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Relationship between cognitive functioning impairment and nutrition in obesity: Current Perspective

Year 2014, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 241 - 247, 03.05.2015

Abstract

Obesity is one of the serious public health problems and its prevalence has been increasing in recent years. As well as causing health problems, obesity is associated with cognitive function impairment, especially with reduced language, motor capacity skills, and attention named as executive functions. Obesity is also related to decrease in brain volume, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, sociopathic, aggressive personality traits, anxiety, and major depressive disorder. There are several mechanisms; increased vascular damage, blood pressure, C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, tumor necrosis factor, serum amyloid A levels explaining the relationship between obesity and cognitive functioning. Obesity generates fluctuations in levels of insulin, leptin and metabolites. These fluctuations may affect cognitive capacity by causing atrophic changes in the brain. FTO gene is also being studied to explain the relationship between obesity and cognitive function. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are disorders commonly associated with obesity. Besides these disorders, some studies reported associations between decreases in brain volume and IQ levels and obesity. To investigate the underlying mechanisms between these two matters, more longitudinal studies are needed. In this review, we aimed to study the relationship between obesity and cognitive functioning.

References

  • Mercanlıgil S. Şişmanlık. Beslenme bilgi serisi. 1. baskı Ankara; Klasmat; 2012. p. 7.
  • Özdel O, Sözeri-Varma G, Fenkçi S, Değirmenci T, Karadağ F, Kalkan- Oğuzhanoğlu N, Ateşçi F. Obez kadınlarda psikiyatrik tanı sıklığı. Klinik Psikiyatri. 2011; 14: 210-217.
  • Tuik.com.tr[Internet]. Ankara; Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [güncellenme Mayıs 04, 2013]. Erişim: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri. do?id=13490.
  • Artuner D, Demet MM, Özmen B, Özmen E, Hekimsoy Z. Obez hastalarda psikopatoloji, aleksitimi ve benlik saygısı. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2005; 6: 84-91.
  • Cserje´ si R, Luminet O, Poncelet AS, Le´na´ rd L. Altered executive function in obesity: Exploration of the role of affective states on cognitive abilities. Appetite. 2009; 52: 535-539.
  • Smith E, Hay P, Campbell L, Trollor JN. A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the lifespan: implications for novel approaches to prevention and treatment. Obesity Reviews. 2011; 12: 740-755.
  • Cosgrove RG, Arroyo C, Warren JC, Zhang J. Impaired cognitive functioning in overweight children and adolescents. AgroFood industry hi-tech. 2009; 20: 1.
  • Ells LJ, Lang R, Shield JP, Wilkinson JR, Lidstone JS, Coulton S, Summerbell CD. Obesity and disability – a short review. Obesity Reviews. 2006; 7: 341-345.
  • Davis EM, Rovi S, Johnson MS. Mental health, family function and obesity in African-American women. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005; 97: 4.
  • Balcıoğlu İ, Başer SZ, Obezitenin psikiyatrik yönü. Sempozyum Dizisi. 2008; 341-348.
  • Farr SA, Yamada KA, Butterfield DA, Abdul HM, Xu L, Miller NE, Banks WA, Morley JE. Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia produce cognitive impairment. Endocrinology. 2008;149(5): 2628-2636.
  • Li Y, Dai Q, Jackson JC, Zhang J. Overweight is associated with decreased cognitive functioning among school-age children and adolescents. Obesity. 2008; 16: 1809-1815.
  • Guxens M, Plana E, Mendez MA, Julvez J, Torrent M, Sonyer J. Cognitive function and overweight in preschool children. Am J Epidemiology Advance Access. 2009; 170: 438-446.
  • Hancı T, Türkön H. Çolak-Aydoğdu A, Yıldız Ö, Karademirci İ, Çoker I. Yüksek duyarlılıklı C-reaktif protein (HSCRP) ve obezite ilişkisi. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Dergisi. 2012; 10(1): 1-7.
  • Yang RZ, Lee MJ, Hu H, Pollin TI, Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Snitker S, Horenstein RB, Hull K, Goldberg NH, Goldberg AP, Shuldiner AR, Fried SK, Gong DW. Acute-phase serum amyloid A: an inflammatory adipokine and potential link between obesity and its metabolic complications. PLoS Medicine. 2006; 3(6): 287.
  • Uludağ EÜ, Gözükara İ, Kabil-Kucur S, Keskin H, Kılıç H, Kamalak Z, Kargılı A, Arıkan- Durmaz Ş. Polikistik over sendromunda kardiyovasküler hastalık risk faktörü olarak C-reaktif protein düzeyi ve obezite. Dicle Tıp Dergisi. 2013; 40(3): 426-431.
  • Holt RIG, Peveler RC. Obesity, serious mental illness and antipsychotic drugs. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009; 11: 665-679.
  • Naderali EK, Ratcliffe SH, Dale MC. Body Weight and cognitive function in old age. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2009; 24: 445.
  • Waldstein SR, Katzel LI. Interactive relations of central versus total obesity and blood pressure to cognitive function. Int J Obes. 2006; 30: 201-207.
