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Effects of Water-Soluble Vitamins on Gut Microbiota

Year 2023, Issue: 1, 32 - 44, 10.11.2023

Rabia Melda Karaağaç Çağla Pınarlı

Abstract

As a large community of microorganisms, the gut microbiota is in constant interaction with the host. Microbiota has many roles such as digestion of food, prevention of inflammation, appetite control, blood glucose regulation, body weight control, immune system regulation, and production of some vitamins. The effects of B group vitamins and vitamin C on health have been investigated for many years. In recent years, the relationship of B vitamins and vitamin C with the gut microbiota has begun to be investigated. Literature data reveal that vitamins have effects on gut microbiota. At this point, the potential effects of water-soluble vitamins on the gut microbiota attract attention. Water-soluble vitamins include B group vitamins and vitamin C. B vitamins; B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (nicotinic acid/niacinamide), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate) and B12 (cobalamin). B group vitamins and vitamin C can be produced by the gut microbiome, but the contribution of B vitamins produced by the microbiome to host requirements and condition is largely unknown. The aim of this review study is to examine the effects of water-soluble vitamins on gut microbiota within the current literature data.

Keywords

Gut mictobiota Vitamin B Vitamin C

References

  • Akimbekov, N. S., Digel, I., Sherelkhan, D. K., Lutfor, A. B., & Razzaque, M. S. (2020). Vitamin D and the Host-Gut Microbiome: A Brief Overview. Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica, 53(3), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1267/ahc.20011
  • Barreto, M. L., Santos, L. M., Assis, A. M., Araújo, M. P., Farenzena, G. G., Santos, P. A., & Fiaccone, R. L. (1994). Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil. Lancet (London, England), 344(8917), 228–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92998-x
  • Bashir, M., Prietl, B., Tauschmann, M., Mautner, S. I., Kump, P. K., Treiber, G., Wurm, P., Gorkiewicz, G., Högenauer, C., & Pieber, T. R. (2016). Effects of high doses of vitamin D3 on mucosa-associated gut microbiome vary between regions of the human gastrointestinal tract. European Journal of Nutrition, 55(4), 1479–1489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0966-2
  • Biesalski, H. & Grimm, P. (2005). Pocket Atlas of Nutrition. NEW YORK: Thieme Medical Publishers, Incorporated.
  • Bito, T., & Watanabe, F. (2016). Biochemistry, function, and deficiency of vitamin B12 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 241(15), 1663–1668. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216662713
  • Carding, S., Verbeke, K., Vipond, D. T., Corfe, B. M., & Owen, L. J. (2015). Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 26, 26191. https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26191
  • Champagne, C. P., Tompkins, T. A., Buckley, N. D., & Green-Johnson, J. M. (2010). Effect of fermentation by pure and mixed cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus helveticus on isoflavone and B-vitamin content of a fermented soy beverage. Food Microbiology, 27(7), 968–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2010.06.003
  • Chang, Y.-L., Rossetti, M., Vlamakis, H., Casero, D., Sunga, G., Harre, N., Miller, S., Humphries, R., Stappenbeck, T., Simpson, K. W., Sartor, R. B., Wu, G., Lewis, J., Bushman, F., McGovern, D. P. B., Salzman, N., Borneman, J., Xavier, R., Huttenhower, C., & Braun, J. (2019). A screen of Crohn’s disease-associated microbial metabolites identifies ascorbate as a novel metabolic inhibitor of activated human T cells. Mucosal Immunology, 12(2), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41385-018-0022-7
  • Cheng, J., Ringel-Kulka, T., Heikamp-de Jong, I., Ringel, Y., Carroll, I., de Vos, W. M., Salojärvi, J., & Satokari, R. (2016). Discordant temporal development of bacterial phyla and the emergence of core in the fecal microbiota of young children. The ISME Journal, 10(4), 1002–1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.177
  • Chowdhury, S., Kumar, R., Ganguly, N. K., Kumar, L., & Walia, B. N. (2002). Effect of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity and mortality. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 56(6), 259–264. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12649946/
  • Cryan, John F et al. “The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.” Physiological reviews vol. 99,4 (2019): 1877-2013. doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018
  • Das, P., Babaei, P., & Nielsen, J. (2019). Metagenomic analysis of microbe-mediated vitamin metabolism in the human gut microbiome. BMC Genomics, 20(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-5591-7
  • Fangmann, D., Theismann, E.-M., Türk, K., Schulte, D. M., Relling, I., Hartmann, K., Keppler, J. K., Knipp, J.-R., Rehman, A., Heinsen, F.-A., Franke, A., Lenk, L., Freitag-Wolf, S., Appel, E., Gorb, S., Brenner, C., Seegert, D., Waetzig, G. H., Rosenstiel, P., … Laudes, M. (2018). Targeted microbiome intervention by microencapsulated delayed-release niacin beneficially affects insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care, 41(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1967
