Research Article
Year 2018,
Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 26 - 32, 26.12.2018
Abstract
References
- REFERENCES[1] Krinski D, Godoy AG. 2015. First record of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding on Plectranthus neochilus (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) in Brazil. Florida Entomol. 98(4):1238–1240.[2] Mironidis GK, Savopoulou-Soultani M. 2008. Development, survivorship and reproduction of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) under constant and alternating temperatures. Env. Entomol. 37: 16–28.[3] Barbosa TAN, Mendes SM, Rodrigues GT, de A Ribeiro PE, dos Santos CA, Valicente FH, de Oliveira CM. 2016. Comparison of biology between Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) reared on artificial diets. Florida Entomol. 99(1): 72–76.[4] Alkan B. 1948. Orta Anadolu Hububat Zararlıları (Zararlı Hayvan ve Böcekler). A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları. Sayı:1, Ankara Üniversites, Basımevi, Ankara, 71 s.[5] Bueno AF, Sosa-Gómez DR. 2014. The Old World bollworm in the Neotropical region: the experience of Brazilian growers with Helicoverpa armigera. Outlooks on Pest Management 25: 261-264.[6] Czepak C, Albernaz KC. 2013. First reported occurrence of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil. Pesq. Agropec. Trop., Goiânia, v. 43(1): 110–113, Jan./Mar. 2013.[7] Fitt, GP. 1989. The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology, Palo Alto, v. 34, n. 1, p. 17-52.[8] Liu Z, Li D, Gong P, Wu K. 2004. Life table studies of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), on different host plants. Env. Entomol. 33(6):1570–1576.[9] Manjunath TM, Bhatnagar VS, Pawar CS, Sithanantham S. 1989. Economic importance of Heliothis spp. in India and assessment of their natural enemies and host plants. Proceedings of the Workshop on Biological Control of Heliothis: Increasing the Effectiveness of Natural Enemies, November 11-15, 1985, New Delhi, India, pp: 197-228.[10] Moral-Garcia FJ. 2006. Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in a tomato field using a stochastic approach. Biosystems Engineering, Bedford, v. 93, n. 3, p. 253-259.[11] Specht A, Sosa-Gómez DR, Paula-Moraes SV, Yano SAC. 2013. Morphological and molecular identification of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and expansion of its occurrence record in Brazil. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 48: 689-692.[12] Perkins LE, Cribb BW, Hanan J, Zalucki MP. 2009. The role of two plant-derived volatiles in the foraging movement of 1st instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): time to stop and smell the flowers. Arthropod–Plant Interactions 3: 173-179.[13] Behere GT, Tay WT, Russell DA, Heckel DG, Appleton BR, Kranthi KR, Batterham P. 2007. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and of its relationship to H. zea. BMC Evolutionary Biology /, 117.[14] Behere GT, Tay WT, Russel DA, Batterham P. 2008. Molecular markers to discriminate among four pest species of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 98: 599–603.[15] Chen J, Wu YC, Chen X, Ji YJ, Zhang DX. 2011. A simple and reliable method for discriminating between Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).Insect Science 18, 629-634.[16] Li QQ, Li DY, Ye H, Liu XF, Cao WSN, Duan YQ. 2011. Using COI gene sequence to barcode two morphologically alike species: the cotton bollworm and the oriental tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Molecular Biology Reports 38:5107-5113.[17] Ming QL, Wang CZ. 2006. Genetic differentiation of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) based on AFLP markers. Insect Science 13, 437-444.[18] Venkatesan T, Sridhar V, Tomason YR, Jalali SK, Behere GT, Shanthi RM, Kumar R, Vajja VG, Nimmakayala P, Reddy UK. 2016. Use of expressed sequence tag microsatellite markers for population genetic research of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) from India. The Canadian Entomologist. 148: 187-199.[19] Kaya M, Kovancı B. 2000. Bursa İlince Yeşilkurt, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)’nın Biyolojiai Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi (J. Agric. Sci.), 10 (1): 37-43.[20] Konuş M, Koy C, Mikkat S, Kreutzer M, Zimmermann R, İşcan M, Glocker MO. 2013. Molecular adaptations of Helicoverpa armigera midgut tissue under pyretroid insecticide stress characterized by differential proteome analysis and enzyme activity assays. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part D 8 (2013): 152-162.[21] Konuş M, Karaağaç SU. 2014. Adana’da pamukta yeşilkurt (Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner))’un insektisitlere karşı dayanıklılık oranlarının belirlenmesi. Anadolu J Agr Sci. 29(2):106–112. [22] Kumar M, Gupta GP, Rajam MV. 2009. Silencing of acetylcholinesterase gene of Helicoverpa armigera by siRNA affects larval growth and its life cycle. J. of Insect Phy. 55: 273–278.[23] Liu Z, Gong P, Li D, Wei W. 2010. Pupal diapause of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) mediated by larval host plants: pupal weight is important. J. of Insect Phy. 56: 1863–1870.