11, 751-754.

Etlik Piliçlerde Refah Kriteri Olarak Bacak Sağlığı, Korku ve Stres Parametreleri Üzerine Aydınlatma, Yerleşim Sıklığı ve Tünek Kullanımının Etkileri* I. Korku ve Stres Parametreleri

Year 2016, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 426 - 431, 01.01.2016

Solmaz Karaarslan Ahmet Nazlıgül

Abstract

Özbilgi/Amaç: Bu çalışma, etlik piliçlerde aydınlatma programı, yerleşim sıklığı ve tünek kullanım durumunun hareketsizlik süresi, heterofil lenfosit oranı, serum glikoz, total protein, kolesterol ve trigliserit düzeyi üzerine etkilerini ortaya koymak amacıyla düzenlenmiştir. Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmanın canlı materyalini 360 adet 180 erkek-180 dişi günlük yaştaki etlik ticari civciv Ross 308 oluşturmuştur. Araştırma üç faktörün, iki düzeyli ve üç tekrar olacak şekilde 2x2x2 deneme düzeni şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aydınlatma programı, sürekli aydınlatma 42 gün boyunca 23A:1K ve kısıtlı aydınlatma ilk 21 gün 18A:6K, 22-42. günler arasında 23A:1K olarak, yerleşim sıklığı, 12 ve 18 piliç/m2 , tünek kullanım durumu ise, tünekli ve tüneksiz olarak düzenlenmiştir. Araştırmanın 40. gününde her tekrar grubundan iki erkek-iki dişi olmak üzere, her deneme grubundan rasgele seçilen 12 piliç hareketsizlik süresi testine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırmanın 41. gününde her tekrar grubundan üç erkek-üç dişi olmak üzere, her deneme grubundan rasgele seçilen 18 pilicin kanat altı venasından, heterofil lenfosit oranı, serum glikoz, total protein, kolesterol ve trigliserit düzeylerinin belirlenmesi için kullanılacak kan örnekleri alınmıştır. Bulgular ve Sonuç: Hareketsizlik süresi ve heterofil lenfosit oranı üzerine aydınlatma programı, yerleşim sıklığı ve tünek kullanım durumunun etkilerinin istatistiksel açıdan önemsiz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Fakat hareketsizlik süresi, tünek kullanılan grupta, heterofil lenfosit oranı ise 12 piliç/m2 grubunda daha dikkat çekici düzeyde düşük olarak elde edilmiştir. Aydınlatma programının total protein düzeyi P

Keywords

Aydınlatma programı yerleşim sıklığı tünek hareketsizlik süresi heterofil lenfosit oranı

