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The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams

Year 2012, Volume: 38 Issue: 1, 15 - 28, 01.11.2011

Abstract

ABSTRACT

A total of thirty two rams from Red Karaman, Imroz, Sakız and Karakul breeds were used to investigate the influence of transport stress on certain hematological and biochemical stress indicators, and on individual, feeding, eliminative and abnormal behaviours during the 2 h resting period. Three blood samples were taken from each animal at home pen, at immediately after transport and after the two hours resting period. Breed had no significant influence on PCV and N:L ratio. However, Imroz rams had higher WBC count than Sakız and Karakul rams, and Red Karaman rams had higher Hb level than Karakul rams. Transportation stress usually caused an increase in hematological parameters. Plasma cortisol concentration increased after transport stress in rams from all breeds. While plasma cortisol concentration returned to initial level after the 2 h resting period in Imroz and Karakul rams, it did not decrease to its initial level in Red Karaman and Sakız rams. The effect of breed, as a main effect, on plasma CK, LDH and glucose levels was not significant. However, Imroz rams had higher plasma total protein concentration than that of Sakız rams. Breed × sampling time had significant influence on CK level. While the effect of sampling time on CK was significant for Red Karaman and Sakız rams, sampling time had no influence on CK for Imroz and Karakul breeds. Significant increase in CK level was observed immediately after transport in Sakız rams, and after the 2 h lairage period in Red Karaman rams. Percentages of lying, standing, idling and investigation behaviours were affected by breed of ram. While Imroz rams exhibited the highest lying behaviour, Red Karaman rams had highest mean for percentage of investigation behaviour. Red Karaman rams also exhibited highest frequencies of vocalisation and ‘butting other animals' behaviour. In conclusion, from animal welfare point of view, breed differences in stress responses should be considered in the planning of transportation and lairage procedures.

Key Words: Breed effect, transport stress, welfare, behaviour

 

 

ÖZET

 

MORKARAMAN, İMROZ, SAKIZ VE KARAGÜL KOÇLARDA TRANSPORT STRESİNİN
BAZI REFAH PARAMETRELERİ VE DAVRANIŞLAR ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

 

Transport stresinin hematolojik ve biyokimyasal stres göstergeleri ile taşıma sonrası iki saatlik dinlenme süresince bireysel, beslenme, boşaltım ve anormal davranışlar üzerine etkisinin incelendiği çalışmada, Morkaraman, İmroz, Sakız ve Karagül ırklarından toplam otuz iki koç kullanılmıştır. Her hayvandan bulunduğu bölmede, transporttan hemen sonra ve iki saatlik dinlenme periyodu sonrası olmak üzere toplam üç kez kan alınmıştır. PVC ve N:L oranı üzerine ırkın etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur. Bununla beraber, WBC sayısı bakımından İmroz koçların, Sakız ve Karagül koçlardan daha yüksek değerlere sahip olduğu; Morkaraman koçların ise Hb düzeyinin Karagül koçlardan daha yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Transport stresi genellikle hematolojik parametrelerin artmasına neden olmuştur. Çalışmada, transport sonrası tüm koçlarda plazma kortizol konsantrasyonunda artma olmuştur. İki saatlik dinlenme periyodunun ardından plazma kortizol seviyesi İmroz ve Karagül koçlarda transport öncesi düzeyine geri dönerken, Morkaraman ve Sakız koçların plazma kortizol düzeylerinde düşme gerçekleşmemiştir. Plazma CK, LDH ve glikoz seviyesi üzerine ırkın etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur. Bununla beraber İmroz koçların plazma total protein konsantrasyonunun Sakız koçlardan daha yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Irk × örnek alma zamanının CK seviyesi üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Örnek alma zamanının CK seviyesi üzerine etkisi Morkaraman ve Sakız koçlarda önemli, İmroz ve Karagül koçlarda ise önemsiz bulunmuştur. Sakız koçlarda transporttan hemen sonra, Morkaraman koçlarda ise iki saatlik dinlenme periyodunun ardından CK seviyesinde önemli bir artış olduğu gözlenmiştir. Yatma, ayakta durma ve araştırma davranışları oranları üzerine ırkın etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur. Yatma davranışını en sık İmroz koçlar sergilerken, araştırma davranışını en sık Morkaraman koçlar sergilemişlerdir. Ayrıca Morkaraman koçlarda vokalizasyon ve diğer hayvanlara toslama davranışının daha fazla olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, hayvan refahı bakış açısıyla, transport ve kesim öncesi dinlendirme prosedürlerinin planlanmasında farklı ırkların stres yanıtlarının da farklı olduğu göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Irk etkisi, transport stresi, refah, davranış

