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Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler

Year 2018, Volume: 58 Issue: 3, 56 - 63, 27.12.2018

Abstract

Besi, süt ve damızlık için kullanılan sığırların hayvan sahibinin kontrolü dışında istemsiz olarak ölmesi veya hastalanması önemli ekonomik kayıplara ve hayvan refahının bozulmasına yol açar. Bu derlemede fötal buzağı ölümleri, doğum sırası ve doğum sonrası buzağılardaki daha çok enfeksiyona bağlı ölüm nedenleri ve bunlara yönelik koruyucu önlemler incelenmiştir. Buzağı hastalıklarına karşı koruyucu önemler için temel biyogüvenlik önlemleri ve ortak strateji uygulanmasının yanı sıra, her bir hastalık için farklı koruma ve kontrol stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi de zorunludur. Daha az buzağı ölümü için hastalıkların olmadığı sağlıklı bir çevreye ihtiyaç vardır. Hastalıklar ile mücadelede kontrol ve/veya eradikasyon programının oluşturulması, hastalıkların durumunun izlenmesi, gerekli önlemlerin belirlenmesi, aşılama, kontrol, düzenli ve güvenilir kayıt tutulması ve testlere bağlı olarak sürüden ayırma gibi önlemler buzağıların hastalıklardan korunmasında önemlidir. Sonuç olarak buzağıların hastalıktan korunmasında; hayvan sahiplerinin bilinçlendirilmesi, hastalıklara neden olan etkenlerin doğru tespiti, kolostrum, biyogüvenlik, aşılamalar ve veteriner hekimlerin rolü çok önemlidir. 

References

  • 1. Abayli H, Tonbak S, Azkur AK, Bulut H (2017): Complete genome analysis of highly pathogenic bovine ephemeral fever virus isolated in Turkey in 2012. Archives of Virology, doi: 10.1007/s00705-0173470-6.
  • 2. Alhaji NB (2011): Prevalence and economic implications of calf foetal wastage in an abattoir in Northcentral Nigeria. Tropical animal health and production, 43(3):587-90.
  • 3. Alkan F, Özkul A, Oğuzoğlu TC, Timurkan MÖ, Çalışkan E, Martella V, Burgu İ (2010): Distribution of G (VP7) and P (VP4) Genotypes of Group A bovine rotaviruses from Turkish calves with diarrhea, 1997-2008. Veterinary Microbiology, 141, 231-237.
  • 4. Anonim (2015): https://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/technical-information/ youngstock/3-qs-of-colostrum/#.WjOIULdl_IU
  • 5. Aslan ME (2014): Ankara, Çorum, Kırıkkale ve Yozgat illerinde yetiştirilen Brucella seronegatif ineklerde BVDV, BHV-1, BHV-4 ve BHV-5 enfeksiyonlarının hematolojik değerlere etkisi, epidemiyolojisi ve genetik karakterizasyonun araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kırıkkale.
  • 6. Aslan ME, Azkur AK, Gazyagci S (2015): Epidemiology and genetic characterization of BVDV, BHV-1, BHV-4, BHV-5 and Brucella spp. infections in cattle in Turkey. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 77(11):1371-7.
  • 7. Azkur AK, Albayrak H, Risvanli A, Pestil Z, Ozan E, Yılmaz O, Tonbak S, Cavunt A, Kadı H, Macun HC, Acar D, Özenç E, Alparslan S, Bulut H (2013): Antibodies to Schmallenberg virus in domestic livestock in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 45(8):1825-8.
  • 8. Azkur AK, Tonbak S (2015): Schmallenberg virüsü. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 29 (2): 129-135.
  • 9. Barkema HW, Green MJ, Bradley AJ, Zadoks RN (2009): The role of contagious disease in udder health. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(10):4717-29.
  • 10. Barkema HW, von Keyserlingk MA, Kastelic JP, Lam TJ, Luby C, Roy JP, LeBlanc SJ, Keefe GP, Kelton DF (2015): Invited review: Changes in the dairy industry affecting dairy cattle health and welfare. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(11):7426-45.
  • 11. Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF (2013): HoBi-like viruses: an emerging group of pestiviruses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25(1): 6-15.
  • 12. Bıyıklı E, Azkur AK, Tonbak S, Macun HC (2017): Buzağılarda Schmallenberg virüs özgül maternal antikor varlığının izlenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(3): 189-192.
  • 13. Bolat Y, Doymaz MZ (1998): Veteriner Viroloji. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ders Notları.