References

  • Abbas AO, Alm El-Dein AK, Desoky AA, Galal MAA (2008). The effects of photoperiod programs on broiler chicken performance and immune response. International Journal of Poultry Science,7(7), 665-671.
  • Abudabos AM,Samara EM, Hussein EOS, Al-Ghadi MQ, Al-Atiyat RM (2013). Impacts of stocking density on performance and welfare of broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 66-71.
  • Akşit M, Özdemir D. Kanatlılarda korku davranışı (2002). Hayvansal Üretim, 43(2), 26-34.
  • Al-Murrani WK, Kassab A, Al-Sam HZ, Al-Athari AMK (1997). Heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio as a selection criterion for heat resistance in domestic fowls. British Poultry Science, 38, 159-163.
  • Altan Ö, Altan A, Çabuk M, Bayraktar H (2000). Effects of heat stress on some blood parameters in broilers. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 24, 145-148.
  • Altınçekiç ŞÖ, Koyuncu M (2012). Çiftlik hayvanları ve stres. Hayvansal Üretim, 53(1), 27-37.
  • Anonim (2007).Council Directive 2007/43/EC of 28 June 2007, Laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production OJL 182, 28.06.2007, p. 19-28. http://eurlex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:182:0019: 0028:EN:PDF. Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2014.
  • Bayram A (2006). Sürekli ve kısa gün aydınlatma programlarının etlik piliçlerde gelişme ve davranış özelliklerine etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • Beuving G, Jones RB, Blokhuis HJ (1989). Adrenocortical and heterophil/ lymphocyte responses to challenge in hens showing short or long tonic immobility reactions. British Poultry Science, 30, 175-184.
  • Bizeray D, Estevez I, Leterrier C, Faure JM (2002). Influence of increased environmental complexity on leg condition, performance and level of fearfulness in broilers. Poultry Science, 81, 767-773.
  • Boissy A (1995). Fear and fearfulness in animals. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 70, 165-191.
  • Brown AJ (2010). Photoperiod effects on broiler performance and behavior. Master of Science. The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
  • Campo JL, Da´vila SG (2002). Effect of photoperiod on heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and tonicimmobility duration of chickens. Poultry Science, 81,1637-1639.
  • Das H, Lacin E (2014). The effect of different photoperiods and stocking densities on fattening performance, carcass and some stress parameters in broilers. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 69(4), 211-220.
  • Dozier III WA, Thaxton JP, Purswell JL, Olanrewaju HA, Branton SL, Roush WB (2006). Stocking density effects on male broilers grown to 1,8 kilograms of body weight. Poultry Science, 85(2), 344-351.
  • Emre B, Hatiboğlu Ş, Çetin İ (1991). Tavuklarda yerleşim sıklığının bazı hematolojik değerlere etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(1-2), 179-185.
  • Eratalar SA (2008). Beyaz hindilerde yerleşim sıklığının performans, karkas kalitesi ve bazı stres parametrelerine etkisi. Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Ferrante V, Lolli S, Marelli S, Vezzoli G, Sirri F, Cavalchini LG (2006). Effect of light programmes, bird densities and litter types on broilers welfare. XII European Poultry Conference. 10-14 September 2006, Verona, Italy.
  • Gray JA (1987). The Psychology of Fear and Stress. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press.
  • Gross WB, Siegel HS (1983). Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Diseases, 27(4), 972- 979.
  • Gross WB, Siegel PB (1985). Effect of initial and second periods of fasting on heterophil/lymphocyte rations and body weight. Avian Diseases, 30, 345-346.
  • Heckert RA, Estevez I, Russek-Cohen E, Pettit-Riley R (2002). Effects of density and perch availability on the immune status of broilers. Poultry Science, 81, 451-457.
  • Houshmand M, Azhar K, Zulkifli I, Bejo MH, Kamyab A (2012). Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poultry Science, 91, 393- 401.
  • Jones RB (1986). Tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: A review. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 42, 82-96.
  • Jones RB (1987a). Fear and fear responses: A hypothetical consideration. Medical Science Research, 15, 1287-1290.
  • Jones RB (1987b). The assessment of fear in the domestic fowl. In: Zayan R. and Duncan IJH (Eds), Cognitive Aspects of Social Behaviour in the Domestic Fowl. Cambridge, Elsevier, pp. 40-81.
  • Jones RB, Faure JM (1980). Tonic immobility (righting time) in the domestic fowl: Effects of various methods of induction. IRSC Medical Science, 8, 184-185.