References

  • Ali, B.H., Al-Qarawi, A.A., Mousa, H.M., 2006. Stress associated with road transportation in desert sheep and goats, and the effect of pretreatment with xylazine or sodium betaine. Research in Veterinary Science 80, 343-348.
  • Amon, T., Amon, B., Ofner, E., Boxberger, J., 2001. Precision of assesment of animal welfare by the 'TGI 35 L' Austrian needs index. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A, Animal Science 30, 114-117.
  • Arney, D.R., 2009. Welfare of large animals in scientific research. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 36, 97-101.
  • Bogner, H., 1984. Verhaltensbeobachtungen, Versuchsanlage und auswertungen. In: Bogner, H., Verhalten landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere. A. Grauvogl. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, pp. 61¬ 74.
  • Boissy, A., Bouix, J. , Orgeur, P., Poindron, P., Bibe, B., Le Neindre, P., 2005. Genetic analysis of emotional reactivity in sheep: effects of the genotypes of the lambs and of their dams. Genetics, Selection and Evolution 37, 381-401.
  • Börnez, R., Linares, M.B., Vergara, H., 2009. Haematological, hormonal and biochemical blood parameters in lamb: Effect of age and blood sampling time. Livestock Science 121, 200-206.
  • Broom, D.M., 2005. The effect of land transport on animal welfare. Revue Scientifique et Technique 24, 683-691.
  • Broom, D.M., Goode, J.A., Hall, S.J.G., Lloyd, D.M., Parrott, R.F., 1996. Hormonal and physiological effects of a 15 hour road journey in sheep: Comparison with the responses to loading, handling and penning in the absence of transport. British Veterinary Journal 152, 593-604.
  • Cockram, M.S., Kent, J.E., Goddard, P.J., Waran, N.K., Jackson, R.E., Muwanga, G.M., Prytherch, S., 1996. Effect of space allowance during transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of lambs during and after transport. Animal Science 62, 461-467.
  • Cockram, M.S., 2007. Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 106, 234-243.
  • Cockram, M.S., Kent, J.E., Goddard, P.J., Waran, N.K., Jackson, R.E., McGilp, I.M., Southall, E.L. , Amory, J.R., McConnell, T.I., O'Riordan T., Wilkins, B.S., 2000. Behavioural and physiological responses of sheep to 16 h transport and a novel environment post-transport. The Veterinary Journal 159, 139-146.
  • Cockram, M.S., Kent, J.E., Jackson, R.E., Goddard, P.J., Doherty, O.M., I McGilp, I.M., Fox, A., Studdert-Kennedy, T.C., McConnell, T.I., O'Riordan T., 1997. Effect of lairage during 24 h of transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of sheep. Animal Science 65, 391-402.
  • De la Fuente, J. , Sánchez, M., Pérez, C., Lauzurica, S., Vieira, C., González de Chávarri, Díaz, M.T., 2010. Physiological response and carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs in relation to transport time and stocking density during transport by road. Animal 4, 250-258.
  • Dwyer, C.M., Gilbert, C.L., Lawrance, A.B., 2004. Prepartum plasma estradiol and postpartum cortisol, but not oxytocin, are associated with interindividual and breed differences in the expression of maternal behaviour in sheep. Hormones and Behavior 46, 529-543.
  • EEC , 1995. Council Directive 95/29/EC. Amending Directive 91/628/EEC concerning the protection of animals during transport. Official Journal L 148, 30/06/1995.
  • Ekiz, B., Ergul Ekiz, E., Kocak, O., Yalcintan, H., Yilmaz, A., 2011. Effect of pre-slaughter management regarding transportation and length of lairage duration on certain welfare parameters, carcass and meat quality characteristics in Kivircik lambs. In: Bosnian - Turkish Scientific Days, Sarajevo, pp. 76.
  • Ergul Ekiz, E. , Matur, E. , Arslan, M., Akyazi, 1., Özcan, M., 2009. Influence of ram presence (permanent vs. intermittent) on estrus parameters and behaviours in Kivircik ewes. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 116, 260 - 265.
  • Ergul Ekiz, E. , Özcan, M., 2006. Sexual behavior and hormone levels of Kıvırcık ewes after estrus synchronization during and out of the breeding season. Archiv für Tierzucht, Dummerstorf 49, 583-592.
  • Fraser, A.F., Broom, D.M., 1990. Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare, 3rd edition. Bailliere Tindall, London, England.
  • Grigor, P.N., Cockram, M.S., Steele, W.B., McIntyre, J. , Williams, C.L., Leushuis, I. E. , van Reenen, C.G., 2004. A comparison of the welfare and meat quality of veal calves slaughtered on the farm with those subjected to transportation and lairage. Livestock Production Science 91, 219-228.