  • Gehrig, J. L., Venkatesh, S., Chang, H. W., Hibberd, M. C., Kung, V. L., Cheng, J., Chen, R. Y., Subramanian, S., Cowardin, C. A., Meier, M. F., O'Donnell, D., Talcott, M., Spears, L. D., Semenkovich, C. F., Henrissat, B., Giannone, R. J., Hettich, R. L., Ilkayeva, O., Muehlbauer, M., Newgard, C. B., … Gordon, J. I. (2019). Effects of microbiota-directed foods in gnotobiotic animals and undernourished children. Science (New York, N.Y.), 365(6449), eaau4732.
  • Gilbert, J. A., Blaser, M. J., Caporaso, J. G., Jansson, J. K., Lynch, S. V., & Knight, R. (2018). Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nature Medicine, 24(4), 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4517
  • Hayashi, A., Mikami, Y., Miyamoto, K., Kamada, N., Sato, T., Mizuno, S., Naganuma, M., Teratani, T., Aoki, R., Fukuda, S., Suda, W., Hattori, M., Amagai, M., Ohyama, M., & Kanai, T. (2017). Intestinal dysbiosis and biotin deprivation induce alopecia through overgrowth of Lactobacillus murinus in mice. Cell Reports, 20(7), 1513–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.057
  • He, W., Hu, S., Du, X., Wen, Q., Zhong, X.-P., Zhou, X., Zhou, C., Xiong, W., Gao, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, R., Yang, J., & Ma, L. (2018). Vitamin B5 reduces bacterial growth via regulating innate immunity and adaptive immunity in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Frontiers in Immunology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00365
  • Hill, M. J. (1997). Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. European Journal of Cancer Prevention: The Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP), 6 Suppl 1, S43-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199703001-00009
  • Hodges, R. E., Ohlson, M. A., & Bean, W. B. (1958). Pantothenic acid deficiency in man. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 37(11), 1642–1657. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI103756
  • Hosomi, K., & Kunisawa, J. (2017). The specific roles of vitamins in the regulation of immunosurveillance and maintenance of immunologic homeostasis in the gut. Immune Network, 17(1), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2017.17.1.13
  • Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academies Press (US).
  • Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline. (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. National Academies Press (US).
  • Kennedy D. O. (2016). B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy--A Review. Nutrients, 8(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8020068
  • Kobayashi, D., Kusama, M., Onda, M., & Nakahata, N. (2011). The effect of pantothenic acid deficiency on keratinocyte proliferation and the synthesis of keratinocyte growth factor and collagen in fibroblasts. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 115(2), 230–234. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.10224sc
  • Long, K. Z., Santos, J. I., Rosado, J. L., Estrada-Garcia, T., Haas, M., Al Mamun, A., DuPont, H. L., & Nanthakumar, N. N. (2011). Vitamin A supplementation modifies the association between mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses and resolution of enteric pathogen infections. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(3), 578–585. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.003913
  • Lopez-Siles, M., Khan, T. M., Duncan, S. H., Harmsen, H. J. M., Garcia-Gil, L. J., & Flint, H. J. (2012). Cultured representatives of two major phylogroups of human colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can utilize pectin, uronic acids, and host-derived substrates for growth. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(2), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06858-11
  • Magnúsdóttir, S., Ravcheev, D., de Crécy-Lagard, V., & Thiele, I. (2015). Systematic genome assessment of B-vitamin biosynthesis suggests co-operation among gut microbes. Frontiers in Genetics, 6, 148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00148
  • Mousavi, S., Bereswill, S., & Heimesaat, M. M. (2019). Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of vitamin C. European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology, 9(3), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2019.00016
  • Nabokina, S. M., & Said, H. M. (2012). A high-affinity and specific carrier-mediated mechanism for uptake of thiamine pyrophosphate by human colonic epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 303(3), G389-95. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00151.2012
  • Otten, A. T., Bourgonje, A. R., Peters, V., Alizadeh, B. Z., Dijkstra, G., & Harmsen, H. J. M. (2021). Vitamin C supplementation in healthy individuals leads to shifts of bacterial populations in the gut-A pilot study. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 10(8), 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081278
  • Rumsey, S. C., & Levine, M. (1998). Absorption, transport, and disposition of ascorbic acid in humans. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 9(3), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2863(98)00002-3
  • Said H. M. (2011). Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease. The Biochemical journal, 437(3), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20110326
  • Pham, V. T., Fehlbaum, S., Seifert, N., Richard, N., Bruins, M. J., Sybesma, W., Rehman, A., & Steinert, R. E. (2021). Effects of colon-targeted vitamins on the composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiome- a pilot study. Gut Microbes, 13(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1875774
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Suda Çözünen Vitaminlerin Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası Üzerine Etkileri