  • 14. Bouma A, Elbers AR, Dekker A, de Koeijer A, Bartels C, Vellema P, van der Wal P, van Rooij EM, Pluimers FH, de Jong MC (2003): The foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in The Netherlands in 2001. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 57(3):155-66.
  • 15. Bulut H, Rişvanlı A, Tonbak Ş, Gülaçtı İ, Azkur AK, Bolat Y (2003): Döl tutmayan ineklerde bovine herpesvirüs 1 infeksiyonlarının sıklığı. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (1): 23-26.
  • 16. Cho YI, Han JI, Wang C, Cooper V, Schwartz K, Engelken T, Yoon KJ (2013): Case-control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea. Veterinary Microbiology, 166(3-4):375-85.
  • 17. Choe YJ, Choe SA, Cho SI (2018): Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality, South Korea, 1983-2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(2):320-327.
  • 18. Clothier K, Anderson M (2016): Evaluation of bovine abortion cases and tissue suitability for identification of infectious agents in California diagnostic laboratory cases from 2007 to 2012. Theriogenology, 85(5):933-938.
  • 19. Flynn O, Gallagher C, Mooney J, Irvine C, Ducatez M, Hause B, McGrath G, Ryan E (2018): Influenza D Virus in Cattle, Ireland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(2):389-391.
  • 20. Godden SM, Haines DM, Hagman D (2009): Improving passive transfer of immunoglobulins in calves. I: dose effect of feeding a commercial colostrum replacer. Journal of dairy science, 92(4):1750-7.
  • 21. Gomez DE, Weese JS (2017): Viral enteritis in calves. Canadian Veterianry Journal, 58(12): 1267-1274.
  • 22. Guy MA, McFadden TB, Cockrell DC, Besser TE (1994): Regulation of colostrum formation in beef and dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 77(10): 3002-7.
  • 23. Gülaçtı İ, Bulut H (2007): Pasteurella haemolylica’ya karşı aşılamalardan sonra görülen sığırların enfeksivöz rinotrahitis olguları. Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 21: 13-15.
  • 24. Gülaçtı İ, Sözdutmaz İ, Işıdan H (2016): Molecular characterization of the bovine norovirüses from diarrheic calves in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 40: 428-433.
  • 25. Härtel H, Nikunen S, Neuvonen E, Tanskanen R, Kivelä SL, Aho R, Soveri T, Saloniemi H (2004): Viral and bacterial pathogens in bovine respiratory disease in Finland. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 45(3-4):193-200.
  • 26. Hilton WM (2014): BRD in 2014: where have we been, where are we now, and where do we want to go? Animal Health Research Reviews, 15(2):120-2.
  • 27. Hoffmann B, Scheuch M, Höper D, Jungblut R, Holsteg M, Schirrmeier H, Eschbaumer M, Goller KV, Wernike K, Fischer M, Breithaupt A, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M (2012): Novel orthobunyavirüs in Cattle, Europe, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(3):469-72.
  • 28. Houe H, Lindberg A, Moennig V (2006): Test strategies in bovine viral diarrhea virüs control and eradication campaigns in Europe. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 18(5):427-36.
  • 29. Hovingh E (2009a): Abortions in Dairy Cattle – I: Common Causes of Abortions. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publications, 404:404-288. (http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/404/404-288/404-288.html, Erişim Tarihi ve zamanı 14.03.2018 14:30)
  • 30. Hovingh E (2009b): Abortions in Dairy Cattle - II: Diagnosing and Preventing Abortion Problems. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publications, 404:404-289. (http://pubs.ext. vt.edu/404/404-289/404-289.html, Erişim Tarihi ve zamanı 14.03.2018 14:30)
  • 31. Izzo MM, Kirkland PD, Mohler VL, Perkins NR, Gunn AA, House JK (2011): Prevalence of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhoea. Australian Veterinary Journal, 89(5):167-73.
  • 32. Jamaluddin AA, Case JT, Hird DW, Blanchard PC, Peauroi JR, Anderson ML (1996): Dairy cattle abortion in California: evaluation of diagnostic laboratory data. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, (2):210-8.
  • 33. Jaster EH (2005): Evaluation of quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding on immunoglobulin G1 absorption in Jersey calves. Journal of dairy science, 88(1):296-302.
  • 34. Karayel I, Fehér E, Marton S, Coskun N, Bányai K, Alkan F ( 2017): Putative vaccine breakthrough event associated with heterotypic rotavirüs infection in newborn calves, Turkey, 2015. Veterinary Microbiology, 201:7-13.
