Research Article
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A morphological study on sinus and atrioventricular nodes in saanen goats*

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 139 - 144, 31.12.2022

Sedef Selviler Sizer Yonca Betil Kabak Murat Kabak

https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1201093

Abstract

In mammals, the sinus node and atrioventricular node are defined as the heart's specific stimulus and conduction systems. The electrical stimulation that starts in the sinus node continues with the atrioventricular node, and the rhythmic stimulation occurs in this way. There are differences in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes' location, size, and cell structures between species. In this study, which was carried out to determine the morphological structures and locations of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes in Saanen goat hearts, nine hearts from healthy goats were used. After performing the routine tissue follow-up procedure for histological examinations, 5 μm-thick serial sections taken from paraffin-blocked samples were stained with Crossman Trichrome and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and photographed. It was determined that the sinus node was in a subepicardial position near where the cranial vena cava opens up to the right atrium. The sinus node, with an average length of 8-10 mm was crescent-shaped. The atrioventricular node was located in the subendocardium layer in the right half of the interatrial and the interventricular septum, where the coronary sinus opened into the right atrium. An atrioventricular node with an average length of 4.5-5 mm was observed to be roughly oval. Two types of cells were identified in both nodes: cells with small, rounded with empty cytoplasm and rather large nuclei, and cells with thin, elongated structures and darker staining.

Keywords

Atrioventricular node morphology Saanen goat sinus node

Supporting Institution

TUBİTAK

Project Number

118O758

Thanks

*This study is a part of a doctoral thesis supported by the The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (grant number 118O758).

