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Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of uropygial gland of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 43 - 51, 01.04.2024

Fatma İşbilir Zehra Avcı Küpeli İhsan İşbilir İlker Arıcan Özgür Özyiğit

https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.1393777

Abstract

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the anatomical, morphometric, topographic, and histological features of the uropygial gland in adult male and female budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus).
Material-Method: For this study, the glandula uropygialis of fourteen adult budgerigars (7 male, 7 female) were used in the study. This glandular structure located between the caudal vertebrae and pygostyle was removed by careful dissection. Morphological and histological characteristics of the dissected glandula uropygialis were determined. In addition, morphometric measurements and index calculations were performed. Tissue samples taken to determine the histological structure of the gland were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), Masson Trichrome's and Periodic Acid Schiff-Alcian Blue.
Result: In the study, it was determined that the gland structure was heart shaped and consisted of two lobes, a papilla and a draining duct system. Uropygial gland weight was determined as 1.57±0.96 g in male birds and 1.52±0.09 g in female birds. As a result of the statistical evaluation, there were significant differences between the sexes in the parameters of lobe width (P<0.05), papilla length and papilla width (P<0.01). Also, the GULI value had a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Histological examination revealed that the gland had a two-lobed structure surrounded by a capsule composed of connective tissue. It was determined that the gland had a tubuloalveolar-holocrine structure and the epithelial layer consisted of cellular layers as germinative layer, intermediate layer, secretory layer and degenerative layer from the periphery to the centre.
Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was determined that the morphological and histological structure of the uropygial gland in budgerigars showed similarities with other bird species as well as showing certain species-specific differences in general.

Keywords

Morphology Anatomy Histology Budgerigar Uropygial gland

Ethical Statement

The procedures applied in the present study were approved by the Siirt University Experimental Animals Application and Research Centre with the ethics committee report numbered 2023/01/04.

