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Statik Germe Süresinin Gastroknemius Kas Vaskülarizasyonu Üzerine Akut Etkilerinin Superb Mikrovasküler Görüntüleme Yöntemi ile İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 56 Issue: 2, 94 - 98, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.20492/aeahtd.1249355

Abstract

AMAÇ: Statik germe (SG) egzersizleri, kas esnekliğini artırmak, fiziksel performansı iyileştirmek ve kas-iskelet yaralanmalarını azaltmak amacıyla sıklıkla kullanılır. Bu çalışmanın amacı gastroknemius kasına uygulanan farklı SG sürelerinin kas kan akımı üzerine akut etkilerini superb mikrovasküler imaging (SMI) yöntemi ile incelemek ve farklı sürelerde germenin germeden hemen sonra ve 10 dakika sonra etkilerini karşılaştırmaktır.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışmaya 18-35 yaşları arasında sağlıklı, 30 gönüllü birey dahil edildi. Bireyler randomize olarak iki gruba ayrıldıktan sonra birinci grubun gastroknemius kasına 2 dakikalık SG, ikinci grubun gastroknemius kasına ise 5 dakikalık SG uygulaması yaptırıldı. Germe sonrası kastaki kan akımı SMI yöntemi ile değerlendirildi.
BULGULAR: 2 dakika ve 5 dakika germe uygulamaları sonucunda kas kan akımının arttığı, 5 dakika germe uygulamasının 2 dakika germe uygulamasına göre kan akımını daha fazla artırdığı (p<0.05) ve 10 dakika sonra kan akımı değerlerinin başlangıç değerlerine döndüğü sonucuna varıldı (p>0.05).
SONUÇ: Sağlıklı bireylerde dolaşımı artırmak için 2 veya 5 dakikalık esneme uygulamalarının yeterli olabileceği düşünüldü.

