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Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı

Year 2012, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 221 - 229, 03.01.2013

Abstract

Hayvan beslemede performans artırıcı olarak kullanılan antibiyotik ve hormon gibi yem katkı maddelerinin
yasaklanması, bitkilerde bulunan fitokimyasal maddelere ilgiyi artırmıştır. Bu amaçla, birçok bitkinin ya kendisi yada
ekstraktı kullanılmaktadır. Bitki ekstraktları, beşeri hekimlikte antikanserojenik, antikolesterol ve antihipertansif gibi
özelliklerinden, hayvan beslemede ise aromatik, antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antiparaziter ve immun sistemi uyarıcı gibi
etkilerinden yararlanmak için yoğun olarak tercih edilmektedir. Bu derlemede, genellikle Yucca schidigera ve Quillaja
saponaria’dan elde edilen saponin kaynaklarının antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antiparaziter, immun sistemi uyarıcı ve
antikolesterol gibi etkilerini içeren çalışmalar detaylı olarak incelenmiş ve hayvan beslemede kullanım imkanları ayrıntılı
olarak ele alınmıştır.

References

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  • Allison AC., Byars NE., 1986. An adjuvant formulation that selectively elicits the formation of antibodies of protective isotypes and of cell-mediated immunity. J. immunol. Meth., 96, 157.
  • Anonymous., 2004b. Pure Yucca schidigera and Quillaja powder. ublcorp.com/ 05.01.2012] http:// .html *Erişim: yuccaproducts
  • Aslan R., Dündar Y., Eryavuz A., Bülbül A., Küçükkurt İ., Fidan AF., Akıncı Z., 2005. Effects of various quantities of Yucca schidigera powder (Deodorase) added to diets on the performance, some hematological and biochemical blood parameters, and total antioxidant capacity of laying hens. Revue Méd. Vét., 156, 6, 350-355.
  • Cheeke PR., 2001. Actual and potential applications of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria saponins in human and animal nutrition. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia, 13, 115-126.
  • Cho S., Won CH., Lee DH., Lee MJ., Lee S., So SH., Lee SK., Koo BS., Kim NM., Chung JH., 2009. Red ginseng root extract mixed with Torilus fructus and Corni fructus improves facial wrinkles and increases type I procollagen synthesis in human skin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Med. Food, 12, 1252–1259.
  • Collins BJ., 2006. Wildflowers of the southern California., http://www.callutheran.edu/wf/des/family/des- 48.html *Erişim: 25.01.2012+
  • Çakır S., Yalçın S., 2004. Yumurta kolesterol düzeyine etki eden faktörler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Arastırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 44, 51-63. de Oliveira CAC., Perez AC., Merino G., Prieto JG., Alvarez AI., 2001. Protective effects of Panax ginseng on muscle injury and inflammation after eccentric exercise. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 130, 369-377.
  • Delmas F., Di Giorgio C., Elias R., Gasquet M., Azas N., Mshvildadze V., Dekanosidze G., Kemertelidze E., Timon-David P., 2000. Antileishmanial activity of three saponins isolated from ivy, alpha-hederin, beta-hederin compared with their action on mammalian cells cultured in vitro. Planta Med., 66, 343-347. as
  • Dongma AB., Kamanyi A., Franck U., Wagner H., 2002. Vasodilating properties of extracts from the leaves of Musanga cecropioides (R. Brown). Phytother Res., 16, 6-9.
  • Dündar Y., Aslan R., 2000. Hekimlikte oksidatif stres ve antioksidanlar. 1. Baskı. T.C. A.K.Ü. Yayın No: 29. Uyum Ajans, ISBN:975 7150 29 0, Ankara.