  • Şengül CB, Şengül C, Okay T, Dilbaz N. Leptin ve psikiyatrik bozukluklar. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2004; 5: 37-44.
  • Raschpichler M, Straatman K, Schroeter ML, Arelin K, Schlögl H, Fritzsch D, Mende M, Pampel A, Böttcher Y, Stumvoll M, Villringer A, Mueller K. Abdominal fat distribution and its relationship to brain changes: the differential effects of age on cerebellar structure and function: a cross-sectional, exploratory study. BMJ Open. 2013; 3: 1-10.
  • Greco SJ, Ashford JW, Hamzelou A, Johnston JM, Tezapsidis N. Leptin rescues neurons from Alzheimer’s disease-related pathways triggered by lipid burden. Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. 2013; 2: 31-39.
  • Malhotra S, McElroy SL. Medical management of obesity associated with mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 4: 24-32.
  • Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet. 2001; 357: 354-57.
  • Elias MF, Elias PK, Sullivan LM, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB. Lower cognitive function in the presence of obesity and hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Int J Obes. 2003; 27: 260-268.
  • Fatani S, Pickavance LC, Sadler CJ, Harrold JA, Cassidy R, Wilding JP, Naderali EK. Differential vascular dysfunction in response to diets of differing macronutrient composition: a phenomenonological study. Nutr Metab. 2007; 4: 15.
  • Naderali EK, Fatani S. The effects of fenofibrate on metabolic and vascular changes induced by chocolate supplemented diet in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005; 521(1-3): 99-104.
  • Yaylalı YT, Küçükaslan M. Endotel disfonksiyonu. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi. 2011; 4(3): 152-157.
  • Karaman Y. Yaşlılıkta ve demanslarda plazma homosistein, B vitaminleri seviyeleri ve nörokognitif fonksiyonlarla ilişkisi. Türk Geriatri Dergisi. 2005; 8(3): 158-164.
  • Gazdzinski S, Millin R, Kaiser LG, Durazzo TC, Mueller SG, Weiner MW, Meyerhoff DJ. BMI and neuronal integrity in healthy, cognitively normal elderly: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Obesity. 2010; 18(4): 743-8.
  • Gazdzinski S, Kornak J, Weiner MW, Meyerhoff DJ. Body mass index and magnetic resonance markers of brain integrity in adults. Ann Neurol. 2008; 63(5): 652-657.
  • Zhu X, Schuff N, Kornak J, Soher B, Yaffe K, Kramer JH, Ezekiel F, Miller BL, Jagust WJ, Weiner MW. Effects of Alzheimer disease on fronto- parietal brain n-acetyl aspartate and myo-ınositol using magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2006; 20(2): 77-85.
  • Gulati P, Cheung MK, Antrobus R, Church CD, Harding HP, Tung YC, Rimmington D, Ma M, Ron D, Lehner PJ, Ashcroft FM, Cox RD, Coll AP, O’Rahilly S, Yeo GS. Role for the obesity-related FTO gene in the cellular sensing of amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110(7): 2557-2562.
  • Gunstad J., Lhotsky A.,Wendell CR., Ferrucci L., Zonderman AB. Longitudinal examination of obesity and cognitive function: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neuroepidemiology. 2010; 34: 222-229.
  • Stewart R, Masaki K, Xue QL, Peila R, Petrovitch H, White LR, Launer LJ. A 32-year prospective study of change in body weight and incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62: 55-60.
  • Jasienska G, Ziomkiewicz A, Górkiewicz M, Pajak A. Body mass, depressive symptoms and menopausal status: an examination of the “jolly fat” hypothesis. Women’s Health Issues. 2005; 15: 145-151.
  • Ricciarelli R, Canepa E, Marengo B, Marinari UM, Poli G, Pronzato MA, Domenicott C. Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s Disease: a still poorly understood correlation. Life. 2012; 64(12): 931-935.
  • Scott KM, McGee MA, Wells JE, Browne MAO. Obesity and mental disorders in the adult general population. J Psychosom Res. 2008; 64: 97-105.
  • Wang F, Veugelers PJ. Self-esteem and cognitive development in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Obesity Reviews. 2008; 9: 615- 623.
  • Kivimäki M, Batty GD, Singh-Manoux A, Nabi H, Sabia S, Tabak AG, Akbaraly TN, Vahtera J, Marmot MG, Jokela M. Association between common mental disorder and obesity over the adult life course. Br J Psychiatry. 2009; 195: 149-155.
  • Chandola T., Deary IJ., Blane D., Batty GD. Childhood IQ in relation to obesity and weight gain in adult life: the National Child Development (1958) Study. Int J Obes. 2006; 30: 1422-1432.
  • Belsky DW, Caspi A, Goldman-Mellor S, Meier MH, Ramrakha S, Poulton R, Moffitt TE. Is obesity associated with a decline in intelligence quotient during the first half of the life course? Am J Epidemiol. 2013; 178(9): 1461-1468.
  • Yu ZB, Han SP, Cao XG, Guo XR. Intelligence in relation to obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2010; 11: 656- 670.
  • Halkjær J,Holst C, Sİrensen TIA. Intelligence test score and educational level in relation to BMI changes and obesity. Obesity Research. 2003; 11: 1238-1245.
  • Guo X, Zhang Z, Wei Q, Lv H, Wu R., Zhao J. The relationship between obesity and neurocognitive function in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2013; 13: 109.
  • Hove O. Weight survey on adult persons with mental retardation living in the community. Res Dev Disabil. 2004; 25: 9-17.