  • Hall, S.J.G, Bradshaw, R.H., 1998. Welfare aspects of the transport by road of sheep and pigs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 1, 235-254.
  • Hall, S.J.G., Broom, D.M., Goode, J.A., Lloyd, D.M., Parrott, R.F., Rodway, R.G., 1999. Physiological responses of sheep during long road journeys involving ferry crossings. Animal Science 69, 19-27.
  • Hall, S.J.G., Broom, D.M., Kiddy, G.N.S., 1998a. Effect of transportation on plasma cortisol and packed cell volume in different genotypes of sheep. Small Ruminant Research 29, 233-237.
  • Hall, S.J.G., Kirkpatrick, S.M., Broom, D.M., 1998b. Behavioural and physiological responses of sheep of different breeds to supplementary feeding, social mixing and taming in the context of transport. Animal Science 67, 475-483.
  • Healy, A.M., Hanlon, A.J., Weavers, E. , Collins, J.D., Doherty, M.L., 2002. A behavioural study of scrapie-affected sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 79, 89-102.
  • Houpt, K.A., 2005. Agression and social structure, In: Domestic animal behaviour. Blackwell publishing Ltd. Oxford, UK, pp. 37-84.
  • Jarvis, A.M., Cockram, M.S., 1995. Some factors affecting resting behaviour of sheep in slaughterhouse lairages after transport from farms. Animal Welfare 4, 53-60.
  • Kadim, I.T., Mahgoup, O., Al-Kindi, A., AlMarzooqi, W., Al-Saqri, N.M., 2006. Effects of transportation at high ambient temperatures on physiological responses, carcass and meat quality characteristics of three breeds of Omani goats. Meat Science 73, 626-634.
  • Kadim, I.T., Mahgoup, O., Al-Marzooqi, W., Khalaf, S., Al-Sinawi, S.S.H., Al-Amri, I.S., 2009. Effects of transportation during the hot season and low voltage electrical stimulation on histochemical and meat quality characteristics of sheep longissimus muscle. Livestock Science 126, 154-161.
  • Kannan, G., Kouakou, B., Terrill, T.H., Gelaye, S., 2003. Endocrine, blood metabolite, and meat quality changes in goats as influenced by shortterm, preslaughter stress. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1499-1507.
  • Kannan, G., Terrill, T.H., Kouakou, B., Gazal, O.S., Gelaye, S., Amoah, E.A., Samake, S., 2000. Transportation of goats: Effects on physiological stress responses and live weight loss. Journal of Animal Science 78, 1450-1457.
  • Karaağaç, F., Özcan, M., Savaş, T., 2005. Some behaviour traits observed on the Kıvırcık and crossbred lambs raised in intensive conditions. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29, 803-809.
  • Kent, J.E., 1997. Stress in transported sheep. Comparative Haematology International 7, 163¬ 166.
  • Keskin, M., Şahin, A., Gül, S., Biçer, O., 2010. Effects of feed refreshing frequency on behavioural responses of Awassi lambs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 34, 333-338.
  • Liotta, L. , Nanni Costa, L. , Chiofalo, B., Ravarotto, L . , Chiofalo, V., 2007. Effect of lairage duration on some blood constituents and beef quality in bulls after long journey. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, 375-384.
  • Richterich, R., 1969. Clinical Chemistry: Theory and Practice. (Translated from the 2n d German edition by Raymond, S. and Wilkinson, J.H.). S. Karger, Basel (Switzerland), New York 1969. Academic Press, New York and London. pp. 336-337.
  • Rutherfold, K.M.D., 2002. Assessing pain in animals. Animal Welfare 11, 31-53.
  • Sevi, A., Napolitano, F., Casamassima, D., Dell'Aquila, S., 2001. Effect of milk source on welfare and weight gain of lambs. Animal Welfare 10, 163-172.
  • SPSS, 1999. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Release 10.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.
  • Tadich, N, Gallo, C., Brito, M., Broom, D.M., 2009. Effects of weaning and 48 h transport by road and ferry on some blood indicators of welfare in lambs. Livestock Science 121, 132-136.
  • Terlouw, E.M.C., Arnould, C., Auperin, B., Berri, C., Le Bihan-Duval, E. , Deiss, V., 2008. Preslaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research. Animal 2, 1501-1517.
  • Tölü, C., Savaş, T., 2007. A brief report on intraspecies aggressive biting in a goat herd. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102, 124-129.
Year 2012, Volume: 38 Issue: 1, 15 - 28, 01.11.2011