  • Fenwick SB., Price KR., Tsukamoto C., Okubo K., 1992. Saponins. In: D’Mello, J.P.F., Diffus, C.M., Duffus, J.H. (Eds.), Toxic substances in crop plants. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London., pp 285–327.
  • Fidan AF., 2007. Deneysel diyabet oluşturulmuş ratlarda diyete katılan farklı yapılardaki saponin içerikli bitkilerin DNA hasarı, protein oksidasyonu ve lipid peroksidasyonu ile bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkilerinin araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, A.K.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Francis G., Kerem Z., Makkar HPS., Becker K., 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems. Br. J. Nutr., 88, 587-605.
  • Gebera VC., Petricevich VL., Rauw I., Silva WD., 1995. Effect of saponin from Quillaja saponaria (molina) on antibody tumour necrosis factor and interferon- gamma production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem., 22, 255-263.
  • Growers SM., (2001). Quillaja saponaria-Soapbark Tree http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plant display.asp?cat_id=11&plant_id=1339&page=6 *Erişim: 09.01.2012+. .
  • Guo S., Falk E., Kenne L., Ronnberg B., Sundquist BG., 2000. Triterpenoid saponincontaining an acetylated branched Dfucosyl residue from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Phytochemistry, 53, 861-868.
  • Güçlü B., 2003. Bıldırcın rasyonlarına katılan Yucca schidigera ekstraktının yumurta verimi ve yumurta kalitesi ile bazı kan parametrelerine etkisi. Türk Veterinerlik ve Hayvancılık Dergisi, 27, 567-574.
  • Gürbüz E., Balevi T., Kurtoğlu V., Öznurlu Y., 2011. Use of yeast cell walls and Yucca schidigera extract in layer hens diets, Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 10, 134-138.
  • Holtshausen L., Chaves AV., Beauchemin KA., McGinn SM., McAllister TA, Odongo NE., Cheeke PR., Benchaar C., 2009. Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 2809– 2821.
  • Hu W., Liu J., Wu Y., Guo Y., Ye J., 2006. Effects of tea saponins on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance in growing Boer goat. Arch. Anim. Nutr., February, 60, 89–97.
  • Hu WL., Liu JX., Ye JA., Wu YM., Guo YQ., 2005. Effect of tea saponin on rumen fermentation in vitro. Ani. Feed Sci. Tech., 120, 333-339.
  • Hwang JT., Lee MS., Kim HJ., Sung MJ., Kim HY., Kim MS., Kwon DY., 2009. Antiobesity effect of ginsenoside Rg3 involves the AMPK and PPAR-gamma signal pathways. Phytother. Res., 23, 262–266.
  • Ilsley SE., Miller HM., Kamel C., 2005. Effects of dietary quillaja saponin and curcumin on the performance and immune status of weaned piglets. J Anim. Sci., 83, 82-88.
  • Javanmardi J., Stushnoff C., Locke E., Vivanco JM., 2003. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accesions. Food Chemistry, 83, 547- 550.
  • Jenkins KJ., Atwal AS., 1994. Effect of dietary saponins on fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, and availability of vitamins A and E in the chick. The J Nutr Biochem., 5, 134-137.
  • Kaya S., Erdogan Z.,. Erdogan S., 2003. Effect of different dietary levels of Yucca schidigera powder on the performance, blood parameters and egg yolk cholesterol of laying quails. J. Vet. Med., A 50, 14– 17.
  • Keum YS., Park KK., Lee JM., et al., 2000. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Canser Letters, 150, 41-48.
  • Kim J., 2008. Protective effects of Asian dietary items on cancers soy and ginseng. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 9, 543–548.
  • Kim JH., Kang SA., Han SM., Shim I., 2009. Comparison of the antiobesity effects of the protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type saponins of red ginseng. Phytother. Res., 23, 78–85.