Obezitede bilişsel fonksiyon bozukluğu ve beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış

Year 2014, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 241 - 247, 03.05.2015

Abstract

Obezite son yıllarda artan prevelansı ile ciddi halk sağlığı sorunlarından biridir. Sebep olduğu sağlık problemlerinin yanı sıra bilişsel fonksiyonla da yakından ilişkilidir. Azalmış bilişsel ve özellikle dil, motor kapasite, dikkat gibi yetenekleri kapsayan yönetimsel fonksiyon ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Ayrıca beyin volümünde azalma, demans, Alzheimer, sosyopati, agresif kişilik özellikleri, anksiyete, major depresif bozukluk, depresyon gibi psikolojik bozukluklarla da etkileşimi bulunabilir. Obezite ve bilişsel fonksiyonu ilişkilendiren, obezite ile birlikte artmış vasküler hasar, kan basıncı, C-reaktif protein (CRP), kortizol, tümör nekroz faktörü, serum amiloid A seviyeleri, insülin, leptin ve metabolit seviyelerinde bozukluklar benzeri çeşitli mekanizmalar mevcuttur. Obezite insülin, leptin ve metabolit seviyelerinde bozukluklara neden olmaktadır. Bu bozukluklar beyinde atrofik değişikliklere neden olarak bilişsel performansı etkilemektedir. Son yıllarda üzerinde çalışılan FTO geni de obezite-bilişsel gelişim ilişkisini açıklamada değinilen konulardandır. Alzheimer, parkinson, şizofreni, bipolar bozukluk ve azalmış beyin volümünün neden olduğu düşük IQ, obezitenin en fazla ilişkilendirildiği hastalıklardandır. Bu ilişkinin altında yatan mekanizmaların açıklanması için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada literatür taraması ile obezite ve bilişsel gelişim ilişkisinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır.