  • Lien RJ, Hess JB, McKee SR, Biligili SF, Townsend JC (2007). Effect of light intensity and photoperiod on live performance, heterophil-to- lymphocyte ratio and processing yields of broilers. Poultry Science, 86, 1287-1293.
  • Maxwell MH (1993). Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 49, 34-43.
  • Mench JA (1992). The welfare of poultry in modern production systems. Poultry Science Reviews, 4, 107-128.
  • Onbaşılar EE (2005). Kanatlılarda stres. Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 15(2), 30-35.
  • Onbaşılar EE, Erol H, Cantekin Z, Kaya Ü (2007). Influence of intermittent lighting on broiler performance, incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia, tonic immobility, some blood parameters and antibody production. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 20(4), 550-555.
  • Onbaşılar EE, Poyraz Ö, Erdem E, Öztürk H (2008). Influence of lighting periods and stocking densities on performance, carcass characteristics and some stress parameters in broilers. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 72, 193-200.
  • Özdamar K (2004). Paket Programlama ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, İkinci Baskı. Eskişehir, Kaan Kitabevi..
  • Özkan S, Yalçın S, Akbaş Y, Kırkpınar F, Gevrekçi Y, Türkmut L (2006). Effects of short day (16L:8D) length on broilers: some physiological and welfare indices. XII European Poultry Conference. 10-14 September 2006, Verona, Italy.
  • Petek M, Çibik R, Yildiz H, Sonat FA, Gezen SS, Orman A, Aydin C (2010). The influence of different lighting programs, stocking densities and litter amounts on the welfare and productivity traits of a commercial broiler line. Veterinarija Ir Zootechnica, 51(73), 36-43.
  • Sanotra GS, Lund JD, Vestergaard KS (2002). Influence of light-dark schedules and stocking density on behaviour, risk of leg problems and occurrence of chronic fear in broilers. British Poultry Science, 43, 344-354.
  • Skomorucha I, Muchacka R, Sosnówka-Czajka E, Herbut E (2009). Response of broiler chickens from three genetic groups to different stocking densities. Annals of Animal Science, 9(2), 175-184.
  • Škrbić Z, Pavlovski Z, Lukić M (2009). Stocking density-factor of production performance, quality and broiler welfare. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25(5-6), 359-372.
  • Spinu M, Degen AA (1993). Effect of cold stress on performance and immune responses of Bedouin and White Leghorn hens. British Poultry Science, 34, 177-185.
  • Son J (2013). The effect of stocking density on the behaviour and welfare indexes of broiler chickens. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 3, 307-311.
  • Şekeroğlu A, Sarıca M, Gülay MŞ, Duman M (2011). Effect of stocking density on chick performance, internal organ weights and blood parameters in broilers. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10(2), 246-250.
  • Şimşek GU, Dalkılıç B, Çiftçi M, Çerçi İH, Bahşi M (2009). Effects of enriched housing design on broiler performance, welfare, chicken meat composition and serum cholesterol. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 78, 67-74.
  • Thaxton JP, Dozier WA, Branton SL, Morgan GW, Miles DW, Roush WB, Lott BD, Vizzier-Thaxton Y (2006). Stocking density and physiological adaptive responses of broilers. Poultry Science, 85, 819-824.
  • Üzüm MH, Oral Toplu HD (2013). Effects of stocking density and feed restriction on performance, carcass, meat quality characteristics and some stress parameters in broilers under heat stress. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 164, 546-554.
  • Ventura BA (2009). Effects of barrier perches and stocking density on the behavior, space use and leg health of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). Master of Science Thesis. University of Maryland, USA.
  • Wang B, Rathgeber BM, Astatkie T, MacIsaac JL (2008). The stress and fear levels of microwave toe-treated broiler chickens grown with two photoperiod programs. Poultry Science, 87, 1248-1252.
  • Zhao JP, Jiao HC, Jiang YB, Song ZG, Wang XJ, Lin H (2012). Cool perch availability improves the performance and welfare status of broiler chickens in hot weather. Poultry Science, 91, 1775-1784.
  • Zülkifli I, Rasedee A, Syaadah ON, Che Norma. MT (1998). Daylength effects on stress and fear responses in broiler chickens. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 11, 751-754.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Solmaz Karaarslan

Ahmet Nazlıgül This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karaarslan, S., & Nazlıgül, A. (2016). Etlik Piliçlerde Refah Kriteri Olarak Bacak Sağlığı, Korku ve Stres Parametreleri Üzerine Aydınlatma, Yerleşim Sıklığı ve Tünek Kullanımının Etkileri* I. Korku ve Stres Parametreleri. Animal Health Production and Hygiene, 5(1), 426-431.