  • Kim SW., Park SK., Kang S., Kang HC., Oh HJ., Bae CY., Bae DH., 2003. Hypocholesterolemic property of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria extracts in human body. Arch. Pharm. Res., 26, 1042-1046.
  • Klita PT., Mathison GW., Fenton TW., Hardin RT., 1996. Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 74, 1144–1156.
  • Koratkar R., Rao AV., 1997. Effect of soya bean saponins on azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of mice. Nutr Cancer., 27, 206-209.
  • Kutlu HR., 1999. Yucca schidigera ekstraktı ve kanatlı beslenmesindeki önemi, yem sanayi semineri “Yeni Bin Yılda İsletme Teknolojileri” Düzenleyen; International Feed Industry Federation ve Türkiye Yem Sanayicileri Birligi. TUYAP Fuar ve Kongre Merkezi, İstanbul.
  • Küçükkkurt İ., 2007. Diyete farklı miktarlarda Yucca schidigera tozu katılmasının sıçanlarda plazma leptin, insülin ve tiroid hormonları ile bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkilerinin araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, A.K.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Lacaille-Dubois MA., Wagner HA., 1997. Review of the biological and pharmacological activites of saponin. Phytomedicine, July., 2, 363-386.
  • Lovett DK., Stack L., Lovell S., Callan J., Flynn B., Hawkins M., O’Mara FP., 2006. Effect of feding Yucca schidigera extract on performance of lactating dairy cows and ruminal fermantation parameters in steers., Livestock Science, 102, 23-32.
  • Makkar HPS., Becker K., 1997. Degradation of quillajasaponins by mixed culture of rumen microbes. Lett. in Appl. Microbiol., 25,243-245.
  • Makkar HPS., Sen S., Blummel M., Becker K., 1998. Effects of fractions containing saponins from Yucca schidigera, auriculoformis on rumen fermentation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 4324-4328. and Acacia
  • Malinow MR., Connor WE., McLaughlin P., Stafford C., Lin DS., Livingston AL., Kohler GO., McNulty WP., 1981. Cholesterol and bile acid balance in macaca fascicularis. Effect of alfa saponins. J. Clin. Invest., 67,156-162.
  • Mao HL., Wang JK., Zhou YY., Liu JX., 2010. Effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs. Livestock Science, 129, 56–62.
  • Marzoccoa S., Piacente S., Pizza C., Oleszek W., Stochmal A., Pinto A., Sorrentino R., Autore G., 2004. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by yuccaol C from Yucca schidigera roezl. Life Sci., 75, 1491-1501. Matsui Y., Kumagai H., Masuda H., 2006. Antihypercholesterolemic activity of catechin-free saponin-rich extract from green tea leaves. Food Sci. Technol. Res., 12 , 50-54.
  • Milgate J., Roberts DCK., 1995. The nutritional and biological significance of saponins. Nutr. Research., 15 , 1223-1249.
  • Mochizuki M., Yoo YC., Matsuzawa K., et al., 1995. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)- ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 18, 1197-1202.
  • Morehouse LA., Bangerter FW., De Ninno MP., Philip BI., Mc Carthy PA., Pettini JL., Savoy YE., Sugarman ED., Wilkins RW., Wilson TC., Woody HA., Zaccaro LM., Chandler CE., 1999. Comparison of synthetic saponin cholesterol absorption inhibitors in rabbits; Evidence for a non- stoichiometric, intestinal mechanism of action. J. Lipid Res., 40, 464-474.
  • Morgan B., Heald M., Brooks SG., Tee JL., Green J., 1972. The cholesterol and related sterols in the chick. Poultry Sci., 51, 677-682. dietary saponin, Bark: Phenolic constituents and
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Year 2012, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 221 - 229, 03.01.2013