References

  • Mercanlıgil S. Şişmanlık. Beslenme bilgi serisi. 1. baskı Ankara; Klasmat; 2012. p. 7.
  • Özdel O, Sözeri-Varma G, Fenkçi S, Değirmenci T, Karadağ F, Kalkan- Oğuzhanoğlu N, Ateşçi F. Obez kadınlarda psikiyatrik tanı sıklığı. Klinik Psikiyatri. 2011; 14: 210-217.
  • Tuik.com.tr[Internet]. Ankara; Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [güncellenme Mayıs 04, 2013]. Erişim: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri. do?id=13490.
  • Artuner D, Demet MM, Özmen B, Özmen E, Hekimsoy Z. Obez hastalarda psikopatoloji, aleksitimi ve benlik saygısı. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2005; 6: 84-91.
  • Cserje´ si R, Luminet O, Poncelet AS, Le´na´ rd L. Altered executive function in obesity: Exploration of the role of affective states on cognitive abilities. Appetite. 2009; 52: 535-539.
  • Smith E, Hay P, Campbell L, Trollor JN. A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the lifespan: implications for novel approaches to prevention and treatment. Obesity Reviews. 2011; 12: 740-755.
  • Cosgrove RG, Arroyo C, Warren JC, Zhang J. Impaired cognitive functioning in overweight children and adolescents. AgroFood industry hi-tech. 2009; 20: 1.
  • Ells LJ, Lang R, Shield JP, Wilkinson JR, Lidstone JS, Coulton S, Summerbell CD. Obesity and disability – a short review. Obesity Reviews. 2006; 7: 341-345.
  • Davis EM, Rovi S, Johnson MS. Mental health, family function and obesity in African-American women. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005; 97: 4.
  • Balcıoğlu İ, Başer SZ, Obezitenin psikiyatrik yönü. Sempozyum Dizisi. 2008; 341-348.
  • Farr SA, Yamada KA, Butterfield DA, Abdul HM, Xu L, Miller NE, Banks WA, Morley JE. Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia produce cognitive impairment. Endocrinology. 2008;149(5): 2628-2636.
  • Li Y, Dai Q, Jackson JC, Zhang J. Overweight is associated with decreased cognitive functioning among school-age children and adolescents. Obesity. 2008; 16: 1809-1815.
  • Guxens M, Plana E, Mendez MA, Julvez J, Torrent M, Sonyer J. Cognitive function and overweight in preschool children. Am J Epidemiology Advance Access. 2009; 170: 438-446.
  • Hancı T, Türkön H. Çolak-Aydoğdu A, Yıldız Ö, Karademirci İ, Çoker I. Yüksek duyarlılıklı C-reaktif protein (HSCRP) ve obezite ilişkisi. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Dergisi. 2012; 10(1): 1-7.
  • Yang RZ, Lee MJ, Hu H, Pollin TI, Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Snitker S, Horenstein RB, Hull K, Goldberg NH, Goldberg AP, Shuldiner AR, Fried SK, Gong DW. Acute-phase serum amyloid A: an inflammatory adipokine and potential link between obesity and its metabolic complications. PLoS Medicine. 2006; 3(6): 287.
  • Uludağ EÜ, Gözükara İ, Kabil-Kucur S, Keskin H, Kılıç H, Kamalak Z, Kargılı A, Arıkan- Durmaz Ş. Polikistik over sendromunda kardiyovasküler hastalık risk faktörü olarak C-reaktif protein düzeyi ve obezite. Dicle Tıp Dergisi. 2013; 40(3): 426-431.
  • Holt RIG, Peveler RC. Obesity, serious mental illness and antipsychotic drugs. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009; 11: 665-679.
  • Naderali EK, Ratcliffe SH, Dale MC. Body Weight and cognitive function in old age. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2009; 24: 445.
  • Waldstein SR, Katzel LI. Interactive relations of central versus total obesity and blood pressure to cognitive function. Int J Obes. 2006; 30: 201-207.
  • Şengül CB, Şengül C, Okay T, Dilbaz N. Leptin ve psikiyatrik bozukluklar. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2004; 5: 37-44.
  • Raschpichler M, Straatman K, Schroeter ML, Arelin K, Schlögl H, Fritzsch D, Mende M, Pampel A, Böttcher Y, Stumvoll M, Villringer A, Mueller K. Abdominal fat distribution and its relationship to brain changes: the differential effects of age on cerebellar structure and function: a cross-sectional, exploratory study. BMJ Open. 2013; 3: 1-10.
  • Greco SJ, Ashford JW, Hamzelou A, Johnston JM, Tezapsidis N. Leptin rescues neurons from Alzheimer’s disease-related pathways triggered by lipid burden. Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. 2013; 2: 31-39.
  • Malhotra S, McElroy SL. Medical management of obesity associated with mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 4: 24-32.
  • Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet. 2001; 357: 354-57.
