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Biyokömür ve vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın bazı biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 143 - 150, 28.12.2018

Abstract

Bu çalışmada biyokömür (BK) ve vermikompostun (VK) topraktaki enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkisinin araştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla, Ordu il merkezindeki bir bahçeden alınan toprağa sera koşullarında farklı oranlarda biyokömür ve vermikompost karışımları (kontrol (O1); %100 BK (O2); %100 VK (O3); %75 BK+%25 VK (O4); %25 BK+%75 VK (O5); %50 BK+%50 VK (O6)) uygulanmıştır. Deneme 20, 40 ve 60 günlük 3 farklı sürede inkübasyona bırakılmıştır. Her inkübasyon süresi sonunda BK ve VK uygulamalarının mikrobiyal biyomas, CO2 oluşumu, dehidrogenaz enzim aktivitesi, üreaz enzim aktivitesi ve arilsülfataz enzim aktiviteleri gibi toprakların biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre; CO2 oluşumu, mikrobiyal biyomass-C ve dehidrogenaz enzim aktivitesi üzerine ortamlar etkili olurken, toprak organik maddesi, üreaz ve arilsülfataz enzim aktiviteleri üzerine ise uygulama ortamları ve inkübasyon süresinin etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Genellikle toprağın biyolojik özellikleri üzerine O2 ve O3 ortamlarının en etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Toprağın üreaz enzim aktivitesinin 60 günlük inkübasyonun O2 ve O3 ortamlarında, toprak organik madde miktarının 40 günlük inkübasyonun O2 ortamında ve arilsülfataz enzim aktivitesinin 60 günlük inkübasyonun O6 ortamında arttığı saptanmıştır. Biyokömürün yüksek C ve C/N oranına sahip olması nedeniyle tek başına yeterli olmadığı, C/N oranı dar olan vermikompost gibi materyallerle beraber kullanılmasının uygun olduğu ve tüm veriler değerlendirildiğinde toprak düzenleyici olarak kullanılan biyokömürün (O2) toprağın biyolojik özellikleri üzerine olumlu etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Akça MO, Namli A, 2015. Effects of poultry litter biochar on soil enzyme activities and tomato, pepper and lettuce plants growth. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 4,3, 161.
  • Alexander M, 1977. Introduction to soil microbiology No. Ed. 2. John Wiley , Sons. New York, USA.
  • Anderson JPE, Domsch KH,1978. A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil biology and biochemistry, 10,3, 215-221.
  • Aşkın T, Kızılkaya R, Gülser C, Bayraklı B, 2004. Ondokuzmayıs Üniversitesi Kampus Topraklarının Bazı Mikrobiyolojik Özellikleri, O.M.Ü. Zir. Fak. Dergisi, 19(1):31–36
  • Bekele A, Kibret K, Bedadi B, Yli-Halla M, Balemi T, (2018). Effects of Lime, Vermicompost, and Chemical P Fertilizer on Selected Properties of Acid Soils of Ebantu District, Western Highlands of Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2018.
  • Bouyoucos GJ,1951. A Recalibration of the Hydrometer Method for Making Mechanical Analysis of Soils 1. Agronomy journal, 43,9, 434-438.
  • Bremner JM, Lancaster JD,1965. Organic Forms of Nitrogen 1. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, ,methodsofsoilanb, 1238-1255.
  • Candemir F,Gülser C, 2011. Effects of different agricultural wastes on some soil quality indexes at clay and loamy sand fields. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Analy. 42 ,1:13-28.
  • Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S, 2008. Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Soil Research, 45(8), 629-634.
  • Cheng C-H, Lehmann J, Thies, JE, Burton SD, Engelhard MH, 2006. Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Organic Geochemistry, 37:1477–1488.
  • Delgado M, Rodríguez C, Martin JV, de Imperial RM, Alonso, F. ,2012. Environmental assay on the effect of poultry manure application on soil organisms in agroecosystems. Science of the total environment, 416, 532-535.
  • Dias BO, Silva CA, Higashikawa FS, Roig A, Sánchez-Monedero MA,2010. Use of biochar as bulking agent for the composting of poultry manure: effect on organic matter degradation and humification. Bioresource technology, 101,4, 1239-1246.
  • Ergün YA, 2017. Biyokömür ve Ahır Gübresi Uygulamalarının Topraktaki Bazı Enzim Aktivitelerine, CO2 Üretimine, Besin Elementi İçeriğine ve Domates Bitkisinin Gelişimine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ordu Üniversitesi Fen Bil. Ens. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalı. Yayınlanmamış. 65 sf. Ordu.
  • Erşahin Y, 2007. Vermikompost Ürünlerinin Eldesi ve Tarımsal Üretimde Kullanım Alternatifleri. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24,2, 99-107.
  • Gaunt J,Cowie A,2009. Biochar, greenhouse gas accounting and emissions trading. Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology, 317-340.
  • Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W, 2002. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal—a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35: 219-230.