Abstract

References

  • Afrose S., Hossain MS., Tsujii H., 2010. Effect of dietary karaya saponin on serum and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 51, 797-804.
  • Allison AC., Byars NE., 1986. An adjuvant formulation that selectively elicits the formation of antibodies of protective isotypes and of cell-mediated immunity. J. immunol. Meth., 96, 157.
  • Anonymous., 2004b. Pure Yucca schidigera and Quillaja powder. ublcorp.com/ 05.01.2012] http:// .html *Erişim: yuccaproducts
  • Aslan R., Dündar Y., Eryavuz A., Bülbül A., Küçükkurt İ., Fidan AF., Akıncı Z., 2005. Effects of various quantities of Yucca schidigera powder (Deodorase) added to diets on the performance, some hematological and biochemical blood parameters, and total antioxidant capacity of laying hens. Revue Méd. Vét., 156, 6, 350-355.
  • Cheeke PR., 2001. Actual and potential applications of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria saponins in human and animal nutrition. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia, 13, 115-126.
  • Cho S., Won CH., Lee DH., Lee MJ., Lee S., So SH., Lee SK., Koo BS., Kim NM., Chung JH., 2009. Red ginseng root extract mixed with Torilus fructus and Corni fructus improves facial wrinkles and increases type I procollagen synthesis in human skin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Med. Food, 12, 1252–1259.
  • Collins BJ., 2006. Wildflowers of the southern California., http://www.callutheran.edu/wf/des/family/des- 48.html *Erişim: 25.01.2012+
  • Çakır S., Yalçın S., 2004. Yumurta kolesterol düzeyine etki eden faktörler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Arastırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 44, 51-63. de Oliveira CAC., Perez AC., Merino G., Prieto JG., Alvarez AI., 2001. Protective effects of Panax ginseng on muscle injury and inflammation after eccentric exercise. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 130, 369-377.
  • Delmas F., Di Giorgio C., Elias R., Gasquet M., Azas N., Mshvildadze V., Dekanosidze G., Kemertelidze E., Timon-David P., 2000. Antileishmanial activity of three saponins isolated from ivy, alpha-hederin, beta-hederin compared with their action on mammalian cells cultured in vitro. Planta Med., 66, 343-347. as
  • Dongma AB., Kamanyi A., Franck U., Wagner H., 2002. Vasodilating properties of extracts from the leaves of Musanga cecropioides (R. Brown). Phytother Res., 16, 6-9.
  • Dündar Y., Aslan R., 2000. Hekimlikte oksidatif stres ve antioksidanlar. 1. Baskı. T.C. A.K.Ü. Yayın No: 29. Uyum Ajans, ISBN:975 7150 29 0, Ankara.
  • Fenwick SB., Price KR., Tsukamoto C., Okubo K., 1992. Saponins. In: D’Mello, J.P.F., Diffus, C.M., Duffus, J.H. (Eds.), Toxic substances in crop plants. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London., pp 285–327.
  • Fidan AF., 2007. Deneysel diyabet oluşturulmuş ratlarda diyete katılan farklı yapılardaki saponin içerikli bitkilerin DNA hasarı, protein oksidasyonu ve lipid peroksidasyonu ile bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkilerinin araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, A.K.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Francis G., Kerem Z., Makkar HPS., Becker K., 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems. Br. J. Nutr., 88, 587-605.
  • Gebera VC., Petricevich VL., Rauw I., Silva WD., 1995. Effect of saponin from Quillaja saponaria (molina) on antibody tumour necrosis factor and interferon- gamma production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem., 22, 255-263.
  • Growers SM., (2001). Quillaja saponaria-Soapbark Tree http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plant display.asp?cat_id=11&plant_id=1339&page=6 *Erişim: 09.01.2012+. .
  • Guo S., Falk E., Kenne L., Ronnberg B., Sundquist BG., 2000. Triterpenoid saponincontaining an acetylated branched Dfucosyl residue from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Phytochemistry, 53, 861-868.
  • Güçlü B., 2003. Bıldırcın rasyonlarına katılan Yucca schidigera ekstraktının yumurta verimi ve yumurta kalitesi ile bazı kan parametrelerine etkisi. Türk Veterinerlik ve Hayvancılık Dergisi, 27, 567-574.
  • Gürbüz E., Balevi T., Kurtoğlu V., Öznurlu Y., 2011. Use of yeast cell walls and Yucca schidigera extract in layer hens diets, Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 10, 134-138.
  • Holtshausen L., Chaves AV., Beauchemin KA., McGinn SM., McAllister TA, Odongo NE., Cheeke PR., Benchaar C., 2009. Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 2809– 2821.
  • Hu W., Liu J., Wu Y., Guo Y., Ye J., 2006. Effects of tea saponins on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance in growing Boer goat. Arch. Anim. Nutr., February, 60, 89–97.
  • Hu WL., Liu JX., Ye JA., Wu YM., Guo YQ., 2005. Effect of tea saponin on rumen fermentation in vitro. Ani. Feed Sci. Tech., 120, 333-339.
  • Hwang JT., Lee MS., Kim HJ., Sung MJ., Kim HY., Kim MS., Kwon DY., 2009. Antiobesity effect of ginsenoside Rg3 involves the AMPK and PPAR-gamma signal pathways. Phytother. Res., 23, 262–266.
  • Ilsley SE., Miller HM., Kamel C., 2005. Effects of dietary quillaja saponin and curcumin on the performance and immune status of weaned piglets. J Anim. Sci., 83, 82-88.
  • Javanmardi J., Stushnoff C., Locke E., Vivanco JM., 2003. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accesions. Food Chemistry, 83, 547- 550.