References

  • 1. Lewis J. A systematic literature review of the relationship between stretching and athletic injury prevention. Orthop Nurs. 2014; 33(6):312-320. doi: 10.1097/NOR.0000000000000097.
  • 2. Zakaria AA, Kiningham RB, Sen A. Effects of static and dynamic stretching on injury prevention in high school soccer athletes: A Randomized Trial. J Sport Rehab. 2015;24(3):229-235. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2013-0114.
  • 3. Apostolopoulos NC, Metsios GS, Flouris A, Koutedakis Y, Wyon MA. The relevance of stretch intensity and position—a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1128. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01128.
  • 4. Bordoni B, Sugumar K, Varacallo M. Muscle Cramps In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2020.
  • 5. Blyton F, Chuter V, Walter KE, Burns J. Non-drug therapies for lower limb muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 18;1(1):CD008496. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008496.pub2.
  • 6. Bassett DR, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):70-84. doi:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012.
  • 7. Hellsten Y, Rufener N, Nielsen JJ, Høier B, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Passive leg movement enhances interstitial VEGF protein, endothelial cell proliferation, and eNOS mRNA content in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;294(3):R975-82. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00677.2007.
  • 8. McDaniel J, Ives SJ, Richardson RS. Human muscle length-dependent changes in blood flow. J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(4):560-565. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01223.2011.
  • 9. Rivilis I, Milkiewicz M, Boyd P, Golstein J, Brown MD, Egginton S, et al. Differential involvement of MMP-2 and VEGF during muscle stretch- versus shear stress-induced angiogenesis. American J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;283(4):H1430-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00082.2002.
  • 10. Hotta K, Behnke BJ, Arjmandi B, Ghosh P, Chen B, Brooks R, et al. Daily muscle stretching enhances blood flow, endothelial function, capillarity, vascular volume, and connectivity in aged skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2018;596(10):1903-1917. doi: 10.1113/JP275459.
  • 11. Caliskan E, Akkoc O, Bayramoglu Z, Gözübüyük ÖB. Effects of static stretching duration on muscle stiffness and blood flow in the rectus femoris in adolescents. Med Ultrason. 2019;21(2):136-143. doi: 10.11152/mu-1859.
  • 12. Xiao XY, Chen X, Guan XF, Wu H, Qin W,Luo BM. Superb microvascular imaging in the diagnosis of breast lesions: a comparative study with contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic microvascular imaging. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1066):20160546. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20160546.
  • 13. Mao Y, Mu J, Zhao J, Xin X. The value of superb microvascular imaging in differentiating benign renal mass from malignant renal tumor: a retrospective study. Br J Radiol. 2018;91(1082):20170601. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20170601.
  • 14. Capobianco RA, Mazzo MM, Enoka RM. Self-massage prior to stretching improves flexibility in young and middle-aged adults. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(13):1543-1450. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.
  • 15. Chino K, Kawakami Y, Takahashi H. Tissue elasticity of in vivo skeletal muscles measured in the transverse and longitudinal planes using shear wave elastography. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2017;37(4):394-399. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12315.
  • 16. Umegaki H, Ikezoe T, Nakamura M, Nishishita S, Kobayashi T, Fujita K, et al. Acute effects of static stretching on the hamstrings using shear elastic modulus determined by ultrasound shear wave elastography: Differences in flexibility between hamstring muscle components. Man Ther. 2015;20(4):610-613. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.02.006.
  • 17. Law RY, Harvey LA, Nicholas MK, Tonkin L, Sousa MD, Finniss DG. Stretch exercises increase tolerance to stretch in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2009;89(10):1016-1026. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20090056.
  • 18. Funase K, Higashi T, Sakakibara A, Tanaka K, Takemochi K, Ogahara K, et al. Neural mechanism underlying the H-reflex inhibition during static muscle stretching. Adv Exerc Sports Physiol. 2003;9(4):119-127.
  • 19. Matsuo S, Suzuki S, Iwata M, Banno Y, Asai Y, Tsuchida W, et al. Acute effects of different stretching durations on passive torque, mobility, and isometric muscle force. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(12):3367-3376. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318290c26f.
  • 20. Nakamura M, Ikezoe T, Nishishita S, Umehara J, Kimura M, Ichihashi N. Acute effects of static stretching on the shear elastic moduli of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles in young and older women. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017;32:98-103. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2017.09.006.
  • 21. Zhou J, Liu C, Zhang Z. Non-uniform Stiffness within Gastrocnemius-Achilles tendon Complex Observed after Static Stretching. J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(3):454-461.
  • 22. Otsuki A, Fujita E, Ikegawa S, Mizumura MK. M. Muscle oxygenation and fascicle length during passive muscle stretching in ballet-trained subjects. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(07) 496–502. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1275297.
  • 23. Matsuo H, Kubota M, Shimada S, Kitade I, Matsumura M, Nonoyama T, et al. The Effect of Static Stretching Duration on Muscle Blood Volume and Oxygenation. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(2):379-385. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003457.
  • 24. Kruse NT, Silette CR, Scheuermann BW. Influence of passive stretch on muscle blood flow, oxygenation, and central cardiovascular responses in healthy young males. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;310(9):H1210-21. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00732.2015.
  • 25. Yamato Y, Higaki Y, Fujie S, Natsuki H, Horii N, Aoyama H, et al. Acute effect of passive one-legged intermittent static stretching on regional blood flow in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(1):331-337. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04524-0.
  • 26. Swanson J. A functional approach to warm-up and flexibility. Strength Cond J. 2006;28(5):30-36. 27. Small K, Mc Naughton L, Matthew, M. A systematic review into the efficacy of static stretching as part of a warm-up for the prevention exercise-related injury. Res Sports Med. 2008;16(3):213-231. doi: 10.1080/15438620802310784.
  • 28. McGowan CJ, Pyne DB, Thompson KG, Rattray B. Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Med. 2015;45(11):1523-1546. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x.
  • 29. Behm DG, Kibele A. Effects of differing intensities of static stretching on jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;101(5):587-594. doi: 10.1007/s00421-007-0533-5.
  • 30. Cramer JT, Beck TW, Housh TJ, Massey LL, Marek SM, Danglemeier S, et al. Acute effects of static stretching on characteristics of the isokinetic angle – torque relationship, surface electromyography, and mechanomyography. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(6):687–698. doi: 10.1080/02640410600818416.