[24] Kriticos DJ, Ota N, Hutchison WD, Beddow J, Walsh T, Tay WT, Borchert DM, Paula-Moreas SV, Czepak C, Zalucki MP. 2015. The potential distribution of invading Helicoverpa armigera in North America: is it just a matter of time? PLOS One 10: e0133224.[25] Murua MG, Cazado LE, Casmuz A, Herrero MI, Villagran ME, Vera A, Sosa-Gomez DR, Gastaminza G. 2016. Species from the Heliothinae Complex (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tucuman, Argentina, an update of geographical distribution of Helicoverpa armigera. J. of Insect Sci. 16(1): 61; 1–7.[26] Amer AEA, El-Sayed AAA. 2014. Effect of Different Host Plants and Artificial Diet on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) Development and Growth Index. Journal of Entomology.DOI: 10.3923/je.2014.[27] Hamed M, Nadeem S. 2008. Rearing of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on Artificial Diets in Laboratory. Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 40(6), pp. 447-450.[28] Jha RK, Chi H, Tang LC. 2012. A Comparison of Artificial Diet and Hybrid Sweet Corn fort he Rearing of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) Based on Life Table Characteristics. Environ. Entomol. 41(1): 30-39.[29] Vanderzant ES, Richardson CD, Fort Jr. SW. 1962. Rearing of the bollworm on artificial diet. J. Econ. Entomol., 55: 140.[30] Ivaldi-Sender, C. 1974. Techniques simples pour élévage permanent de la tordeuse orientale, Grapholita molesta (Lep., Tortricidae), sur milieu artificiel. Ann. Zool. Ecol. Anim., 6: 337-343.[31] Poitout S, Bues R. 1970. Elevage de plusfeurs especes de Lepidopteres Noctuidae sur milieu artificiel riche et sur milieu artificiel simplifie. Ann. Zool. Ecol. Aim., 2: 79-91.[32] Daguang L, Xiaohui L, Jiangguo H, Endong W, Qiulan H, Yongjun L. 2002. Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae): large scale rearing and the effect of gamma radiation on selected life history parameters of this pest in China. Institute for Application of Atomic Energy. http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/33/018/33018387.pdf?r=1[33] Genc, H. 2005. Methods to Determine Sexes of Phyciodes phaon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Pupae. Florida Entomologist. 88(4): 536–537. [34] Genc, H. 2015. Sex Differentiation of Elm Nymphalid (Nymphalis polychloros Linnaeus, 1758) on Pupal Stage. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International ICASTE:17th International Conference on Agricultural Science, Technology and Engineering, Venice, Italy,13-14 Ağustos, 2015. Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering. Vol:9, No:8: 774–777. [35] Genc, H. 2016. The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): pupal key characters for sexing ındividuals. Turkish J. of Zool. 40: 801–805.[36] Kumar L, Bisht RS, Singh H, Kumar M. 2017. Studies on Growth and Development of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on Various Hosts and Artificial Diet under Laboratory Conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6 (12): 1627-1637.[37] Gupta GP, Birah A, Rani S. 2004. Development of artificial diet for mass rearing of American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Indian J. of Agri. Sci. 74(10): 548-551.[38] Guerra AA, Ouye M.Y. 1968. Hatch, larval development and adult longevity of four Lepidopterous species after thermal treatment of eggs. J. Econ. Entomol., 61: 14-16.[39] Casimero V, Tsukuda R, Nakasuji F, Fujisaki K. 2000. Effect of larval diets on the survival and development of larvae in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 35 (1): 69-74.[40] Tamer, 1977. The development of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different artificial diets. Türk. entomol. derg., 21 (1):27-36.[41] Devi NG, Singh TK. 2004. Effect of different host plants on the growth and development of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Ind. Jour. of Ento., 66(2): 114-118.[42] Brewer, FD. 1981. Development of Heliothis virescens and Diatraea saccharalis on a soy flour-Corn oil diet. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 74: 320-323.[43] Ahmed, K. 1983. Development of artificial diets for mass breeding of some lepidopterous insects. M. Phil thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. pp 16-47.[44] Ahmed K, Khalique F, Malik B. A. 1998. Modified Artificial Diet for Mass Rearing of Chickpea Pod Borer, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) Armigera (Hubn). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(3): 183-187.[45] Jha RK, Tuan SJ, Chi H, Tang LC. 2014. Life table and consumption capacity of corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera, fed asparagus, Asparagus officinalis. J. of Insect Sci. 14: 1–17.[46] Nation, JL. 2002. Insect Physiology and Biochemistry. CRC Press p. 485.[47] Parra, JRP. 1999. Técnicas de criação de insetos para programação de controle biológico. Fealq/Fapesp, São Paulo, Brazil[48] Genc H, Nation JL. 2004. An Artificial Diet fort he Butterfly Phyciodes phaon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Florida Entomologist 87: 194-198.