Abstract

References

  • Ali, B.H., Al-Qarawi, A.A., Mousa, H.M., 2006. Stress associated with road transportation in desert sheep and goats, and the effect of pretreatment with xylazine or sodium betaine. Research in Veterinary Science 80, 343-348.
  • Amon, T., Amon, B., Ofner, E., Boxberger, J., 2001. Precision of assesment of animal welfare by the 'TGI 35 L' Austrian needs index. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A, Animal Science 30, 114-117.
  • Arney, D.R., 2009. Welfare of large animals in scientific research. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 36, 97-101.
  • Bogner, H., 1984. Verhaltensbeobachtungen, Versuchsanlage und auswertungen. In: Bogner, H., Verhalten landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere. A. Grauvogl. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, pp. 61¬ 74.
  • Boissy, A., Bouix, J. , Orgeur, P., Poindron, P., Bibe, B., Le Neindre, P., 2005. Genetic analysis of emotional reactivity in sheep: effects of the genotypes of the lambs and of their dams. Genetics, Selection and Evolution 37, 381-401.
  • Börnez, R., Linares, M.B., Vergara, H., 2009. Haematological, hormonal and biochemical blood parameters in lamb: Effect of age and blood sampling time. Livestock Science 121, 200-206.
  • Broom, D.M., 2005. The effect of land transport on animal welfare. Revue Scientifique et Technique 24, 683-691.
  • Broom, D.M., Goode, J.A., Hall, S.J.G., Lloyd, D.M., Parrott, R.F., 1996. Hormonal and physiological effects of a 15 hour road journey in sheep: Comparison with the responses to loading, handling and penning in the absence of transport. British Veterinary Journal 152, 593-604.
  • Cockram, M.S., Kent, J.E., Goddard, P.J., Waran, N.K., Jackson, R.E., Muwanga, G.M., Prytherch, S., 1996. Effect of space allowance during transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of lambs during and after transport. Animal Science 62, 461-467.
  • Cockram, M.S., 2007. Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 106, 234-243.
  • Cockram, M.S., Kent, J.E., Goddard, P.J., Waran, N.K., Jackson, R.E., McGilp, I.M., Southall, E.L. , Amory, J.R., McConnell, T.I., O'Riordan T., Wilkins, B.S., 2000. Behavioural and physiological responses of sheep to 16 h transport and a novel environment post-transport. The Veterinary Journal 159, 139-146.
  • Cockram, M.S., Kent, J.E., Jackson, R.E., Goddard, P.J., Doherty, O.M., I McGilp, I.M., Fox, A., Studdert-Kennedy, T.C., McConnell, T.I., O'Riordan T., 1997. Effect of lairage during 24 h of transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of sheep. Animal Science 65, 391-402.
  • De la Fuente, J. , Sánchez, M., Pérez, C., Lauzurica, S., Vieira, C., González de Chávarri, Díaz, M.T., 2010. Physiological response and carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs in relation to transport time and stocking density during transport by road. Animal 4, 250-258.
  • Dwyer, C.M., Gilbert, C.L., Lawrance, A.B., 2004. Prepartum plasma estradiol and postpartum cortisol, but not oxytocin, are associated with interindividual and breed differences in the expression of maternal behaviour in sheep. Hormones and Behavior 46, 529-543.
  • EEC , 1995. Council Directive 95/29/EC. Amending Directive 91/628/EEC concerning the protection of animals during transport. Official Journal L 148, 30/06/1995.
  • Ekiz, B., Ergul Ekiz, E., Kocak, O., Yalcintan, H., Yilmaz, A., 2011. Effect of pre-slaughter management regarding transportation and length of lairage duration on certain welfare parameters, carcass and meat quality characteristics in Kivircik lambs. In: Bosnian - Turkish Scientific Days, Sarajevo, pp. 76.
  • Ergul Ekiz, E. , Matur, E. , Arslan, M., Akyazi, 1., Özcan, M., 2009. Influence of ram presence (permanent vs. intermittent) on estrus parameters and behaviours in Kivircik ewes. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 116, 260 - 265.
  • Ergul Ekiz, E. , Özcan, M., 2006. Sexual behavior and hormone levels of Kıvırcık ewes after estrus synchronization during and out of the breeding season. Archiv für Tierzucht, Dummerstorf 49, 583-592.
  • Fraser, A.F., Broom, D.M., 1990. Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare, 3rd edition. Bailliere Tindall, London, England.
  • Grigor, P.N., Cockram, M.S., Steele, W.B., McIntyre, J. , Williams, C.L., Leushuis, I. E. , van Reenen, C.G., 2004. A comparison of the welfare and meat quality of veal calves slaughtered on the farm with those subjected to transportation and lairage. Livestock Production Science 91, 219-228.