References

  • Ambesh, P., & Kapoor, A. (2017). Biological pacemakers: Concepts and techniques. National Medical Journal of India, 30(6), 324-326.
  • Bishop, S., & Cole, C. (1967). Morphology of the specialized conducting tissue in the atria of the equine heart. The Anatomical Record, 158(4), 401-415.
  • Copenhaver, W., & Truex, R. (1952). Histogy of the atrial portion of the cardiac conduction system in man and other mammals. The Anatomical Record, 114(4), 601-625.
  • Dobrzynski, H., Anderson, R. H., Atkinson, A., Borbas, Z., D'Souza, A., Fraser, J. F., Inada, S., Logantha, S. J., Monfredi, O., & Morris, G. M. (2013). Structure, function and clinical relevance of the cardiac conduction system, including the atrioventricular ring and outflow tract tissues. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 139(2), 260-288.
  • Duan, D., Yu, S., Cui, Y., & Li, C. (2017). Morphological study of the atrioventricular conduction system and Purkinje fibers in yak. Journal of Morphology, 278(7), 975-986.
  • Duan, D., Yu Sijiu, & Cui Yan. (2012). Morphological study of the sinus node and its artery in yak. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 295(12), 2045-2056.
  • Frink, R., & Merrick, B. (1974). The sheep heart: Coronary and conduction system anatomy with special reference to the presence of an os cordis. The Anatomical Record, 179(2), 189-199.
  • George, S. A., Faye, N. R., Murillo-Berlioz, A., Lee, K. B., Trachiotis, G. D., & Efimov, I. R. (2017). At the atrioventricular crossroads: dual pathway electrophysiology in the atrioventricular node and its underlying heterogeneities. Arrhythmia & electrophysiology review, 6(4), 179.
  • Ghazi, S., & Tadjalli, M. (1993). Coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Research Communications, 17(3), 163-170.
  • Ghazi, S., & Tadjalli, M. (1996). Anatomy of the sinus node of camels (Camelus dromedarius). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 25(1), 37-41.
  • Ghazi, S., Tadjalli, M., & Baniabbas, A. (1998). Anatomy of the sinus node of domestic cats (Felis catus). Journal of Applied Animal Research, 14(1), 57-64.
  • Ghonimi, W., Balah, A., Bareedy, M. H., Salem, H. F., Soliman, S. M., Elbaz, A., Helal, A., & Abuel-Atta, A. A. (2015). Sinu-atrial node of mature dromedary camel heart (Camelus dromedarius) with special emphasis on the atrial purkinje like cardiomyocytes. Cell Biology, 3(2), 25-33.
  • James, T. N. (1961). Anatomy of the human sinus node. The Anatomical Record, 141(2), 109-139.
  • James, T. N. (1962). Anatomy of the sinus node of the dog. The Anatomical Record, 143(3), 251-265.
  • James, T. N. (1964). Anatomy of the A–V node of the dog. The Anatomical Record, 148(1), 15-27.
  • James, T. N. (1965). Anatomy of the sinus node, AV node and os cordis of the beef heart. The Anatomical Record, 153(4), 361-371.
  • James, T. N. (1967a). Anatomy of the cardiac conduction system in the rabbit. Circulation Research, 20(6), 638-648.
  • James, T. N. (1967b). Cardiac innervation: anatomic and pharmacologic relations. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 43(12), 1041.
  • James, T. N. (1977). The sinus node. The American journal of cardiology, 40(6), 965-986.
  • James, T. N., Sherf, L., Fine, G., & Morales, A. R. (1966). Comparative ultrastructure of the sinus node in man and dog. Circulation, 34(1), 139-163.
  • Lang, D., & Glukhov, A. V. (2018). Functional microdomains in heart’s pacemaker: A step beyond classical electrophysiology and remodeling. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1686.
  • Luna, L. G. (1968). Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. New York. US: Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill.
  • Machida, N., Katsuda, S., Kobayashi, Y., & Mitsumori, K. (2005). A histological study of the cardiac conduction system in a heifer with complete atrioventricular block. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 133(1), 68-72.
  • Merideth, J., & Titus, J. (1968). The anatomic atrial connections between sinus and AV node. Circulation, 37(4), 566-579.
  • Mitrofanova, L. B., Gorshkov, A. N., Konovalov, P. V., & Krylova, J. S. (2018). Telocytes in the human sinoatrial node. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 22(1), 521-532.
  • Nabipour, A. (2004). Histology of the atrio-ventricular bundle in the heart of guinea pig (Cavia percellus). Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 5(1), 203-205.
  • Nabipour, A. (2010). The anatomy and histology of the atrioventricular conducting system in the hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) heart. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 34(2), 237-242.
  • Nabipour, A. (2012). Comparative histological structure of the sinus node in mammals. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 36(5), 463-469.
  • Nabipour, A., Shahabodini MR (2007). Histological study of the atrioventricular node and bundle in the heart of ovine fetus. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 34, 237-242.
  • Nabipur, A. (2002). Anatomy and histology of the atrio-ventricular node of goats (Capra hircus). Journal of Applied Animal Research, 22(2), 255-260.
  • Nabipur, A., Khanzadi, S., & Moradi, G. (2000). Anatomy and histology of the sinu-atrial node of goats (Capra hircus). Journal of Applied Animal Research, 18(2), 153-158.
  • Opthof, T., De Jonge, B., Jongsma, H., & Bouman, L. (1987). Functional morphology of the mammalian sinuatrial node. European Heart Journal, 8(11), 1249-1259.
  • Pawlina, W., & Ross, M. H. (2018). Histology: a text and atlas: with correlated cell and molecular biology.Philadelphia, US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Perde, F. V., Atkinson, A., Yanni, J., Dermengiu, D., & Dobrzynski, H. (2016). Morphological characteristics of the sinus node on postmortem tissue. Folia Morphologica, 75(2), 216-223.
  • Sanchez-Quintana, D., Cabrera, J., Farre, J., Climent, V., Anderson, R., & Ho, S. Y. (2005). Sinus node revisited in the era of electroanatomical mapping and catheter ablation. Heart, 91(2), 189-194.
  • Titus, J. L., Daugherty, G. W., & Edwards, J. E. (1963). Anatomy of the normal human atrioventricular conduction system. American Journal of Anatomy, 113(3), 407-415.
  • Treuting, P. M., Dintzis, S., & Montine, K. S. (2017). Comparative anatomy and histology: a mouse, rat, and human atlas. Cambridge, US: Academic Press.
  • Truex, R. C., Belej, R., Ginsberg, L. M., & Hartman, R. L. (1974). Anatomy of the ferret heart: an animal model for cardiac research. The Anatomical Record, 179(4), 411-422.
  • Türkmenoğlu, İ., Çevik Demirkan, A., Akosman, M. S., Akalan, M. A., & Özdemir, V. (2017). Macroanatomical, subgross and stereological ınvestigation of the nerve nodes in the buffalo heart. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 10(4) 241-246.
  • Wiyarta, E., & Karima, N. (2022). Basic science and clinical implications. In T. Aslanidis, C. Nouris (Ed) Heart Autonomic Nervous System. (pp. 1-12). London, UK: IntechOpen.