  • Jenkins KJ., Atwal AS., 1994. Effect of dietary saponins on fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, and availability of vitamins A and E in the chick. The J Nutr Biochem., 5, 134-137.
  • Kaya S., Erdogan Z.,. Erdogan S., 2003. Effect of different dietary levels of Yucca schidigera powder on the performance, blood parameters and egg yolk cholesterol of laying quails. J. Vet. Med., A 50, 14– 17.
  • Keum YS., Park KK., Lee JM., et al., 2000. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Canser Letters, 150, 41-48.
  • Kim J., 2008. Protective effects of Asian dietary items on cancers soy and ginseng. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 9, 543–548.
  • Kim JH., Kang SA., Han SM., Shim I., 2009. Comparison of the antiobesity effects of the protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type saponins of red ginseng. Phytother. Res., 23, 78–85.
  • Kim SW., Park SK., Kang S., Kang HC., Oh HJ., Bae CY., Bae DH., 2003. Hypocholesterolemic property of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria extracts in human body. Arch. Pharm. Res., 26, 1042-1046.
  • Klita PT., Mathison GW., Fenton TW., Hardin RT., 1996. Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 74, 1144–1156.
  • Koratkar R., Rao AV., 1997. Effect of soya bean saponins on azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of mice. Nutr Cancer., 27, 206-209.
  • Kutlu HR., 1999. Yucca schidigera ekstraktı ve kanatlı beslenmesindeki önemi, yem sanayi semineri “Yeni Bin Yılda İsletme Teknolojileri” Düzenleyen; International Feed Industry Federation ve Türkiye Yem Sanayicileri Birligi. TUYAP Fuar ve Kongre Merkezi, İstanbul.
  • Küçükkkurt İ., 2007. Diyete farklı miktarlarda Yucca schidigera tozu katılmasının sıçanlarda plazma leptin, insülin ve tiroid hormonları ile bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkilerinin araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, A.K.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Lacaille-Dubois MA., Wagner HA., 1997. Review of the biological and pharmacological activites of saponin. Phytomedicine, July., 2, 363-386.
  • Lovett DK., Stack L., Lovell S., Callan J., Flynn B., Hawkins M., O’Mara FP., 2006. Effect of feding Yucca schidigera extract on performance of lactating dairy cows and ruminal fermantation parameters in steers., Livestock Science, 102, 23-32.
  • Makkar HPS., Becker K., 1997. Degradation of quillajasaponins by mixed culture of rumen microbes. Lett. in Appl. Microbiol., 25,243-245.
  • Makkar HPS., Sen S., Blummel M., Becker K., 1998. Effects of fractions containing saponins from Yucca schidigera, auriculoformis on rumen fermentation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 4324-4328. and Acacia
  • Malinow MR., Connor WE., McLaughlin P., Stafford C., Lin DS., Livingston AL., Kohler GO., McNulty WP., 1981. Cholesterol and bile acid balance in macaca fascicularis. Effect of alfa saponins. J. Clin. Invest., 67,156-162.
  • Mao HL., Wang JK., Zhou YY., Liu JX., 2010. Effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs. Livestock Science, 129, 56–62.
  • Marzoccoa S., Piacente S., Pizza C., Oleszek W., Stochmal A., Pinto A., Sorrentino R., Autore G., 2004. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by yuccaol C from Yucca schidigera roezl. Life Sci., 75, 1491-1501. Matsui Y., Kumagai H., Masuda H., 2006. Antihypercholesterolemic activity of catechin-free saponin-rich extract from green tea leaves. Food Sci. Technol. Res., 12 , 50-54.
  • Milgate J., Roberts DCK., 1995. The nutritional and biological significance of saponins. Nutr. Research., 15 , 1223-1249.
  • Mochizuki M., Yoo YC., Matsuzawa K., et al., 1995. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)- ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 18, 1197-1202.
  • Morehouse LA., Bangerter FW., De Ninno MP., Philip BI., Mc Carthy PA., Pettini JL., Savoy YE., Sugarman ED., Wilkins RW., Wilson TC., Woody HA., Zaccaro LM., Chandler CE., 1999. Comparison of synthetic saponin cholesterol absorption inhibitors in rabbits; Evidence for a non- stoichiometric, intestinal mechanism of action. J. Lipid Res., 40, 464-474.
  • Morgan B., Heald M., Brooks SG., Tee JL., Green J., 1972. The cholesterol and related sterols in the chick. Poultry Sci., 51, 677-682. dietary saponin, Bark: Phenolic constituents and
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There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Recep Gümüş

Halit İmik

Publication Date January 3, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gümüş, R., & İmik, H. (2013). Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 221-229.
AMA Gümüş R, İmik H. Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. January 2013;7(3):221-229.
Chicago Gümüş, Recep, and Halit İmik. “Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 7, no. 3 (January 2013): 221-29.
EndNote Gümüş R, İmik H (January 1, 2013) Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 7 3 221–229.
IEEE R. Gümüş and H. İmik, “Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 221–229, 2013.
ISNAD Gümüş, Recep - İmik, Halit. “Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 7/3 (January 2013), 221-229.
JAMA Gümüş R, İmik H. Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2013;7:221–229.
MLA Gümüş, Recep and Halit İmik. “Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 3, 2013, pp. 221-9.
Vancouver Gümüş R, İmik H. Saponinlerin Hayvan Beslemede Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2013;7(3):221-9.