  • 35. Kirkbride CA (1992): Viral agents and associated lesions detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 4(4):374-9.
  • 36. Lorenz I, Earley B, Gilmore J, Hogan I, Kennedy E, More SJ (2011c): Calf health from birth to weaning. III. housing and management of calf pneumonia. Irish Veterinary Journal, 64(1):14.
  • 37. Lorenz I, Fagan J, More SJ (2011b): Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves. Irish Veterinary Journal, 64(1):9.
  • 38. Lorenz I, Mee JF, Earley B, More SJ (2011a): Calf health from birth to weaning. I. General aspects of disease prevention. Irish Veterinary Journal, 64(1):10.
  • 39. MacLachlan NJ, Conley AJ, Kennedy PC (2000): Bluetongue and equine viral arteritis viruses as models of virus-induced fetal injury and abortion. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61:643-51.
  • 40. Marshall BM, Levy SB (2011): Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 24(4):718-33.
  • 41. Mercier A, Arsevska E, Bournez L, Bronner A, Calavas D, Cauchard J, Falala S, Caufour P, Tisseuil C, Lefrançois T, Lancelot R. (2017): Spread rate of lumpy skin disease in the Balkans, 2015-2016. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, doi: 10.1111/tbed.12624.
  • 42. Mõtus K, Reimus K, Orro T, Viltrop A, Emanuelson U (2017): Onfarm mortality, causes and risk factors in Estonian beef cow-calf herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 139(Pt A):10-19.
  • 43. Ng TF, Kondov NO, Deng X, Van Eenennaam A, Neibergs HL, Delwart E (2015): A metagenomics and case-control study to identify viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease. Journal of Virology, 89(10):5340-9.
  • 44. Pempek J, Trearchis D, Masterson M, Habing G, Proudfoot K (2017): Veal calf health on the day of arrival at growers in Ohio. Journal of Animal Science, 95(9):3863-3872.
  • 45. Pinior B, Firth CL, Richter V, Lebl K, Trauffler M, Dzieciol M, Hutter SE, Burgstaller J, Obritzhauser W, Winter P, Käsbohrer A (2017): A systematic review of financial and economic assessments of bovine viral diarrhea virüs (BVDV) prevention and mitigation activities worldwide. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 137(Pt A):77-92.
  • 46. Presi P, Heim D (2010): BVD eradication in Switzerland--a new approach. Veterinary Microbiology, 142(1-2): 137-42.
  • 47. Raaperi K, Orro T, Viltrop A (2014): Epidemiology and control of bovine herpesvirüs 1 infection in Europe. The Veterinary Journal, 201(3):249-56.
  • 48. Saif LJ (2010): Bovine respiratory coronavirus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26(2):349-64.
  • 49. Saif LJ, Fernandez FM (1996): Group A rotavirus veterinary vaccines. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 174: S98-106.
  • 50. Sarikaya B, Azkur AK, Gazyağci S (2011): Inactivated Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccine Trigger Leucopenia and Lymphopenia on Calves. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 39(4): 994.
  • 51. Sarikaya B, Azkur AK, Gazyağci S, Aslan ME (2012): Genetic Variability of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the 5’-UTR in the Central Anatolia of Turkey. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 40(1): 1013.
  • 52. Tonbak S, Berber E, Yoruk MD, Azkur AK, Pestil Z, Bulut H (2013): A large-scale outbreak of bovine ephemeral fever in Turkey, 2012. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 75(11):1511-4.
  • 53. Tuncer P, Yeşilbağ K (2015): Serological detection of infection dynamics for respiratory viruses among dairy calves. Veterinary Microbiology, 180(3-4):180-5.
  • 54. van der Sluijs MT, Schroer-Joosten DP, Fid-Fourkour A, Vrijenhoek MP, Debyser I, Gregg DA, Dufe DM, Moulin V, Moormann RJ, de Smit AJ (2012): Effect of vaccination with an inactivated vaccine on transplacental transmission of BTV-8 in mid term pregnant ewes and heifers. Vaccine, 30(3):647-55.
  • 55. Yeşilbağ K, Güngör B (2008): Seroprevalence of bovine respiratory viruses in North-Western Turkey. Tropical Animal Health Production, 40(1):55-60.