  • Hall, S.J.G, Bradshaw, R.H., 1998. Welfare aspects of the transport by road of sheep and pigs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 1, 235-254.
  • Hall, S.J.G., Broom, D.M., Goode, J.A., Lloyd, D.M., Parrott, R.F., Rodway, R.G., 1999. Physiological responses of sheep during long road journeys involving ferry crossings. Animal Science 69, 19-27.
  • Hall, S.J.G., Broom, D.M., Kiddy, G.N.S., 1998a. Effect of transportation on plasma cortisol and packed cell volume in different genotypes of sheep. Small Ruminant Research 29, 233-237.
  • Hall, S.J.G., Kirkpatrick, S.M., Broom, D.M., 1998b. Behavioural and physiological responses of sheep of different breeds to supplementary feeding, social mixing and taming in the context of transport. Animal Science 67, 475-483.
  • Healy, A.M., Hanlon, A.J., Weavers, E. , Collins, J.D., Doherty, M.L., 2002. A behavioural study of scrapie-affected sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 79, 89-102.
  • Houpt, K.A., 2005. Agression and social structure, In: Domestic animal behaviour. Blackwell publishing Ltd. Oxford, UK, pp. 37-84.
  • Jarvis, A.M., Cockram, M.S., 1995. Some factors affecting resting behaviour of sheep in slaughterhouse lairages after transport from farms. Animal Welfare 4, 53-60.
  • Kadim, I.T., Mahgoup, O., Al-Kindi, A., AlMarzooqi, W., Al-Saqri, N.M., 2006. Effects of transportation at high ambient temperatures on physiological responses, carcass and meat quality characteristics of three breeds of Omani goats. Meat Science 73, 626-634.
  • Kadim, I.T., Mahgoup, O., Al-Marzooqi, W., Khalaf, S., Al-Sinawi, S.S.H., Al-Amri, I.S., 2009. Effects of transportation during the hot season and low voltage electrical stimulation on histochemical and meat quality characteristics of sheep longissimus muscle. Livestock Science 126, 154-161.
  • Kannan, G., Kouakou, B., Terrill, T.H., Gelaye, S., 2003. Endocrine, blood metabolite, and meat quality changes in goats as influenced by shortterm, preslaughter stress. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1499-1507.
  • Kannan, G., Terrill, T.H., Kouakou, B., Gazal, O.S., Gelaye, S., Amoah, E.A., Samake, S., 2000. Transportation of goats: Effects on physiological stress responses and live weight loss. Journal of Animal Science 78, 1450-1457.
  • Karaağaç, F., Özcan, M., Savaş, T., 2005. Some behaviour traits observed on the Kıvırcık and crossbred lambs raised in intensive conditions. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29, 803-809.
  • Kent, J.E., 1997. Stress in transported sheep. Comparative Haematology International 7, 163¬ 166.
  • Keskin, M., Şahin, A., Gül, S., Biçer, O., 2010. Effects of feed refreshing frequency on behavioural responses of Awassi lambs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 34, 333-338.
  • Liotta, L. , Nanni Costa, L. , Chiofalo, B., Ravarotto, L . , Chiofalo, V., 2007. Effect of lairage duration on some blood constituents and beef quality in bulls after long journey. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, 375-384.
  • Richterich, R., 1969. Clinical Chemistry: Theory and Practice. (Translated from the 2n d German edition by Raymond, S. and Wilkinson, J.H.). S. Karger, Basel (Switzerland), New York 1969. Academic Press, New York and London. pp. 336-337.
  • Rutherfold, K.M.D., 2002. Assessing pain in animals. Animal Welfare 11, 31-53.
  • Sevi, A., Napolitano, F., Casamassima, D., Dell'Aquila, S., 2001. Effect of milk source on welfare and weight gain of lambs. Animal Welfare 10, 163-172.
  • SPSS, 1999. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Release 10.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.
  • Tadich, N, Gallo, C., Brito, M., Broom, D.M., 2009. Effects of weaning and 48 h transport by road and ferry on some blood indicators of welfare in lambs. Livestock Science 121, 132-136.
  • Terlouw, E.M.C., Arnould, C., Auperin, B., Berri, C., Le Bihan-Duval, E. , Deiss, V., 2008. Preslaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research. Animal 2, 1501-1517.
  • Tölü, C., Savaş, T., 2007. A brief report on intraspecies aggressive biting in a goat herd. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102, 124-129.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Bülent Ekiz