Year 2023, Issue: 1, 32 - 44, 10.11.2023

Rabia Melda Karaağaç Çağla Pınarlı

Abstract

Büyük bir mikroorganizma topluluğu olarak bağırsak mikrobiyotası, konak ile sürekli bir etkileşim içindedir. Mikrobiyota besinlerin sindirimi, inflamasyonun önlenmesi, iştah kontrolü, kan glukozu regülasyonu, vücut ağırlığı kontrolü, bağışıklık sisteminin düzenlenmesi, bazı vitaminlerin üretimi gibi pek çok role sahiptir. B grubu vitaminler ve C vitaminin sağlık üzerine olan etkileri uzun yıllardır araştırılmaktadır. Son yıllarda B vitaminleri ve C vitamininin bağırsak mikrobiyotası ile ilişkisi incelenmeye başlanmıştır. Literatür verileri, vitaminlerin bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerine etkileri olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu noktada özellikle suda çözünen vitaminlerin bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerine potansiyel etkileri dikkat çekmektedir. Suda çözünen vitaminler arasında B grubu vitaminler ve C vitamini bulunmaktadır. B vitaminler; B1 (tiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (nikotinik asit/niasinamid), B5 (pantotenik asit), B6 (piridoksin), B7 (biyotin), B9 (folat) ve B12 (kobalamin)’dir. B grubu vitaminler ve C vitamini bağırsak mikrobiyomu tarafından üretilebilmektedir fakat mikrobiyom tarafından üretilen B vitaminlerinin konak gereksinimlerine ve durumuna katkısı büyük ölçüde bilinmemektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı, güncel literatür verileri dahilinde suda çözünen vitaminlerin bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerine olan etkilerini incelemektir.