References

  • Abalain JH, Amet Y, Daniel JY, Floch HH. Androgen control of the secretion in the sebaceous-like preen gland. J Steroid Biochem. 1984; 20(1):529-531.
  • Balkaya H, Özdemir D, Özüdoğru Z, Kara H, Erbas E. Saksağanda (Pica pica) Glandula Uropygialis’in anatomik ve histolojik yapıları üzerine bir çalışma. Van Vet J.2016;27 (1):21-24.
  • Baumel JJ, King AS, Breasile JE, Evans HE, Berge JCV. Handbook of avian anatomy (Nomina anatomica avium). 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club; 1993. p.22-44.
  • Bhattacacharyya SP, Ghosh A. Histochemical studies on the enzymes of the uropygial gland. Acta Histochem. 1971; 39:318-326.
  • Burger BV, Reiter B, Borzyk O, Du Plessis MA. Avian exocrine secretions. I. Chemical characterization of the volatile fraction of the uropygial secretion of the green wood hoopoe, Phoeniculus purpureus. J Chem Ecol. 2004; 30:1603-1611.
  • Carril J, Chiale MC, Barbeito CG. The uropygial gland of the monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus: Histology, morphogenesis, and evolution within Psittaciformes (Aves). Evol Dev. 2019;22(3):269-282.
  • Chen YH, Peh HC, Roan SW. Establishment of uropygial gland growth curves for white, threeway crossed mule ducklings. Braz J Poultry Sci. 2015; 17:209-218.
  • Chiale MC, Montalti D, Flamini MA, Fernández P, Gimeno E, Barbeito CG. Histological and histochemical study of the uropygial gland of chimango caracara (Milvago chimango vieillot, 1816). Biotech Histochem. 2016; 91:30-37.
  • Chiale MC, Cadierno MP, Fernández P, et al. Biochemical and morphological features of the uropygial gland of the Chilean Flamingo and their functional implications. Zoology (Jena, Germany). 2021; 147:125941.
  • Chiale MC, Carril J, Montalti D, Barbeito CG. The uropygial gland of the Eared Dove and its evolutionary history within the Columbiformes (Aves). J. Ornithol. 2019; 160:1171-1181.
  • Chiale MC, Fernández PE, Gimeno EJ, Barbeito CG, Montalti D. Morphology and histology of the uropygial gland in Antarctic birds: relationship with their contact with the aquatic environment? Aust J Zool.2014;62:157-165.
  • Dalga S. Applied anatomy to the Gurcu Goat´s mandible in Kafkas and its clinical significance in regional anesthesia. TJVR. 2021; 5(2): 51-56. doi:10.47748/tjvr.867860
  • Díaz AO, García AM, Goldemberg AL. Glycoconjugates in the mucosa of the digestive tract of Cynoscion guatucupa: a histochemical study. Acta Histochem. 2008;110(1):76-85.
  • Elder WH. The oil gland of birds. Wilson Bull. 1954;66:6-31.
  • Galván I, Barba E, Piculo R, et al. Feather mites and birds: an interaction mediated by uropygial gland size? J Evol Biol. 2008; 21:133-144.
  • Gezici M. Deri ve epidermoidal oluşumlar. In: Dursun N, eds. Evcil Kuşların Anatomisi. Ankara: Medisan Yayınevi; 2002. p.207-216.
  • Harem MK, Altunay H, Harem İS, Beyaz F. Yaban ve evcil ördeklerde preen bezi üzerinde histomorfolojik ve histokimyasal çalışmalar. J Health Sci. 2005; 14:20-30.
  • Hou HC. Studies on the glandula uropygialis of birds. Chinese J Physiol. 1928; 2:345-380.
  • Jacob J, Ziswiler V. The uropygial gland. Avian Biol. 1982; 6:199-324.
  • Jacob J, Zeman A. Das burzeldrusensekret der ringeltaube (Columba palumbus). HoppeSeyler's Z. Physiol Chem. 1972; 353:492-449.
  • Johnston DW. A morphological atlas of the avian uropygial gland. Bull Br Mus Nat Hist. 1988;54:199-259. Kennedy RJ. Preen gland weights. Ibis (Lond 1859). 1971; 113:369-372.
  • King As, Mclelland J.Form and function in birds. Great Britain, London: Academic Press; 1985. p.1-52. Kozlu T, Bozkurt YA, Ateş S. A macroanatomical and histological study of the uropygial gland in the white stork (Ciconia cicionia). Int J Morphol. 2011; 29:723-726.
  • Lucas AM, Stettenheim PR. Uropygial gland. In: Avian Anatomy, Part II. Washington: US Dept Agric Handbook; 1972. p.613-626.
  • Menon GK, Aggarwal SK, Lucas AM. Evidence for the holocrine nature of lipoid secretion by avian epidermal cells: a histochemicaland fine structural study of rictus and the gland. J Morphol. 1981; 167:185-199.
  • Mobini B, Ziaii A. Comparative histological study of the preen of broiler and native chicken. Vet Res Bull. 2011; 6:121-128.
  • Møller AP, Erritzøe J, Rózsa L. Ectoparasites, uropygial glands and hatching success in birds. Oecologia. 2010;163(2):303-311.
  • MorenoRueda G. Uropygial gland and bib colouration in the house sparrow. PeerJ. 2016; 4:e2102.
  • Özüdoğru Z, Özdemir D, Teke Be, Kırbaş M. A Study on Morphological and Morphometrical Parameters on the Skull of the Konya Merino Sheep. TJVR. 2023; 7(2): 59-66. doi:10.47748/tjvr.1189675
  • Petek M.Kafes kuşları. J Res Vet Med.2004; 23(1-2-3):131-136.
  • Reynolds S. The anatomy and histomorphology of the uropygial gland in New Zealand endemic species [Phd Thesis]. New Zealand: Massey University; 2013.
  • Sadoon AH. Histological study of European starling uropygial gland (Sturnus vulgaris). Int J Poult Sci.2011; 10:662-664.
  • Salibian A, Montalti D. Physiological and biochemical aspects of the avian uropygial gland. Braz J Biol. 2009; 69:437-446.
  • Sandilands V, Powell K, Keeling L, Savory CJ. Preen gland function in layer fowls: factors affecting preen oil 9 fatty acid composition. Br Poult Sci. 2004; 45:109-115.
  • Sawad AA. Morphological and histological study of uropygial gland in Moorhen (G. gallinula C. Choropus). Int J Poult Sci. 2006; 5:931-934.
  • Schumacher S. Der Bürzeldocht. Anat Anz. 1919; 52:291-301.
  • Shawkey MD, Pillai SR, Hill GE. Chemical warfare? Effects of uropygial oil on feather-degrading bacteria. J Avian Biol. 2003; 34:345-349.
  • Stangier N, Sandhöfer S, Mosig A, Claudia D. The uropygial gland of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo): I. Morphology. J Ornithol. 2023;164:591-603.
  • Stettenheim PR. The integumentary morphology of modern birds - an overview. Am Zool. 2000;40:461-477.
  • Taşbaş M. Veteriner Aesthesiologia. Ankara: Tamer Yayınları;1996.
  • Vincze O, Vágási CI, Kovács I, Galván I, Pap PL. Sources of variation in uropygial gland size in European birds. Biol J Linn Soc. 2013; 110:543-563.
  • Wagner RC, Boord RL. Cytological differentiation in the uropygial gland. J Morphol.1975;146:395-413.
  • Yashpal M, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Glycoproteins in the buccal epithelium of a carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Pisces, Cyprinidae): a histochemical profile. Anat Histol Embryol. 2014;43(2):116-132.
  • Yılmaz B, Harem İŞ, Demircioğlu İ, Özyiğit G, Bozkaya F. Aseel ırkı horoz ve tavuklarda glandula uropygialis’in anatomik, morfometrik ve histolojik özellikleri. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 2018;34:65-70.
  • Yılmaz B, Yılmaz R. Macroanatomical and histological features of uropygial gland in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2019;8(2):214-220.
  • Yılmaz B, Yılmaz R. Peçeli baykuşlarda (Tyto alba) Glandula Uropygialis’in morfolojik ve histolojik Analizi. J ResVet Med. 2020;39 (2):143-148.
  • Zık B, Erdost H. Horozlarda acı kırmızıbiberli rasyonla beslemenin üropigi bezi üzerine etkisinin histolojik yönden incelenmesi. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2002; 26:1223-1232.