An Examination of the Acute Effects of Static Stretching Duration on Gastrocnemius Muscle Blood Flow by Superb Microvascular Imaging Method

Year 2023, Volume: 56 Issue: 2, 94 - 98, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.20492/aeahtd.1249355

Abstract

AIM: Static stretching (SS) exercises are frequently used to increase muscle flexibility, improve physical performance, and reduce musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of different SS duration applied to the gastrocnemius muscle on muscle blood flow by superb microvascular imaging (SMI) method and compare the impact of stretching at different duration immediately after stretching and 10 minutes later.
MATERIAL AND METHOD: 30 healthy volunteers aged between 18-35 years were included in this study. The individuals were divided into two groups randomly. 2-minute SS was applied to the gastrocnemius muscle of the first group, and 5-minute SS was performed to the gastrocnemius muscle of the second group. Blood flow in the muscle after stretching was evaluated by the SMI method.
RESULTS: It was obtained that muscle blood flow raised as a result of stretching applications for 2 minutes and 5 minutes, stretching application for 5 minutes increased blood flow more than stretching application for 2 minutes (p<0.05), and blood flow values returned to baseline values after 10 minutes (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION: It was thought that 2 or 5 minutes of stretching applications to increase circulation in healthy individuals might be sufficient.

References

  • 1. Lewis J. A systematic literature review of the relationship between stretching and athletic injury prevention. Orthop Nurs. 2014; 33(6):312-320. doi: 10.1097/NOR.0000000000000097.
  • 2. Zakaria AA, Kiningham RB, Sen A. Effects of static and dynamic stretching on injury prevention in high school soccer athletes: A Randomized Trial. J Sport Rehab. 2015;24(3):229-235. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2013-0114.
  • 3. Apostolopoulos NC, Metsios GS, Flouris A, Koutedakis Y, Wyon MA. The relevance of stretch intensity and position—a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1128. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01128.
  • 4. Bordoni B, Sugumar K, Varacallo M. Muscle Cramps In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2020.
  • 5. Blyton F, Chuter V, Walter KE, Burns J. Non-drug therapies for lower limb muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 18;1(1):CD008496. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008496.pub2.
  • 6. Bassett DR, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):70-84. doi:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012.
  • 7. Hellsten Y, Rufener N, Nielsen JJ, Høier B, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Passive leg movement enhances interstitial VEGF protein, endothelial cell proliferation, and eNOS mRNA content in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;294(3):R975-82. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00677.2007.
  • 8. McDaniel J, Ives SJ, Richardson RS. Human muscle length-dependent changes in blood flow. J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(4):560-565. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01223.2011.
  • 9. Rivilis I, Milkiewicz M, Boyd P, Golstein J, Brown MD, Egginton S, et al. Differential involvement of MMP-2 and VEGF during muscle stretch- versus shear stress-induced angiogenesis. American J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;283(4):H1430-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00082.2002.
  • 10. Hotta K, Behnke BJ, Arjmandi B, Ghosh P, Chen B, Brooks R, et al. Daily muscle stretching enhances blood flow, endothelial function, capillarity, vascular volume, and connectivity in aged skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2018;596(10):1903-1917. doi: 10.1113/JP275459.
  • 11. Caliskan E, Akkoc O, Bayramoglu Z, Gözübüyük ÖB. Effects of static stretching duration on muscle stiffness and blood flow in the rectus femoris in adolescents. Med Ultrason. 2019;21(2):136-143. doi: 10.11152/mu-1859.
  • 12. Xiao XY, Chen X, Guan XF, Wu H, Qin W,Luo BM. Superb microvascular imaging in the diagnosis of breast lesions: a comparative study with contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic microvascular imaging. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1066):20160546. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20160546.
  • 13. Mao Y, Mu J, Zhao J, Xin X. The value of superb microvascular imaging in differentiating benign renal mass from malignant renal tumor: a retrospective study. Br J Radiol. 2018;91(1082):20170601. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20170601.
  • 14. Capobianco RA, Mazzo MM, Enoka RM. Self-massage prior to stretching improves flexibility in young and middle-aged adults. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(13):1543-1450. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.