  • Hadas A, Kautsky L, Goek M, Kara EE, 2004. Rates of decomposition of plant residues and available nitrogen in soil, related to residue composition through simulation of carbon and nitrogen turnover. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 362:,2 255-266.
  • Isermeyer H,1952. Eine einfache Methode zur Bestimmung der Bodenatmung und der Karbonate im Boden. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 56,1‐3, 26-38.
  • Jeffery S, Verheijen FG, van der Velde M, Bastos AC,2011. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agriculture, ecosystems , environment, 144,1, 175-187.
  • Kablan N,2005. Farklı Organik Atıkların Toprak Ve Mısır ,Zea Mays İndendata Bitkisinin Rizosfer Bölgesindeki Biyolojik Özellikler Üzerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Fen Bil. Ens. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalı. Yayınlanmamış. 40 sf. Samsun.
  • Kandeler E, Gerber H,1988. Short-term assay of soil urease activity using colorimetric determination of ammonium. Biology and fertility of Soils, 6,1, 68-72.
  • Kayıkçıoğlu HH, (2012). Deri Sanayi Arıtma Çamurunun Kompostlaştırılması Sırasındaki Biyokimyasal Değişiklikler ve Oluşan Kompostun Kalitesi. Anadolu Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2).
  • Kızılkaya R, Hepşen Ş, 2007. Microbiological properties in earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. cast and surrounding soil amended with various organic wastes. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 38: 2861-2876.
  • Kızılkaya R,Bayraklı B, 2005. Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities. Applied Soil Ecology, 303, 192-202
  • Kızılkaya R, Aşkın T, Bayraklı B, Sağlam M, 2004. Microbiological Characteristics of Soils Contaminated With Heavy Metals. European Journal of Soil Biology. 40:95-102ss.
  • Knudsen D, GA Peterson, PF Pratt, 1982. Lithium, sodium and potassium. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Agronomy Monograph no. 9 ,2 nd ed. ASA-SSSA. Madison, Wisconsin. USA.
  • Lehmann J, 2007. Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 5:38–387.
  • Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, Kinyangi J, Gross man J, O’Neill B, Skjemstad JO, Thies J, Luizao FJ, Petersen J, Neves EG, 2006. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70:1719–1730.
  • Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, Riha SJ, Lehmann J, 2010. Maize yield and nutrition after 4 years of doing biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant and Soil 333:117–128.
  • McClellan AT,Deenik J,Uehara G, Antal M, 2007. Effects of flashed carbonized© macadamia nutshell charcoal on plant growth and soil chemical properties. a a, 80,100, 120.
  • McLaughlin H, Anderson PS, Shields FE,Reed TB, 2009, August. All biochars are not created equal, and how to tell them apart. In Proceedings, North American Biochar Conference, Boulder, Colorado ,pp. 1-36.
  • Mierzwa-Hersztek M, Gondek K, Baran A, 2016. Effect of poultry litter biochar on soil enzymatic activity, ecotoxicity and plant growth. Applied soil ecology, 105, 144-150.
  • Namlı A, Akça O, Perçimli C, Beşe S, Gür Ş, Arıkan H, Eser İ, İzci E, Gümüşay E, Tunca G, Khálau IJ, Mutafçılar Z, Demirtaş Ö, 2014. Evsel ve endüstriyel arıtma çamurlarının solucanlar ,Eisenia fetida ile kompostlanması. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 2,2: 46-56.
  • Nelson DW, Sommers L, 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter1. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, ,methodsofsoilan2, 539-579.
  • Olsen SR, 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. United States Department Of Agriculture; Washington.
  • Özdemir N, Gülser C, Ekberli İ, Kop ÖT, 2014. Asit toprakta düzenleyici uygulamalarının bazı toprak özellikleri ve verime etkileri. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi 2 ,1 27 – 32
  • Özdemir N, Kızılkaya R, Sürücü A, 2000. Farklı organik atıkların toprakların üreaz enzim aktivitesi üzerine etkisi. Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi. 10,37, 23-26.
  • Smith JL, Papendick RI, Bezdicek DF, Lynch JM, 1993. Soil organic matter dynamics and crop residue management. Soil Microbial Ecology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 65-95.
  • Steiner C, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macêdo JLV, Blum WE, Zech W, 2007. Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and soil, 291(1-2), 275-290.
  • Sudkolai ST, Nourbakhsh F, 2017. Urease activity as an index for assessing the maturity of cow manure and wheat residue vermicomposts. Waste Management, 64, 63-66.
  • Tabatabai MA, Bremner JM, 1970. Arylsulfatase Activity of Soils 1. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 34,2, 225-229.
  • Thalmann A, 1968. The methodology of determining the dehydrogenase activity in soil using triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid (TTC). Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, 21, 249-258.
  • US Salinity Lab. Staff, 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agricultural Handbook, no. 64, USDA.