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 139 - 144, 31.12.2022

Sedef Selviler Sizer Yonca Betil Kabak Murat Kabak

https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1201093

Abstract

Keywords

Atrioventricular node morphology Saanen goat sinus node

Project Number

118O758

References

  • Ambesh, P., & Kapoor, A. (2017). Biological pacemakers: Concepts and techniques. National Medical Journal of India, 30(6), 324-326.
  • Bishop, S., & Cole, C. (1967). Morphology of the specialized conducting tissue in the atria of the equine heart. The Anatomical Record, 158(4), 401-415.
  • Copenhaver, W., & Truex, R. (1952). Histogy of the atrial portion of the cardiac conduction system in man and other mammals. The Anatomical Record, 114(4), 601-625.
  • Dobrzynski, H., Anderson, R. H., Atkinson, A., Borbas, Z., D'Souza, A., Fraser, J. F., Inada, S., Logantha, S. J., Monfredi, O., & Morris, G. M. (2013). Structure, function and clinical relevance of the cardiac conduction system, including the atrioventricular ring and outflow tract tissues. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 139(2), 260-288.
  • Duan, D., Yu, S., Cui, Y., & Li, C. (2017). Morphological study of the atrioventricular conduction system and Purkinje fibers in yak. Journal of Morphology, 278(7), 975-986.
  • Duan, D., Yu Sijiu, & Cui Yan. (2012). Morphological study of the sinus node and its artery in yak. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 295(12), 2045-2056.
  • Frink, R., & Merrick, B. (1974). The sheep heart: Coronary and conduction system anatomy with special reference to the presence of an os cordis. The Anatomical Record, 179(2), 189-199.
  • George, S. A., Faye, N. R., Murillo-Berlioz, A., Lee, K. B., Trachiotis, G. D., & Efimov, I. R. (2017). At the atrioventricular crossroads: dual pathway electrophysiology in the atrioventricular node and its underlying heterogeneities. Arrhythmia & electrophysiology review, 6(4), 179.
  • Ghazi, S., & Tadjalli, M. (1993). Coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Research Communications, 17(3), 163-170.
  • Ghazi, S., & Tadjalli, M. (1996). Anatomy of the sinus node of camels (Camelus dromedarius). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 25(1), 37-41.
  • Ghazi, S., Tadjalli, M., & Baniabbas, A. (1998). Anatomy of the sinus node of domestic cats (Felis catus). Journal of Applied Animal Research, 14(1), 57-64.
  • Ghonimi, W., Balah, A., Bareedy, M. H., Salem, H. F., Soliman, S. M., Elbaz, A., Helal, A., & Abuel-Atta, A. A. (2015). Sinu-atrial node of mature dromedary camel heart (Camelus dromedarius) with special emphasis on the atrial purkinje like cardiomyocytes. Cell Biology, 3(2), 25-33.
  • James, T. N. (1961). Anatomy of the human sinus node. The Anatomical Record, 141(2), 109-139.
  • James, T. N. (1962). Anatomy of the sinus node of the dog. The Anatomical Record, 143(3), 251-265.
  • James, T. N. (1964). Anatomy of the A–V node of the dog. The Anatomical Record, 148(1), 15-27.
  • James, T. N. (1965). Anatomy of the sinus node, AV node and os cordis of the beef heart. The Anatomical Record, 153(4), 361-371.
  • James, T. N. (1967a). Anatomy of the cardiac conduction system in the rabbit. Circulation Research, 20(6), 638-648.
  • James, T. N. (1967b). Cardiac innervation: anatomic and pharmacologic relations. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 43(12), 1041.
  • James, T. N. (1977). The sinus node. The American journal of cardiology, 40(6), 965-986.
  • James, T. N., Sherf, L., Fine, G., & Morales, A. R. (1966). Comparative ultrastructure of the sinus node in man and dog. Circulation, 34(1), 139-163.
  • Lang, D., & Glukhov, A. V. (2018). Functional microdomains in heart’s pacemaker: A step beyond classical electrophysiology and remodeling. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1686.
  • Luna, L. G. (1968). Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. New York. US: Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill.