  • 15. Chino K, Kawakami Y, Takahashi H. Tissue elasticity of in vivo skeletal muscles measured in the transverse and longitudinal planes using shear wave elastography. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2017;37(4):394-399. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12315.
  • 16. Umegaki H, Ikezoe T, Nakamura M, Nishishita S, Kobayashi T, Fujita K, et al. Acute effects of static stretching on the hamstrings using shear elastic modulus determined by ultrasound shear wave elastography: Differences in flexibility between hamstring muscle components. Man Ther. 2015;20(4):610-613. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.02.006.
  • 17. Law RY, Harvey LA, Nicholas MK, Tonkin L, Sousa MD, Finniss DG. Stretch exercises increase tolerance to stretch in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2009;89(10):1016-1026. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20090056.
  • 18. Funase K, Higashi T, Sakakibara A, Tanaka K, Takemochi K, Ogahara K, et al. Neural mechanism underlying the H-reflex inhibition during static muscle stretching. Adv Exerc Sports Physiol. 2003;9(4):119-127.
  • 19. Matsuo S, Suzuki S, Iwata M, Banno Y, Asai Y, Tsuchida W, et al. Acute effects of different stretching durations on passive torque, mobility, and isometric muscle force. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(12):3367-3376. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318290c26f.
  • 20. Nakamura M, Ikezoe T, Nishishita S, Umehara J, Kimura M, Ichihashi N. Acute effects of static stretching on the shear elastic moduli of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles in young and older women. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017;32:98-103. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2017.09.006.
  • 21. Zhou J, Liu C, Zhang Z. Non-uniform Stiffness within Gastrocnemius-Achilles tendon Complex Observed after Static Stretching. J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(3):454-461.
  • 22. Otsuki A, Fujita E, Ikegawa S, Mizumura MK. M. Muscle oxygenation and fascicle length during passive muscle stretching in ballet-trained subjects. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(07) 496–502. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1275297.
  • 23. Matsuo H, Kubota M, Shimada S, Kitade I, Matsumura M, Nonoyama T, et al. The Effect of Static Stretching Duration on Muscle Blood Volume and Oxygenation. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(2):379-385. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003457.
  • 24. Kruse NT, Silette CR, Scheuermann BW. Influence of passive stretch on muscle blood flow, oxygenation, and central cardiovascular responses in healthy young males. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;310(9):H1210-21. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00732.2015.
  • 25. Yamato Y, Higaki Y, Fujie S, Natsuki H, Horii N, Aoyama H, et al. Acute effect of passive one-legged intermittent static stretching on regional blood flow in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(1):331-337. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04524-0.
  • 26. Swanson J. A functional approach to warm-up and flexibility. Strength Cond J. 2006;28(5):30-36. 27. Small K, Mc Naughton L, Matthew, M. A systematic review into the efficacy of static stretching as part of a warm-up for the prevention exercise-related injury. Res Sports Med. 2008;16(3):213-231. doi: 10.1080/15438620802310784.
  • 28. McGowan CJ, Pyne DB, Thompson KG, Rattray B. Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Med. 2015;45(11):1523-1546. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x.
  • 29. Behm DG, Kibele A. Effects of differing intensities of static stretching on jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;101(5):587-594. doi: 10.1007/s00421-007-0533-5.
  • 30. Cramer JT, Beck TW, Housh TJ, Massey LL, Marek SM, Danglemeier S, et al. Acute effects of static stretching on characteristics of the isokinetic angle – torque relationship, surface electromyography, and mechanomyography. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(6):687–698. doi: 10.1080/02640410600818416.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Original research article
Authors

Kamile Uzun Akkaya 0000-0003-3608-5192

Habip Eser Akkaya 0000-0002-8447-3627

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Submission Date February 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 56 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Uzun Akkaya K, Eser Akkaya H. An Examination of the Acute Effects of Static Stretching Duration on Gastrocnemius Muscle Blood Flow by Superb Microvascular Imaging Method. Ankara Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Tıp Dergisi. September 2023;56(2):94-98. doi:10.20492/aeahtd.1249355