Elif Ergül Ekiz This is me

Hülya Yalçıntan

Ömür Koçak

Alper Yılmaz

Halil Güneş

Publication Date November 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 38 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ekiz, B., Ergül Ekiz, E., Yalçıntan, H., Koçak, Ö., et al. (2011). The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.80610
AMA Ekiz B, Ergül Ekiz E, Yalçıntan H, Koçak Ö, Yılmaz A, Güneş H. The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams. iuvfd. November 2011;38(1):15-28. doi:10.16988/iuvfd.80610
Chicago Ekiz, Bülent, Elif Ergül Ekiz, Hülya Yalçıntan, Ömür Koçak, Alper Yılmaz, and Halil Güneş. “The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 38, no. 1 (November 2011): 15-28. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.80610.
EndNote Ekiz B, Ergül Ekiz E, Yalçıntan H, Koçak Ö, Yılmaz A, Güneş H (November 1, 2011) The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 38 1 15–28.
IEEE B. Ekiz, E. Ergül Ekiz, H. Yalçıntan, Ö. Koçak, A. Yılmaz, and H. Güneş, “The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams”, iuvfd, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 15–28, 2011, doi: 10.16988/iuvfd.80610.
ISNAD Ekiz, Bülent et al. “The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 38/1 (November 2011), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.80610.
JAMA Ekiz B, Ergül Ekiz E, Yalçıntan H, Koçak Ö, Yılmaz A, Güneş H. The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams. iuvfd. 2011;38:15–28.
MLA Ekiz, Bülent et al. “The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 38, no. 1, 2011, pp. 15-28, doi:10.16988/iuvfd.80610.
Vancouver Ekiz B, Ergül Ekiz E, Yalçıntan H, Koçak Ö, Yılmaz A, Güneş H. The Effects of Transport Stress on Certain Welfare Parameters and Behaviours in Red Karaman,Imroz, Sakız and Karakul Rams. iuvfd. 2011;38(1):15-28.