Laboratory Rearing of Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) Wild Colony on Different Artificial Diets
Abstract
Yeşil
kurt, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) domates tarlalarında görülen önemli bir zararlıdır. Konukçu
bitkiye bağlı kalmaksızın tüm yıl boyunca laboratuar koşullarında zararlının
biyolojisi, davranışı, insektisite dayanıklılık ve kontrol yaklaşımlarının
incelenmesi son derece önemlidir. Bunu yapabilmek için zararlı devamlı olarak
yapay diyet üzerinde yetiştirilmelidir. Çalışmanın amacı, yeşil kurdun
laboratuvarda yetiştirilmesi ve adaptasyonuna yönelik olarak bilinen yapay
diyetleri test ederek en iyi larva diyetinin tespit edilmesidir. Zararlı ile
bulaşık örnekler Çanakkale’den toplanarak laboratuara getirildi. Barbunya unu,
soya fasulyesi, mısır unu, nohut unu, buğday ruşeymi, Brewer’s mayası, torula
mayası, sükroz, vitaminler ve koruyucu gibi temel içerikler kullanılarak altı farklı
yapay diyet hazırlandı. Larvalar aynı zamanda deneme boyunca domates meyvesi
üzerinde kontrol olarak yetiştirildi. Burada, laboratuvarda altı farklı yapay
diyetin larva dönemi sayısı, larva ve pupa gelişme süresi, pupa ağırlığı ve
ergin açılma oranı gibi bazı biyolojik parametreleri belirlendi. Sonuç olarak,
orijinali Grapholita molesta için
geliştirilmiş Diyet I’de larvalar gelişme süresini 11.6 ± 1.5 günde tamamlayıp,
pupa ağırlığı 331.8 mg olmuştur. Orijinal olarak Lepidopteran türleri için
geliştirilmiş olan ve burada Diyet II olarak adlandırılan diyette ise, yeşil
kurt larvaları larva gelişme süresini 16.6 ± 1.4 günde tamamlamıştır. Yeşil
kurt larvaları, Diyet I ve Diyet II’de başarılı bir şekilde dört generasyon
boyunca yetiştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, Diyet I ve Diyet II’nin yeşil
kurdun doğal kolonisinin yetiştirilmesinde ve adaptasyonunda besin olarak uygun
olduğunu göstermiştir.