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 43 - 51, 01.04.2024

Fatma İşbilir Zehra Avcı Küpeli İhsan İşbilir İlker Arıcan Özgür Özyiğit

https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.1393777

Abstract

References

  • Abalain JH, Amet Y, Daniel JY, Floch HH. Androgen control of the secretion in the sebaceous-like preen gland. J Steroid Biochem. 1984; 20(1):529-531.
  • Balkaya H, Özdemir D, Özüdoğru Z, Kara H, Erbas E. Saksağanda (Pica pica) Glandula Uropygialis’in anatomik ve histolojik yapıları üzerine bir çalışma. Van Vet J.2016;27 (1):21-24.
  • Baumel JJ, King AS, Breasile JE, Evans HE, Berge JCV. Handbook of avian anatomy (Nomina anatomica avium). 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club; 1993. p.22-44.
  • Bhattacacharyya SP, Ghosh A. Histochemical studies on the enzymes of the uropygial gland. Acta Histochem. 1971; 39:318-326.
  • Burger BV, Reiter B, Borzyk O, Du Plessis MA. Avian exocrine secretions. I. Chemical characterization of the volatile fraction of the uropygial secretion of the green wood hoopoe, Phoeniculus purpureus. J Chem Ecol. 2004; 30:1603-1611.
  • Carril J, Chiale MC, Barbeito CG. The uropygial gland of the monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus: Histology, morphogenesis, and evolution within Psittaciformes (Aves). Evol Dev. 2019;22(3):269-282.
  • Chen YH, Peh HC, Roan SW. Establishment of uropygial gland growth curves for white, threeway crossed mule ducklings. Braz J Poultry Sci. 2015; 17:209-218.
  • Chiale MC, Montalti D, Flamini MA, Fernández P, Gimeno E, Barbeito CG. Histological and histochemical study of the uropygial gland of chimango caracara (Milvago chimango vieillot, 1816). Biotech Histochem. 2016; 91:30-37.
  • Chiale MC, Cadierno MP, Fernández P, et al. Biochemical and morphological features of the uropygial gland of the Chilean Flamingo and their functional implications. Zoology (Jena, Germany). 2021; 147:125941.
  • Chiale MC, Carril J, Montalti D, Barbeito CG. The uropygial gland of the Eared Dove and its evolutionary history within the Columbiformes (Aves). J. Ornithol. 2019; 160:1171-1181.
  • Chiale MC, Fernández PE, Gimeno EJ, Barbeito CG, Montalti D. Morphology and histology of the uropygial gland in Antarctic birds: relationship with their contact with the aquatic environment? Aust J Zool.2014;62:157-165.
  • Dalga S. Applied anatomy to the Gurcu Goat´s mandible in Kafkas and its clinical significance in regional anesthesia. TJVR. 2021; 5(2): 51-56. doi:10.47748/tjvr.867860
  • Díaz AO, García AM, Goldemberg AL. Glycoconjugates in the mucosa of the digestive tract of Cynoscion guatucupa: a histochemical study. Acta Histochem. 2008;110(1):76-85.
  • Elder WH. The oil gland of birds. Wilson Bull. 1954;66:6-31.
  • Galván I, Barba E, Piculo R, et al. Feather mites and birds: an interaction mediated by uropygial gland size? J Evol Biol. 2008; 21:133-144.
  • Gezici M. Deri ve epidermoidal oluşumlar. In: Dursun N, eds. Evcil Kuşların Anatomisi. Ankara: Medisan Yayınevi; 2002. p.207-216.
  • Harem MK, Altunay H, Harem İS, Beyaz F. Yaban ve evcil ördeklerde preen bezi üzerinde histomorfolojik ve histokimyasal çalışmalar. J Health Sci. 2005; 14:20-30.
  • Hou HC. Studies on the glandula uropygialis of birds. Chinese J Physiol. 1928; 2:345-380.
  • Jacob J, Ziswiler V. The uropygial gland. Avian Biol. 1982; 6:199-324.
  • Jacob J, Zeman A. Das burzeldrusensekret der ringeltaube (Columba palumbus). HoppeSeyler's Z. Physiol Chem. 1972; 353:492-449.
  • Johnston DW. A morphological atlas of the avian uropygial gland. Bull Br Mus Nat Hist. 1988;54:199-259. Kennedy RJ. Preen gland weights. Ibis (Lond 1859). 1971; 113:369-372.