  • 56. Yildiz K, Kul O, Babur C, Kilic S, Gazyagci AN, Celebi B, Gurcan IS (2009): Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle ranches with high abortion rate: special emphasis to serologic coexistence with Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella abortus and Listeria monocytogenes. Veterinary Parasitology, 164(2-4):306-10.
Year 2018, Volume: 58 Issue: 3, 56 - 63, 27.12.2018

Abstract

References

  • 1. Abayli H, Tonbak S, Azkur AK, Bulut H (2017): Complete genome analysis of highly pathogenic bovine ephemeral fever virus isolated in Turkey in 2012. Archives of Virology, doi: 10.1007/s00705-0173470-6.
  • 2. Alhaji NB (2011): Prevalence and economic implications of calf foetal wastage in an abattoir in Northcentral Nigeria. Tropical animal health and production, 43(3):587-90.
  • 3. Alkan F, Özkul A, Oğuzoğlu TC, Timurkan MÖ, Çalışkan E, Martella V, Burgu İ (2010): Distribution of G (VP7) and P (VP4) Genotypes of Group A bovine rotaviruses from Turkish calves with diarrhea, 1997-2008. Veterinary Microbiology, 141, 231-237.
  • 4. Anonim (2015): https://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/technical-information/ youngstock/3-qs-of-colostrum/#.WjOIULdl_IU
  • 5. Aslan ME (2014): Ankara, Çorum, Kırıkkale ve Yozgat illerinde yetiştirilen Brucella seronegatif ineklerde BVDV, BHV-1, BHV-4 ve BHV-5 enfeksiyonlarının hematolojik değerlere etkisi, epidemiyolojisi ve genetik karakterizasyonun araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kırıkkale.
  • 6. Aslan ME, Azkur AK, Gazyagci S (2015): Epidemiology and genetic characterization of BVDV, BHV-1, BHV-4, BHV-5 and Brucella spp. infections in cattle in Turkey. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 77(11):1371-7.
  • 7. Azkur AK, Albayrak H, Risvanli A, Pestil Z, Ozan E, Yılmaz O, Tonbak S, Cavunt A, Kadı H, Macun HC, Acar D, Özenç E, Alparslan S, Bulut H (2013): Antibodies to Schmallenberg virus in domestic livestock in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 45(8):1825-8.
  • 8. Azkur AK, Tonbak S (2015): Schmallenberg virüsü. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 29 (2): 129-135.
  • 9. Barkema HW, Green MJ, Bradley AJ, Zadoks RN (2009): The role of contagious disease in udder health. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(10):4717-29.
  • 10. Barkema HW, von Keyserlingk MA, Kastelic JP, Lam TJ, Luby C, Roy JP, LeBlanc SJ, Keefe GP, Kelton DF (2015): Invited review: Changes in the dairy industry affecting dairy cattle health and welfare. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(11):7426-45.
  • 11. Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF (2013): HoBi-like viruses: an emerging group of pestiviruses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25(1): 6-15.
  • 12. Bıyıklı E, Azkur AK, Tonbak S, Macun HC (2017): Buzağılarda Schmallenberg virüs özgül maternal antikor varlığının izlenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(3): 189-192.
  • 13. Bolat Y, Doymaz MZ (1998): Veteriner Viroloji. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ders Notları.
  • 14. Bouma A, Elbers AR, Dekker A, de Koeijer A, Bartels C, Vellema P, van der Wal P, van Rooij EM, Pluimers FH, de Jong MC (2003): The foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in The Netherlands in 2001. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 57(3):155-66.
  • 15. Bulut H, Rişvanlı A, Tonbak Ş, Gülaçtı İ, Azkur AK, Bolat Y (2003): Döl tutmayan ineklerde bovine herpesvirüs 1 infeksiyonlarının sıklığı. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (1): 23-26.
  • 16. Cho YI, Han JI, Wang C, Cooper V, Schwartz K, Engelken T, Yoon KJ (2013): Case-control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea. Veterinary Microbiology, 166(3-4):375-85.
  • 17. Choe YJ, Choe SA, Cho SI (2018): Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality, South Korea, 1983-2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(2):320-327.
  • 18. Clothier K, Anderson M (2016): Evaluation of bovine abortion cases and tissue suitability for identification of infectious agents in California diagnostic laboratory cases from 2007 to 2012. Theriogenology, 85(5):933-938.
  • 19. Flynn O, Gallagher C, Mooney J, Irvine C, Ducatez M, Hause B, McGrath G, Ryan E (2018): Influenza D Virus in Cattle, Ireland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(2):389-391.