  • Elias MF, Elias PK, Sullivan LM, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB. Lower cognitive function in the presence of obesity and hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Int J Obes. 2003; 27: 260-268.
  • Fatani S, Pickavance LC, Sadler CJ, Harrold JA, Cassidy R, Wilding JP, Naderali EK. Differential vascular dysfunction in response to diets of differing macronutrient composition: a phenomenonological study. Nutr Metab. 2007; 4: 15.
  • Naderali EK, Fatani S. The effects of fenofibrate on metabolic and vascular changes induced by chocolate supplemented diet in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005; 521(1-3): 99-104.
  • Yaylalı YT, Küçükaslan M. Endotel disfonksiyonu. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi. 2011; 4(3): 152-157.
  • Karaman Y. Yaşlılıkta ve demanslarda plazma homosistein, B vitaminleri seviyeleri ve nörokognitif fonksiyonlarla ilişkisi. Türk Geriatri Dergisi. 2005; 8(3): 158-164.
  • Gazdzinski S, Millin R, Kaiser LG, Durazzo TC, Mueller SG, Weiner MW, Meyerhoff DJ. BMI and neuronal integrity in healthy, cognitively normal elderly: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Obesity. 2010; 18(4): 743-8.
  • Gazdzinski S, Kornak J, Weiner MW, Meyerhoff DJ. Body mass index and magnetic resonance markers of brain integrity in adults. Ann Neurol. 2008; 63(5): 652-657.
  • Zhu X, Schuff N, Kornak J, Soher B, Yaffe K, Kramer JH, Ezekiel F, Miller BL, Jagust WJ, Weiner MW. Effects of Alzheimer disease on fronto- parietal brain n-acetyl aspartate and myo-ınositol using magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2006; 20(2): 77-85.
  • Gulati P, Cheung MK, Antrobus R, Church CD, Harding HP, Tung YC, Rimmington D, Ma M, Ron D, Lehner PJ, Ashcroft FM, Cox RD, Coll AP, O’Rahilly S, Yeo GS. Role for the obesity-related FTO gene in the cellular sensing of amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110(7): 2557-2562.
  • Gunstad J., Lhotsky A.,Wendell CR., Ferrucci L., Zonderman AB. Longitudinal examination of obesity and cognitive function: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neuroepidemiology. 2010; 34: 222-229.
  • Stewart R, Masaki K, Xue QL, Peila R, Petrovitch H, White LR, Launer LJ. A 32-year prospective study of change in body weight and incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62: 55-60.
  • Jasienska G, Ziomkiewicz A, Górkiewicz M, Pajak A. Body mass, depressive symptoms and menopausal status: an examination of the “jolly fat” hypothesis. Women’s Health Issues. 2005; 15: 145-151.
  • Ricciarelli R, Canepa E, Marengo B, Marinari UM, Poli G, Pronzato MA, Domenicott C. Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s Disease: a still poorly understood correlation. Life. 2012; 64(12): 931-935.
  • Scott KM, McGee MA, Wells JE, Browne MAO. Obesity and mental disorders in the adult general population. J Psychosom Res. 2008; 64: 97-105.
  • Wang F, Veugelers PJ. Self-esteem and cognitive development in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Obesity Reviews. 2008; 9: 615- 623.
  • Kivimäki M, Batty GD, Singh-Manoux A, Nabi H, Sabia S, Tabak AG, Akbaraly TN, Vahtera J, Marmot MG, Jokela M. Association between common mental disorder and obesity over the adult life course. Br J Psychiatry. 2009; 195: 149-155.
  • Chandola T., Deary IJ., Blane D., Batty GD. Childhood IQ in relation to obesity and weight gain in adult life: the National Child Development (1958) Study. Int J Obes. 2006; 30: 1422-1432.
  • Belsky DW, Caspi A, Goldman-Mellor S, Meier MH, Ramrakha S, Poulton R, Moffitt TE. Is obesity associated with a decline in intelligence quotient during the first half of the life course? Am J Epidemiol. 2013; 178(9): 1461-1468.
  • Yu ZB, Han SP, Cao XG, Guo XR. Intelligence in relation to obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2010; 11: 656- 670.
  • Halkjær J,Holst C, Sİrensen TIA. Intelligence test score and educational level in relation to BMI changes and obesity. Obesity Research. 2003; 11: 1238-1245.
  • Guo X, Zhang Z, Wei Q, Lv H, Wu R., Zhao J. The relationship between obesity and neurocognitive function in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2013; 13: 109.
  • Hove O. Weight survey on adult persons with mental retardation living in the community. Res Dev Disabil. 2004; 25: 9-17.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sedanur Macit