Effect of biochar and vermicompost applications on some biological properties of soil

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 143 - 150, 28.12.2018

Abstract

In this study, the effect of biochar (BC) and vermicompost VC applications on enzyme activities in soil was investigated. For this purpose, different mixing ratios of BC and VC (control (O1), 100% BC (O2), 100% VC (O3), 75% BC+25% VC (O4), 25% BC+75% VC (O5), 50% BC+50% VC (O6)) were applied into the soil taken from an orchard in Ordu Province. All applications were incubated at 3 different periods for 20, 40 and 60 days. At the end of each incubation period, the effect of BC and VC applications on biological properties of soil such as; microbial biomass, CO2 formation, dehydrogenase enzyme activity, urease enzyme activity and aryl sulfatase enzyme activities were determined. According to the results, the effect of incubation time and applications on soil organic matter, urease and aryl sulphatase enzyme activities were statistically significant and all applications were effective on CO2 formation and microbial biomass-C and dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Generally, O2 and O3 applications were the predominant on biological properties of soil. It was determined that soil urease enzyme activity increased in O2 and O3 applications at the 60 days incubation period; the soil organic matter increased in O2 application at the 40 days incubation period and aryl sulfatase enzyme activity increased in O6 application at the 60 days incubation period. Due to high C and C/N ratio of biochar, it was determined that biochar application itself has no sufficient effect and it is suitable to use with organic materials such as vermicompost having a narrow C/N ratio. When all the data were evaluated, the boichar application (O2) as a soil conditioner had positive effect on soil biological properties.