  • Machida, N., Katsuda, S., Kobayashi, Y., & Mitsumori, K. (2005). A histological study of the cardiac conduction system in a heifer with complete atrioventricular block. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 133(1), 68-72.
  • Merideth, J., & Titus, J. (1968). The anatomic atrial connections between sinus and AV node. Circulation, 37(4), 566-579.
  • Mitrofanova, L. B., Gorshkov, A. N., Konovalov, P. V., & Krylova, J. S. (2018). Telocytes in the human sinoatrial node. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 22(1), 521-532.
  • Nabipour, A. (2004). Histology of the atrio-ventricular bundle in the heart of guinea pig (Cavia percellus). Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 5(1), 203-205.
  • Nabipour, A. (2010). The anatomy and histology of the atrioventricular conducting system in the hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) heart. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 34(2), 237-242.
  • Nabipour, A. (2012). Comparative histological structure of the sinus node in mammals. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 36(5), 463-469.
  • Nabipour, A., Shahabodini MR (2007). Histological study of the atrioventricular node and bundle in the heart of ovine fetus. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 34, 237-242.
  • Nabipur, A. (2002). Anatomy and histology of the atrio-ventricular node of goats (Capra hircus). Journal of Applied Animal Research, 22(2), 255-260.
  • Nabipur, A., Khanzadi, S., & Moradi, G. (2000). Anatomy and histology of the sinu-atrial node of goats (Capra hircus). Journal of Applied Animal Research, 18(2), 153-158.
  • Opthof, T., De Jonge, B., Jongsma, H., & Bouman, L. (1987). Functional morphology of the mammalian sinuatrial node. European Heart Journal, 8(11), 1249-1259.
  • Pawlina, W., & Ross, M. H. (2018). Histology: a text and atlas: with correlated cell and molecular biology.Philadelphia, US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Perde, F. V., Atkinson, A., Yanni, J., Dermengiu, D., & Dobrzynski, H. (2016). Morphological characteristics of the sinus node on postmortem tissue. Folia Morphologica, 75(2), 216-223.
  • Sanchez-Quintana, D., Cabrera, J., Farre, J., Climent, V., Anderson, R., & Ho, S. Y. (2005). Sinus node revisited in the era of electroanatomical mapping and catheter ablation. Heart, 91(2), 189-194.
  • Titus, J. L., Daugherty, G. W., & Edwards, J. E. (1963). Anatomy of the normal human atrioventricular conduction system. American Journal of Anatomy, 113(3), 407-415.
  • Treuting, P. M., Dintzis, S., & Montine, K. S. (2017). Comparative anatomy and histology: a mouse, rat, and human atlas. Cambridge, US: Academic Press.
  • Truex, R. C., Belej, R., Ginsberg, L. M., & Hartman, R. L. (1974). Anatomy of the ferret heart: an animal model for cardiac research. The Anatomical Record, 179(4), 411-422.
  • Türkmenoğlu, İ., Çevik Demirkan, A., Akosman, M. S., Akalan, M. A., & Özdemir, V. (2017). Macroanatomical, subgross and stereological ınvestigation of the nerve nodes in the buffalo heart. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 10(4) 241-246.
  • Wiyarta, E., & Karima, N. (2022). Basic science and clinical implications. In T. Aslanidis, C. Nouris (Ed) Heart Autonomic Nervous System. (pp. 1-12). London, UK: IntechOpen.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sedef Selviler Sizer 0000-0002-1990-4507

Yonca Betil Kabak 0000-0002-3442-8377

Murat Kabak 0000-0003-4255-1372

Project Number 118O758
Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Selviler Sizer, S., Kabak, Y. B., & Kabak, M. (2022). A morphological study on sinus and atrioventricular nodes in saanen goats*. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 6(3), 139-144. https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1201093

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