Makbule Gezmen Karadağ This is me

Publication Date May 3, 2015
Submission Date May 3, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Macit, S., & Gezmen Karadağ, M. (2015). Obezitede bilişsel fonksiyon bozukluğu ve beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 4(4), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.5455/musbed.20140902023623
AMA Macit S, Gezmen Karadağ M. Obezitede bilişsel fonksiyon bozukluğu ve beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. October 2015;4(4):241-247. doi:10.5455/musbed.20140902023623
Chicago Macit, Sedanur, and Makbule Gezmen Karadağ. “Obezitede bilişsel Fonksiyon bozukluğu Ve Beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 241-47. https://doi.org/10.5455/musbed.20140902023623.
EndNote Macit S, Gezmen Karadağ M (October 1, 2015) Obezitede bilişsel fonksiyon bozukluğu ve beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 4 4 241–247.
IEEE S. Macit and M. Gezmen Karadağ, “Obezitede bilişsel fonksiyon bozukluğu ve beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 241–247, 2015, doi: 10.5455/musbed.20140902023623.
ISNAD Macit, Sedanur - Gezmen Karadağ, Makbule. “Obezitede bilişsel Fonksiyon bozukluğu Ve Beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 4/4 (October 2015), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.5455/musbed.20140902023623.
JAMA Macit S, Gezmen Karadağ M. Obezitede bilişsel fonksiyon bozukluğu ve beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2015;4:241–247.
MLA Macit, Sedanur and Makbule Gezmen Karadağ. “Obezitede bilişsel Fonksiyon bozukluğu Ve Beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 4, no. 4, 2015, pp. 241-7, doi:10.5455/musbed.20140902023623.
Vancouver Macit S, Gezmen Karadağ M. Obezitede bilişsel fonksiyon bozukluğu ve beslenme ilişkisi: Güncel bakış. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2015;4(4):241-7.

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