References
- REFERENCES[1] Krinski D, Godoy AG. 2015. First record of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding on Plectranthus neochilus (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) in Brazil. Florida Entomol. 98(4):1238–1240.[2] Mironidis GK, Savopoulou-Soultani M. 2008. Development, survivorship and reproduction of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) under constant and alternating temperatures. Env. Entomol. 37: 16–28.[3] Barbosa TAN, Mendes SM, Rodrigues GT, de A Ribeiro PE, dos Santos CA, Valicente FH, de Oliveira CM. 2016. Comparison of biology between Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) reared on artificial diets. Florida Entomol. 99(1): 72–76.[4] Alkan B. 1948. Orta Anadolu Hububat Zararlıları (Zararlı Hayvan ve Böcekler). A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları. Sayı:1, Ankara Üniversites, Basımevi, Ankara, 71 s.[5] Bueno AF, Sosa-Gómez DR. 2014. The Old World bollworm in the Neotropical region: the experience of Brazilian growers with Helicoverpa armigera. Outlooks on Pest Management 25: 261-264.[6] Czepak C, Albernaz KC. 2013. First reported occurrence of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil. Pesq. Agropec. Trop., Goiânia, v. 43(1): 110–113, Jan./Mar. 2013.[7] Fitt, GP. 1989. The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology, Palo Alto, v. 34, n. 1, p. 17-52.[8] Liu Z, Li D, Gong P, Wu K. 2004. Life table studies of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), on different host plants. Env. Entomol. 33(6):1570–1576.[9] Manjunath TM, Bhatnagar VS, Pawar CS, Sithanantham S. 1989. Economic importance of Heliothis spp. in India and assessment of their natural enemies and host plants. Proceedings of the Workshop on Biological Control of Heliothis: Increasing the Effectiveness of Natural Enemies, November 11-15, 1985, New Delhi, India, pp: 197-228.[10] Moral-Garcia FJ. 2006. Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in a tomato field using a stochastic approach. Biosystems Engineering, Bedford, v. 93, n. 3, p. 253-259.[11] Specht A, Sosa-Gómez DR, Paula-Moraes SV, Yano SAC. 2013. Morphological and molecular identification of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and expansion of its occurrence record in Brazil. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 48: 689-692.[12] Perkins LE, Cribb BW, Hanan J, Zalucki MP. 2009. The role of two plant-derived volatiles in the foraging movement of 1st instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): time to stop and smell the flowers. Arthropod–Plant Interactions 3: 173-179.[13] Behere GT, Tay WT, Russell DA, Heckel DG, Appleton BR, Kranthi KR, Batterham P. 2007. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and of its relationship to H. zea. BMC Evolutionary Biology /, 117.[14] Behere GT, Tay WT, Russel DA, Batterham P. 2008. Molecular markers to discriminate among four pest species of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 98: 599–603.[15] Chen J, Wu YC, Chen X, Ji YJ, Zhang DX. 2011. A simple and reliable method for discriminating between Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).Insect Science 18, 629-634.[16] Li QQ, Li DY, Ye H, Liu XF, Cao WSN, Duan YQ. 2011. Using COI gene sequence to barcode two morphologically alike species: the cotton bollworm and the oriental tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Molecular Biology Reports 38:5107-5113.[17] Ming QL, Wang CZ. 2006. Genetic differentiation of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) based on AFLP markers. Insect Science 13, 437-444.[18] Venkatesan T, Sridhar V, Tomason YR, Jalali SK, Behere GT, Shanthi RM, Kumar R, Vajja VG, Nimmakayala P, Reddy UK. 2016. Use of expressed sequence tag microsatellite markers for population genetic research of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) from India. The Canadian Entomologist. 148: 187-199.[19] Kaya M, Kovancı B. 2000. Bursa İlince Yeşilkurt, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)’nın Biyolojiai Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi (J. Agric. Sci.), 10 (1): 37-43.[20] Konuş M, Koy C, Mikkat S, Kreutzer M, Zimmermann R, İşcan M, Glocker MO. 2013. Molecular adaptations of Helicoverpa armigera midgut tissue under pyretroid insecticide stress characterized by differential proteome analysis and enzyme activity assays. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part D 8 (2013): 152-162.[21] Konuş M, Karaağaç SU. 2014. Adana’da pamukta yeşilkurt (Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner))’un insektisitlere karşı dayanıklılık oranlarının belirlenmesi. Anadolu J Agr Sci. 29(2):106–112. [22] Kumar M, Gupta GP, Rajam MV. 2009. Silencing of acetylcholinesterase gene of Helicoverpa armigera by siRNA affects larval growth and its life cycle. J. of Insect Phy. 55: 273–278.[23] Liu Z, Gong P, Li D, Wei W. 2010. Pupal diapause of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) mediated by larval host plants: pupal weight is important. J. of Insect Phy. 56: 1863–1870.