References

  • Akça MO, Namli A, 2015. Effects of poultry litter biochar on soil enzyme activities and tomato, pepper and lettuce plants growth. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 4,3, 161.
  • Alexander M, 1977. Introduction to soil microbiology No. Ed. 2. John Wiley , Sons. New York, USA.
  • Anderson JPE, Domsch KH,1978. A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil biology and biochemistry, 10,3, 215-221.
  • Aşkın T, Kızılkaya R, Gülser C, Bayraklı B, 2004. Ondokuzmayıs Üniversitesi Kampus Topraklarının Bazı Mikrobiyolojik Özellikleri, O.M.Ü. Zir. Fak. Dergisi, 19(1):31–36
  • Bekele A, Kibret K, Bedadi B, Yli-Halla M, Balemi T, (2018). Effects of Lime, Vermicompost, and Chemical P Fertilizer on Selected Properties of Acid Soils of Ebantu District, Western Highlands of Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2018.
  • Bouyoucos GJ,1951. A Recalibration of the Hydrometer Method for Making Mechanical Analysis of Soils 1. Agronomy journal, 43,9, 434-438.
  • Bremner JM, Lancaster JD,1965. Organic Forms of Nitrogen 1. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, ,methodsofsoilanb, 1238-1255.
  • Candemir F,Gülser C, 2011. Effects of different agricultural wastes on some soil quality indexes at clay and loamy sand fields. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Analy. 42 ,1:13-28.
  • Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S, 2008. Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Soil Research, 45(8), 629-634.
  • Cheng C-H, Lehmann J, Thies, JE, Burton SD, Engelhard MH, 2006. Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Organic Geochemistry, 37:1477–1488.
  • Delgado M, Rodríguez C, Martin JV, de Imperial RM, Alonso, F. ,2012. Environmental assay on the effect of poultry manure application on soil organisms in agroecosystems. Science of the total environment, 416, 532-535.
  • Dias BO, Silva CA, Higashikawa FS, Roig A, Sánchez-Monedero MA,2010. Use of biochar as bulking agent for the composting of poultry manure: effect on organic matter degradation and humification. Bioresource technology, 101,4, 1239-1246.
  • Ergün YA, 2017. Biyokömür ve Ahır Gübresi Uygulamalarının Topraktaki Bazı Enzim Aktivitelerine, CO2 Üretimine, Besin Elementi İçeriğine ve Domates Bitkisinin Gelişimine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ordu Üniversitesi Fen Bil. Ens. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalı. Yayınlanmamış. 65 sf. Ordu.
  • Erşahin Y, 2007. Vermikompost Ürünlerinin Eldesi ve Tarımsal Üretimde Kullanım Alternatifleri. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24,2, 99-107.
  • Gaunt J,Cowie A,2009. Biochar, greenhouse gas accounting and emissions trading. Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology, 317-340.
  • Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W, 2002. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal—a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35: 219-230.
  • Hadas A, Kautsky L, Goek M, Kara EE, 2004. Rates of decomposition of plant residues and available nitrogen in soil, related to residue composition through simulation of carbon and nitrogen turnover. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 362:,2 255-266.
  • Isermeyer H,1952. Eine einfache Methode zur Bestimmung der Bodenatmung und der Karbonate im Boden. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 56,1‐3, 26-38.
  • Jeffery S, Verheijen FG, van der Velde M, Bastos AC,2011. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agriculture, ecosystems , environment, 144,1, 175-187.
  • Kablan N,2005. Farklı Organik Atıkların Toprak Ve Mısır ,Zea Mays İndendata Bitkisinin Rizosfer Bölgesindeki Biyolojik Özellikler Üzerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Fen Bil. Ens. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalı. Yayınlanmamış. 40 sf. Samsun.
  • Kandeler E, Gerber H,1988. Short-term assay of soil urease activity using colorimetric determination of ammonium. Biology and fertility of Soils, 6,1, 68-72.
  • Kayıkçıoğlu HH, (2012). Deri Sanayi Arıtma Çamurunun Kompostlaştırılması Sırasındaki Biyokimyasal Değişiklikler ve Oluşan Kompostun Kalitesi. Anadolu Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2).
  • Kızılkaya R, Hepşen Ş, 2007. Microbiological properties in earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. cast and surrounding soil amended with various organic wastes. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 38: 2861-2876.
  • Kızılkaya R,Bayraklı B, 2005. Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities. Applied Soil Ecology, 303, 192-202
  • Kızılkaya R, Aşkın T, Bayraklı B, Sağlam M, 2004. Microbiological Characteristics of Soils Contaminated With Heavy Metals. European Journal of Soil Biology. 40:95-102ss.
  • Knudsen D, GA Peterson, PF Pratt, 1982. Lithium, sodium and potassium. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Agronomy Monograph no. 9 ,2 nd ed. ASA-SSSA. Madison, Wisconsin. USA.
  • Lehmann J, 2007. Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 5:38–387.
  • Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, Kinyangi J, Gross man J, O’Neill B, Skjemstad JO, Thies J, Luizao FJ, Petersen J, Neves EG, 2006. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70:1719–1730.
  • Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, Riha SJ, Lehmann J, 2010. Maize yield and nutrition after 4 years of doing biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant and Soil 333:117–128.
  • McClellan AT,Deenik J,Uehara G, Antal M, 2007. Effects of flashed carbonized© macadamia nutshell charcoal on plant growth and soil chemical properties. a a, 80,100, 120.
  • McLaughlin H, Anderson PS, Shields FE,Reed TB, 2009, August. All biochars are not created equal, and how to tell them apart. In Proceedings, North American Biochar Conference, Boulder, Colorado ,pp. 1-36.
  • Mierzwa-Hersztek M, Gondek K, Baran A, 2016. Effect of poultry litter biochar on soil enzymatic activity, ecotoxicity and plant growth. Applied soil ecology, 105, 144-150.
  • Namlı A, Akça O, Perçimli C, Beşe S, Gür Ş, Arıkan H, Eser İ, İzci E, Gümüşay E, Tunca G, Khálau IJ, Mutafçılar Z, Demirtaş Ö, 2014. Evsel ve endüstriyel arıtma çamurlarının solucanlar ,Eisenia fetida ile kompostlanması. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 2,2: 46-56.
  • Nelson DW, Sommers L, 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter1. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, ,methodsofsoilan2, 539-579.
  • Olsen SR, 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. United States Department Of Agriculture; Washington.
  • Özdemir N, Gülser C, Ekberli İ, Kop ÖT, 2014. Asit toprakta düzenleyici uygulamalarının bazı toprak özellikleri ve verime etkileri. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi 2 ,1 27 – 32
  • Özdemir N, Kızılkaya R, Sürücü A, 2000. Farklı organik atıkların toprakların üreaz enzim aktivitesi üzerine etkisi. Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi. 10,37, 23-26.
  • Smith JL, Papendick RI, Bezdicek DF, Lynch JM, 1993. Soil organic matter dynamics and crop residue management. Soil Microbial Ecology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 65-95.
  • Steiner C, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macêdo JLV, Blum WE, Zech W, 2007. Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and soil, 291(1-2), 275-290.
  • Sudkolai ST, Nourbakhsh F, 2017. Urease activity as an index for assessing the maturity of cow manure and wheat residue vermicomposts. Waste Management, 64, 63-66.
  • Tabatabai MA, Bremner JM, 1970. Arylsulfatase Activity of Soils 1. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 34,2, 225-229.
  • Thalmann A, 1968. The methodology of determining the dehydrogenase activity in soil using triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid (TTC). Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, 21, 249-258.
  • US Salinity Lab. Staff, 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agricultural Handbook, no. 64, USDA.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Funda Irmak Yılmaz