  • 20. Godden SM, Haines DM, Hagman D (2009): Improving passive transfer of immunoglobulins in calves. I: dose effect of feeding a commercial colostrum replacer. Journal of dairy science, 92(4):1750-7.
  • 21. Gomez DE, Weese JS (2017): Viral enteritis in calves. Canadian Veterianry Journal, 58(12): 1267-1274.
  • 22. Guy MA, McFadden TB, Cockrell DC, Besser TE (1994): Regulation of colostrum formation in beef and dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 77(10): 3002-7.
  • 23. Gülaçtı İ, Bulut H (2007): Pasteurella haemolylica’ya karşı aşılamalardan sonra görülen sığırların enfeksivöz rinotrahitis olguları. Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 21: 13-15.
  • 24. Gülaçtı İ, Sözdutmaz İ, Işıdan H (2016): Molecular characterization of the bovine norovirüses from diarrheic calves in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 40: 428-433.
  • 25. Härtel H, Nikunen S, Neuvonen E, Tanskanen R, Kivelä SL, Aho R, Soveri T, Saloniemi H (2004): Viral and bacterial pathogens in bovine respiratory disease in Finland. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 45(3-4):193-200.
  • 26. Hilton WM (2014): BRD in 2014: where have we been, where are we now, and where do we want to go? Animal Health Research Reviews, 15(2):120-2.
  • 27. Hoffmann B, Scheuch M, Höper D, Jungblut R, Holsteg M, Schirrmeier H, Eschbaumer M, Goller KV, Wernike K, Fischer M, Breithaupt A, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M (2012): Novel orthobunyavirüs in Cattle, Europe, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(3):469-72.
  • 28. Houe H, Lindberg A, Moennig V (2006): Test strategies in bovine viral diarrhea virüs control and eradication campaigns in Europe. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 18(5):427-36.
  • 29. Hovingh E (2009a): Abortions in Dairy Cattle – I: Common Causes of Abortions. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publications, 404:404-288. (http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/404/404-288/404-288.html, Erişim Tarihi ve zamanı 14.03.2018 14:30)
  • 30. Hovingh E (2009b): Abortions in Dairy Cattle - II: Diagnosing and Preventing Abortion Problems. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publications, 404:404-289. (http://pubs.ext. vt.edu/404/404-289/404-289.html, Erişim Tarihi ve zamanı 14.03.2018 14:30)
  • 31. Izzo MM, Kirkland PD, Mohler VL, Perkins NR, Gunn AA, House JK (2011): Prevalence of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhoea. Australian Veterinary Journal, 89(5):167-73.
  • 32. Jamaluddin AA, Case JT, Hird DW, Blanchard PC, Peauroi JR, Anderson ML (1996): Dairy cattle abortion in California: evaluation of diagnostic laboratory data. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, (2):210-8.
  • 33. Jaster EH (2005): Evaluation of quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding on immunoglobulin G1 absorption in Jersey calves. Journal of dairy science, 88(1):296-302.
  • 34. Karayel I, Fehér E, Marton S, Coskun N, Bányai K, Alkan F ( 2017): Putative vaccine breakthrough event associated with heterotypic rotavirüs infection in newborn calves, Turkey, 2015. Veterinary Microbiology, 201:7-13.
  • 35. Kirkbride CA (1992): Viral agents and associated lesions detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 4(4):374-9.
  • 36. Lorenz I, Earley B, Gilmore J, Hogan I, Kennedy E, More SJ (2011c): Calf health from birth to weaning. III. housing and management of calf pneumonia. Irish Veterinary Journal, 64(1):14.
  • 37. Lorenz I, Fagan J, More SJ (2011b): Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves. Irish Veterinary Journal, 64(1):9.
  • 38. Lorenz I, Mee JF, Earley B, More SJ (2011a): Calf health from birth to weaning. I. General aspects of disease prevention. Irish Veterinary Journal, 64(1):10.
  • 39. MacLachlan NJ, Conley AJ, Kennedy PC (2000): Bluetongue and equine viral arteritis viruses as models of virus-induced fetal injury and abortion. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61:643-51.
  • 40. Marshall BM, Levy SB (2011): Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 24(4):718-33.
  • 41. Mercier A, Arsevska E, Bournez L, Bronner A, Calavas D, Cauchard J, Falala S, Caufour P, Tisseuil C, Lefrançois T, Lancelot R. (2017): Spread rate of lumpy skin disease in the Balkans, 2015-2016. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, doi: 10.1111/tbed.12624.