[24] Kriticos DJ, Ota N, Hutchison WD, Beddow J, Walsh T, Tay WT, Borchert DM, Paula-Moreas SV, Czepak C, Zalucki MP. 2015. The potential distribution of invading Helicoverpa armigera in North America: is it just a matter of time? PLOS One 10: e0133224.[25] Murua MG, Cazado LE, Casmuz A, Herrero MI, Villagran ME, Vera A, Sosa-Gomez DR, Gastaminza G. 2016. Species from the Heliothinae Complex (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tucuman, Argentina, an update of geographical distribution of Helicoverpa armigera. J. of Insect Sci. 16(1): 61; 1–7.[26] Amer AEA, El-Sayed AAA. 2014. Effect of Different Host Plants and Artificial Diet on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) Development and Growth Index. Journal of Entomology.DOI: 10.3923/je.2014.[27] Hamed M, Nadeem S. 2008. Rearing of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on Artificial Diets in Laboratory. Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 40(6), pp. 447-450.[28] Jha RK, Chi H, Tang LC. 2012. A Comparison of Artificial Diet and Hybrid Sweet Corn fort he Rearing of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) Based on Life Table Characteristics. Environ. Entomol. 41(1): 30-39.[29] Vanderzant ES, Richardson CD, Fort Jr. SW. 1962. Rearing of the bollworm on artificial diet. J. Econ. Entomol., 55: 140.[30] Ivaldi-Sender, C. 1974. Techniques simples pour élévage permanent de la tordeuse orientale, Grapholita molesta (Lep., Tortricidae), sur milieu artificiel. Ann. Zool. Ecol. Anim., 6: 337-343.[31] Poitout S, Bues R. 1970. Elevage de plusfeurs especes de Lepidopteres Noctuidae sur milieu artificiel riche et sur milieu artificiel simplifie. Ann. Zool. Ecol. Aim., 2: 79-91.[32] Daguang L, Xiaohui L, Jiangguo H, Endong W, Qiulan H, Yongjun L. 2002. Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae): large scale rearing and the effect of gamma radiation on selected life history parameters of this pest in China. Institute for Application of Atomic Energy. http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/33/018/33018387.pdf?r=1[33] Genc, H. 2005. Methods to Determine Sexes of Phyciodes phaon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Pupae. Florida Entomologist. 88(4): 536–537. [34] Genc, H. 2015. Sex Differentiation of Elm Nymphalid (Nymphalis polychloros Linnaeus, 1758) on Pupal Stage. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International ICASTE:17th International Conference on Agricultural Science, Technology and Engineering, Venice, Italy,13-14 Ağustos, 2015. Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering. Vol:9, No:8: 774–777. [35] Genc, H. 2016. The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): pupal key characters for sexing ındividuals. Turkish J. of Zool. 40: 801–805.[36] Kumar L, Bisht RS, Singh H, Kumar M. 2017. Studies on Growth and Development of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on Various Hosts and Artificial Diet under Laboratory Conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6 (12): 1627-1637.[37] Gupta GP, Birah A, Rani S. 2004. Development of artificial diet for mass rearing of American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Indian J. of Agri. Sci. 74(10): 548-551.[38] Guerra AA, Ouye M.Y. 1968. Hatch, larval development and adult longevity of four Lepidopterous species after thermal treatment of eggs. J. Econ. Entomol., 61: 14-16.[39] Casimero V, Tsukuda R, Nakasuji F, Fujisaki K. 2000. Effect of larval diets on the survival and development of larvae in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 35 (1): 69-74.[40] Tamer, 1977. The development of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different artificial diets. Türk. entomol. derg., 21 (1):27-36.[41] Devi NG, Singh TK. 2004. Effect of different host plants on the growth and development of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Ind. Jour. of Ento., 66(2): 114-118.[42] Brewer, FD. 1981. Development of Heliothis virescens and Diatraea saccharalis on a soy flour-Corn oil diet. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 74: 320-323.[43] Ahmed, K. 1983. Development of artificial diets for mass breeding of some lepidopterous insects. M. Phil thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. pp 16-47.[44] Ahmed K, Khalique F, Malik B. A. 1998. Modified Artificial Diet for Mass Rearing of Chickpea Pod Borer, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) Armigera (Hubn). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(3): 183-187.[45] Jha RK, Tuan SJ, Chi H, Tang LC. 2014. Life table and consumption capacity of corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera, fed asparagus, Asparagus officinalis. J. of Insect Sci. 14: 1–17.[46] Nation, JL. 2002. Insect Physiology and Biochemistry. CRC Press p. 485.[47] Parra, JRP. 1999. Técnicas de criação de insetos para programação de controle biológico. Fealq/Fapesp, São Paulo, Brazil[48] Genc H, Nation JL. 2004. An Artificial Diet fort he Butterfly Phyciodes phaon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Florida Entomologist 87: 194-198.
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Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 26, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 |