Keywords

Bağırsak mikrobiyotası B vitamini C vitamini

References

  • Akimbekov, N. S., Digel, I., Sherelkhan, D. K., Lutfor, A. B., & Razzaque, M. S. (2020). Vitamin D and the Host-Gut Microbiome: A Brief Overview. Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica, 53(3), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1267/ahc.20011
  • Barreto, M. L., Santos, L. M., Assis, A. M., Araújo, M. P., Farenzena, G. G., Santos, P. A., & Fiaccone, R. L. (1994). Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil. Lancet (London, England), 344(8917), 228–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92998-x
  • Bashir, M., Prietl, B., Tauschmann, M., Mautner, S. I., Kump, P. K., Treiber, G., Wurm, P., Gorkiewicz, G., Högenauer, C., & Pieber, T. R. (2016). Effects of high doses of vitamin D3 on mucosa-associated gut microbiome vary between regions of the human gastrointestinal tract. European Journal of Nutrition, 55(4), 1479–1489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0966-2
  • Biesalski, H. & Grimm, P. (2005). Pocket Atlas of Nutrition. NEW YORK: Thieme Medical Publishers, Incorporated.
  • Bito, T., & Watanabe, F. (2016). Biochemistry, function, and deficiency of vitamin B12 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 241(15), 1663–1668. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216662713
  • Carding, S., Verbeke, K., Vipond, D. T., Corfe, B. M., & Owen, L. J. (2015). Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 26, 26191. https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26191
  • Champagne, C. P., Tompkins, T. A., Buckley, N. D., & Green-Johnson, J. M. (2010). Effect of fermentation by pure and mixed cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus helveticus on isoflavone and B-vitamin content of a fermented soy beverage. Food Microbiology, 27(7), 968–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2010.06.003
  • Chang, Y.-L., Rossetti, M., Vlamakis, H., Casero, D., Sunga, G., Harre, N., Miller, S., Humphries, R., Stappenbeck, T., Simpson, K. W., Sartor, R. B., Wu, G., Lewis, J., Bushman, F., McGovern, D. P. B., Salzman, N., Borneman, J., Xavier, R., Huttenhower, C., & Braun, J. (2019). A screen of Crohn’s disease-associated microbial metabolites identifies ascorbate as a novel metabolic inhibitor of activated human T cells. Mucosal Immunology, 12(2), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41385-018-0022-7
  • Cheng, J., Ringel-Kulka, T., Heikamp-de Jong, I., Ringel, Y., Carroll, I., de Vos, W. M., Salojärvi, J., & Satokari, R. (2016). Discordant temporal development of bacterial phyla and the emergence of core in the fecal microbiota of young children. The ISME Journal, 10(4), 1002–1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.177
  • Chowdhury, S., Kumar, R., Ganguly, N. K., Kumar, L., & Walia, B. N. (2002). Effect of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity and mortality. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 56(6), 259–264. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12649946/
  • Cryan, John F et al. “The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.” Physiological reviews vol. 99,4 (2019): 1877-2013. doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018
  • Das, P., Babaei, P., & Nielsen, J. (2019). Metagenomic analysis of microbe-mediated vitamin metabolism in the human gut microbiome. BMC Genomics, 20(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-5591-7
  • Fangmann, D., Theismann, E.-M., Türk, K., Schulte, D. M., Relling, I., Hartmann, K., Keppler, J. K., Knipp, J.-R., Rehman, A., Heinsen, F.-A., Franke, A., Lenk, L., Freitag-Wolf, S., Appel, E., Gorb, S., Brenner, C., Seegert, D., Waetzig, G. H., Rosenstiel, P., … Laudes, M. (2018). Targeted microbiome intervention by microencapsulated delayed-release niacin beneficially affects insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care, 41(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1967
  • Gehrig, J. L., Venkatesh, S., Chang, H. W., Hibberd, M. C., Kung, V. L., Cheng, J., Chen, R. Y., Subramanian, S., Cowardin, C. A., Meier, M. F., O'Donnell, D., Talcott, M., Spears, L. D., Semenkovich, C. F., Henrissat, B., Giannone, R. J., Hettich, R. L., Ilkayeva, O., Muehlbauer, M., Newgard, C. B., … Gordon, J. I. (2019). Effects of microbiota-directed foods in gnotobiotic animals and undernourished children. Science (New York, N.Y.), 365(6449), eaau4732.
  • Gilbert, J. A., Blaser, M. J., Caporaso, J. G., Jansson, J. K., Lynch, S. V., & Knight, R. (2018). Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nature Medicine, 24(4), 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4517
  • Hayashi, A., Mikami, Y., Miyamoto, K., Kamada, N., Sato, T., Mizuno, S., Naganuma, M., Teratani, T., Aoki, R., Fukuda, S., Suda, W., Hattori, M., Amagai, M., Ohyama, M., & Kanai, T. (2017). Intestinal dysbiosis and biotin deprivation induce alopecia through overgrowth of Lactobacillus murinus in mice. Cell Reports, 20(7), 1513–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.057