  • King As, Mclelland J.Form and function in birds. Great Britain, London: Academic Press; 1985. p.1-52. Kozlu T, Bozkurt YA, Ateş S. A macroanatomical and histological study of the uropygial gland in the white stork (Ciconia cicionia). Int J Morphol. 2011; 29:723-726.
  • Lucas AM, Stettenheim PR. Uropygial gland. In: Avian Anatomy, Part II. Washington: US Dept Agric Handbook; 1972. p.613-626.
  • Menon GK, Aggarwal SK, Lucas AM. Evidence for the holocrine nature of lipoid secretion by avian epidermal cells: a histochemicaland fine structural study of rictus and the gland. J Morphol. 1981; 167:185-199.
  • Mobini B, Ziaii A. Comparative histological study of the preen of broiler and native chicken. Vet Res Bull. 2011; 6:121-128.
  • Møller AP, Erritzøe J, Rózsa L. Ectoparasites, uropygial glands and hatching success in birds. Oecologia. 2010;163(2):303-311.
  • MorenoRueda G. Uropygial gland and bib colouration in the house sparrow. PeerJ. 2016; 4:e2102.
  • Özüdoğru Z, Özdemir D, Teke Be, Kırbaş M. A Study on Morphological and Morphometrical Parameters on the Skull of the Konya Merino Sheep. TJVR. 2023; 7(2): 59-66. doi:10.47748/tjvr.1189675
  • Petek M.Kafes kuşları. J Res Vet Med.2004; 23(1-2-3):131-136.
  • Reynolds S. The anatomy and histomorphology of the uropygial gland in New Zealand endemic species [Phd Thesis]. New Zealand: Massey University; 2013.
  • Sadoon AH. Histological study of European starling uropygial gland (Sturnus vulgaris). Int J Poult Sci.2011; 10:662-664.
  • Salibian A, Montalti D. Physiological and biochemical aspects of the avian uropygial gland. Braz J Biol. 2009; 69:437-446.
  • Sandilands V, Powell K, Keeling L, Savory CJ. Preen gland function in layer fowls: factors affecting preen oil 9 fatty acid composition. Br Poult Sci. 2004; 45:109-115.
  • Sawad AA. Morphological and histological study of uropygial gland in Moorhen (G. gallinula C. Choropus). Int J Poult Sci. 2006; 5:931-934.
  • Schumacher S. Der Bürzeldocht. Anat Anz. 1919; 52:291-301.
  • Shawkey MD, Pillai SR, Hill GE. Chemical warfare? Effects of uropygial oil on feather-degrading bacteria. J Avian Biol. 2003; 34:345-349.
  • Stangier N, Sandhöfer S, Mosig A, Claudia D. The uropygial gland of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo): I. Morphology. J Ornithol. 2023;164:591-603.
  • Stettenheim PR. The integumentary morphology of modern birds - an overview. Am Zool. 2000;40:461-477.
  • Taşbaş M. Veteriner Aesthesiologia. Ankara: Tamer Yayınları;1996.
  • Vincze O, Vágási CI, Kovács I, Galván I, Pap PL. Sources of variation in uropygial gland size in European birds. Biol J Linn Soc. 2013; 110:543-563.
  • Wagner RC, Boord RL. Cytological differentiation in the uropygial gland. J Morphol.1975;146:395-413.
  • Yashpal M, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Glycoproteins in the buccal epithelium of a carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Pisces, Cyprinidae): a histochemical profile. Anat Histol Embryol. 2014;43(2):116-132.
  • Yılmaz B, Harem İŞ, Demircioğlu İ, Özyiğit G, Bozkaya F. Aseel ırkı horoz ve tavuklarda glandula uropygialis’in anatomik, morfometrik ve histolojik özellikleri. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 2018;34:65-70.
  • Yılmaz B, Yılmaz R. Macroanatomical and histological features of uropygial gland in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2019;8(2):214-220.
  • Yılmaz B, Yılmaz R. Peçeli baykuşlarda (Tyto alba) Glandula Uropygialis’in morfolojik ve histolojik Analizi. J ResVet Med. 2020;39 (2):143-148.
  • Zık B, Erdost H. Horozlarda acı kırmızıbiberli rasyonla beslemenin üropigi bezi üzerine etkisinin histolojik yönden incelenmesi. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2002; 26:1223-1232.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section 2024 Volume 8 Number 1
Authors