  • 42. Mõtus K, Reimus K, Orro T, Viltrop A, Emanuelson U (2017): Onfarm mortality, causes and risk factors in Estonian beef cow-calf herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 139(Pt A):10-19.
  • 43. Ng TF, Kondov NO, Deng X, Van Eenennaam A, Neibergs HL, Delwart E (2015): A metagenomics and case-control study to identify viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease. Journal of Virology, 89(10):5340-9.
  • 44. Pempek J, Trearchis D, Masterson M, Habing G, Proudfoot K (2017): Veal calf health on the day of arrival at growers in Ohio. Journal of Animal Science, 95(9):3863-3872.
  • 45. Pinior B, Firth CL, Richter V, Lebl K, Trauffler M, Dzieciol M, Hutter SE, Burgstaller J, Obritzhauser W, Winter P, Käsbohrer A (2017): A systematic review of financial and economic assessments of bovine viral diarrhea virüs (BVDV) prevention and mitigation activities worldwide. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 137(Pt A):77-92.
  • 46. Presi P, Heim D (2010): BVD eradication in Switzerland--a new approach. Veterinary Microbiology, 142(1-2): 137-42.
  • 47. Raaperi K, Orro T, Viltrop A (2014): Epidemiology and control of bovine herpesvirüs 1 infection in Europe. The Veterinary Journal, 201(3):249-56.
  • 48. Saif LJ (2010): Bovine respiratory coronavirus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26(2):349-64.
  • 49. Saif LJ, Fernandez FM (1996): Group A rotavirus veterinary vaccines. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 174: S98-106.
  • 50. Sarikaya B, Azkur AK, Gazyağci S (2011): Inactivated Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccine Trigger Leucopenia and Lymphopenia on Calves. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 39(4): 994.
  • 51. Sarikaya B, Azkur AK, Gazyağci S, Aslan ME (2012): Genetic Variability of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the 5’-UTR in the Central Anatolia of Turkey. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 40(1): 1013.
  • 52. Tonbak S, Berber E, Yoruk MD, Azkur AK, Pestil Z, Bulut H (2013): A large-scale outbreak of bovine ephemeral fever in Turkey, 2012. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 75(11):1511-4.
  • 53. Tuncer P, Yeşilbağ K (2015): Serological detection of infection dynamics for respiratory viruses among dairy calves. Veterinary Microbiology, 180(3-4):180-5.
  • 54. van der Sluijs MT, Schroer-Joosten DP, Fid-Fourkour A, Vrijenhoek MP, Debyser I, Gregg DA, Dufe DM, Moulin V, Moormann RJ, de Smit AJ (2012): Effect of vaccination with an inactivated vaccine on transplacental transmission of BTV-8 in mid term pregnant ewes and heifers. Vaccine, 30(3):647-55.
  • 55. Yeşilbağ K, Güngör B (2008): Seroprevalence of bovine respiratory viruses in North-Western Turkey. Tropical Animal Health Production, 40(1):55-60.
  • 56. Yildiz K, Kul O, Babur C, Kilic S, Gazyagci AN, Celebi B, Gurcan IS (2009): Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle ranches with high abortion rate: special emphasis to serologic coexistence with Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella abortus and Listeria monocytogenes. Veterinary Parasitology, 164(2-4):306-10.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Ahmet Kürşat Azkur

Emel Aksoy This is me

Publication Date December 27, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 58 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Azkur, A. K., & Aksoy, E. (2018). Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 58(3), 56-63.
AMA Azkur AK, Aksoy E. Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi. December 2018;58(3):56-63.
Chicago Azkur, Ahmet Kürşat, and Emel Aksoy. “Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler”. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 58, no. 3 (December 2018): 56-63.
EndNote Azkur AK, Aksoy E (December 1, 2018) Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 58 3 56–63.
IEEE A. K. Azkur and E. Aksoy, “Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler”, Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 56–63, 2018.
ISNAD Azkur, Ahmet Kürşat - Aksoy, Emel. “Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler”. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 58/3 (December 2018), 56-63.
JAMA Azkur AK, Aksoy E. Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2018;58:56–63.
MLA Azkur, Ahmet Kürşat and Emel Aksoy. “Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler”. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 58, no. 3, 2018, pp. 56-63.
Vancouver Azkur AK, Aksoy E. Buzağı Hastalıklarında Koruyucu Önlemler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2018;58(3):56-63.