  • He, W., Hu, S., Du, X., Wen, Q., Zhong, X.-P., Zhou, X., Zhou, C., Xiong, W., Gao, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, R., Yang, J., & Ma, L. (2018). Vitamin B5 reduces bacterial growth via regulating innate immunity and adaptive immunity in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Frontiers in Immunology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00365
  • Hill, M. J. (1997). Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. European Journal of Cancer Prevention: The Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP), 6 Suppl 1, S43-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199703001-00009
  • Hodges, R. E., Ohlson, M. A., & Bean, W. B. (1958). Pantothenic acid deficiency in man. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 37(11), 1642–1657. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI103756
  • Hosomi, K., & Kunisawa, J. (2017). The specific roles of vitamins in the regulation of immunosurveillance and maintenance of immunologic homeostasis in the gut. Immune Network, 17(1), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2017.17.1.13
  • Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academies Press (US).
  • Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline. (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. National Academies Press (US).
  • Kennedy D. O. (2016). B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy--A Review. Nutrients, 8(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8020068
  • Kobayashi, D., Kusama, M., Onda, M., & Nakahata, N. (2011). The effect of pantothenic acid deficiency on keratinocyte proliferation and the synthesis of keratinocyte growth factor and collagen in fibroblasts. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 115(2), 230–234. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.10224sc
  • Long, K. Z., Santos, J. I., Rosado, J. L., Estrada-Garcia, T., Haas, M., Al Mamun, A., DuPont, H. L., & Nanthakumar, N. N. (2011). Vitamin A supplementation modifies the association between mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses and resolution of enteric pathogen infections. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(3), 578–585. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.003913
  • Lopez-Siles, M., Khan, T. M., Duncan, S. H., Harmsen, H. J. M., Garcia-Gil, L. J., & Flint, H. J. (2012). Cultured representatives of two major phylogroups of human colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can utilize pectin, uronic acids, and host-derived substrates for growth. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(2), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06858-11
  • Magnúsdóttir, S., Ravcheev, D., de Crécy-Lagard, V., & Thiele, I. (2015). Systematic genome assessment of B-vitamin biosynthesis suggests co-operation among gut microbes. Frontiers in Genetics, 6, 148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00148
  • Mousavi, S., Bereswill, S., & Heimesaat, M. M. (2019). Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of vitamin C. European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology, 9(3), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2019.00016
  • Nabokina, S. M., & Said, H. M. (2012). A high-affinity and specific carrier-mediated mechanism for uptake of thiamine pyrophosphate by human colonic epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 303(3), G389-95. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00151.2012
  • Otten, A. T., Bourgonje, A. R., Peters, V., Alizadeh, B. Z., Dijkstra, G., & Harmsen, H. J. M. (2021). Vitamin C supplementation in healthy individuals leads to shifts of bacterial populations in the gut-A pilot study. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 10(8), 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081278
  • Rumsey, S. C., & Levine, M. (1998). Absorption, transport, and disposition of ascorbic acid in humans. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 9(3), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2863(98)00002-3
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  • Pham, V. T., Fehlbaum, S., Seifert, N., Richard, N., Bruins, M. J., Sybesma, W., Rehman, A., & Steinert, R. E. (2021). Effects of colon-targeted vitamins on the composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiome- a pilot study. Gut Microbes, 13(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1875774
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nutrition and Dietetics (Other)
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Rabia Melda Karaağaç

Çağla Pınarlı

Early Pub Date November 10, 2023
Publication Date November 10, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karaağaç, R. M., & Pınarlı, Ç. (2023). Suda Çözünen Vitaminlerin Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası Üzerine Etkileri. Hitit Sağlık Dergisi(1), 32-44.
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