Fatma İşbilir 0000-0002-6110-1302

Zehra Avcı Küpeli 0000-0003-1853-4679

İhsan İşbilir 0000-0001-6906-5695

İlker Arıcan 0000-0001-6342-0094

Özgür Özyiğit 0000-0003-0682-8127

Early Pub Date April 2, 2024
Publication Date April 1, 2024
Submission Date November 21, 2023
Acceptance Date December 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA İşbilir, F., Avcı Küpeli, Z., İşbilir, İ., Arıcan, İ., et al. (2024). Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of uropygial gland of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, 8(1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.1393777
AMA İşbilir F, Avcı Küpeli Z, İşbilir İ, Arıcan İ, Özyiğit Ö. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of uropygial gland of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). TJVR. April 2024;8(1):43-51. doi:10.47748/tjvr.1393777
Chicago İşbilir, Fatma, Zehra Avcı Küpeli, İhsan İşbilir, İlker Arıcan, and Özgür Özyiğit. “Macroscopic and Microscopic Characteristics of Uropygial Gland of Budgerigars (Melopsittacus Undulatus)”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research 8, no. 1 (April 2024): 43-51. https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.1393777.
EndNote İşbilir F, Avcı Küpeli Z, İşbilir İ, Arıcan İ, Özyiğit Ö (April 1, 2024) Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of uropygial gland of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research 8 1 43–51.
IEEE F. İşbilir, Z. Avcı Küpeli, İ. İşbilir, İ. Arıcan, and Ö. Özyiğit, “Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of uropygial gland of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)”, TJVR, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 43–51, 2024, doi: 10.47748/tjvr.1393777.
ISNAD İşbilir, Fatma et al. “Macroscopic and Microscopic Characteristics of Uropygial Gland of Budgerigars (Melopsittacus Undulatus)”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research 8/1 (April 2024), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.1393777.
JAMA İşbilir F, Avcı Küpeli Z, İşbilir İ, Arıcan İ, Özyiğit Ö. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of uropygial gland of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). TJVR. 2024;8:43–51.
MLA İşbilir, Fatma et al. “Macroscopic and Microscopic Characteristics of Uropygial Gland of Budgerigars (Melopsittacus Undulatus)”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 8, no. 1, 2024, pp. 43-51, doi:10.47748/tjvr.1393777.
Vancouver İşbilir F, Avcı Küpeli Z, İşbilir İ, Arıcan İ, Özyiğit Ö. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of uropygial gland of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). TJVR. 2024;8(1):43-51.
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