Safiye Kurt This is me

Publication Date December 28, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Irmak Yılmaz, F., & Kurt, S. (2018). Biyokömür ve vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın bazı biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Toprak Bilimi Ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 6(2), 143-150.
AMA Irmak Yılmaz F, Kurt S. Biyokömür ve vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın bazı biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi. tbbbd. December 2018;6(2):143-150.
Chicago Irmak Yılmaz, Funda, and Safiye Kurt. “Biyokömür Ve Vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın Bazı Biyolojik özellikleri üzerine Etkisi”. Toprak Bilimi Ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi 6, no. 2 (December 2018): 143-50.
EndNote Irmak Yılmaz F, Kurt S (December 1, 2018) Biyokömür ve vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın bazı biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi 6 2 143–150.
IEEE F. Irmak Yılmaz and S. Kurt, “Biyokömür ve vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın bazı biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi”, tbbbd, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 143–150, 2018.
ISNAD Irmak Yılmaz, Funda - Kurt, Safiye. “Biyokömür Ve Vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın Bazı Biyolojik özellikleri üzerine Etkisi”. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi 6/2 (December 2018), 143-150.
JAMA Irmak Yılmaz F, Kurt S. Biyokömür ve vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın bazı biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi. tbbbd. 2018;6:143–150.
MLA Irmak Yılmaz, Funda and Safiye Kurt. “Biyokömür Ve Vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın Bazı Biyolojik özellikleri üzerine Etkisi”. Toprak Bilimi Ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 2, 2018, pp. 143-50.
Vancouver Irmak Yılmaz F, Kurt S. Biyokömür ve vermikompost uygulamalarının toprağın bazı biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi. tbbbd. 2018;6(2):143-50.