Bee Pollen – A Potential Therapeutic Agent

Ali Korhan Sig

Derleme

Bee Pollen – A Potential Therapeutic Agent

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 156 - 160, 30.06.2019

Ali Korhan Sig

Öz

Honeybee products including bee pollen (BP) have
been a topic of interest by medical professionals for a long time. Recently,
many studies revealed many natural compounds in BP that has a huge potential to
express many therapeutic activities. Although in vivo studies are too few, there is wide variability on BP
compounds due to several factors such as geographic and climate conditions, and
there is a lack of standardization for the studies; nutritious, anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
anti-atherosclerotic,
hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, fibrinolytic effects and inhibitor activity to
platelet aggregation were observed. So, BP holds the potential of being a major
therapeutic agent, and to be a topic of medical scientific research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bee Pollen; Apitherapy; Biopharmaceuticals; Honey-bee products

Kaynakça

1. Cherbuliez T. Apitherapy - The Use of Honeybee Products. In: Grassberger M, Sherman RA, Gileva OS, Kim CMH, Mumcuoglu KY (editors). Biotherapy - History, Principles and Practice: A Practical Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease using Living Organisms. London: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013: pp 113-146.
2. De Arruda VAS, Pereira AAS, De Freitas AS, Barth OM, De Almeida-Muradian LB. Dried bee pollen: B complex vitamins, physicochemical and botanical composition. J Food Compost Anal 2013; 29(2): 100-105.
3. Feás X, Vázquez-Tato MP, Estevinho L, Seijas JA, Iglesias A. Organic bee pollen: botanical origin, nutritional value, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and microbiological quality. Molecules 2012; 17(7): 8359-8377.
4. Nogueira C, Iglesias A, Feás X, Estevinho LM. Commercial bee pollen with different geographical origins: a comprehensive approach. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13(9): 11173-11187.
5. Chamorro FJ, León D, Montoya-Pfeiffer PM, Solarte VM, Nates-Parra G. Botanical origin and geographic differentiation of bee-pollen produced in high mountains from the Colombian eastern Andes. Grana 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2017.1283440
6. Zarobkiewicz MK, Woźniakowski MM, Sławiński MA, Wawryk-Gawda E, Jodłowska-Jędrych B. Bee pollen in allergy and immunology. Short review. Herba Polonica 2017; 63(1): 88-94.
7. Kalaycioglu Z, Kaygusuz H, Doker S, Kolayli S, Erim FB. Characterization of Turkish honeybee pollens by principal component analysis based on their individual organic acids, sugars, minerals, and antioxidant activities. LWT - Food Sci Technol 2017; 84: 402-408.
8. Araújo JS, Chambó ED, De Calvalho Costa MAP, Cavalcante da Silva, S MP, Lopes de Carvalho, CA, Estevinho LM. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mono-and Heterofloral Bee Pollen of Different Geographical Origins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18(5): 921.
9. Muth F, Francis JS, Leonard AS. Bees use the taste of pollen to determine which flowers to visit. Biol Lett 2016; 12: 20160356.
10. Pascoal A, Rodrigues S, Teixeira A, Feás X, Estevinho LM. Biological activities of commercial bee pollens: Antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 63: 233-239.
11. Leja M, Mareczek A, Wyżgolik G, Klepacz-Baniak J, Czekońska K. Antioxidative properties of bee pollen in selected plant species. Food Chem 2007; 100(1): 237-240.
12. LeBlanc BW, Davis OK, Boue S, DeLucca A, Deeby T. Antioxidant activity of Sonoran Desert bee pollen. Food Chem 2009; 115(4): 1299-1305.
13. Eraslan G, Kanbur M, Silici S, Liman BC, Altinordulu S, Sarica ZS. Evaluation of protective effect of bee pollen against propoxur toxicity in rat. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2009; 72(3): 931-937.
14. Yildiz O, Karahalil F, Can Z, Sahin H, Kolayli S. Total monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition by chestnut honey, pollen and propolis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29(5): 690-694.
15. Liyanaarachchi GD, Samarasekera JKRR, Mahanama KRR, Hemalal KDP. Tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Sri Lankan medicinal plants for novel cosmeceuticals. Ind Crops Prod 2018; 111: 597-605.
16. Maggiorani D, Manzella N, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A, Parini A, Binda C, Mialet-Perez J. Monoamine Oxidases, Oxidative Stress, and Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cardiac Ageing. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3017947
17. Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Naliwajko SK, Bartosiuk E, Moskwa J, Isidorov V, Soroczyńska J, Borawska MH. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of beebread, and its influence on the glioblastoma cell line (U87MG). J Apic Sci 2013; 57(2): 147-157.
18. Al-Salem HS, Bhat RS, Al-Ayadhi L, El-Ansary A. Therapeutic potency of bee pollen against biochemical autistic features induced through acute and sub-acute neurotoxicity of orally administered propionic acid. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16(1): 120.
19. Maruyama H, Sakamoto T, Araki Y, Hara H. Anti-inflammatory effect of bee pollen ethanol extract from Cistus sp. of Spanish on carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema. BMC Complement Altern Med 2010; 10(1): 30.
20. Ekhteiari Salmas R, Durdagi S, Gulhan MF, Duruyurek M, Abdullah HI, Selamoglu Z. The effects of pollen, propolis, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on tyrosine hydroxylase activity and total RNA levels in hypertensive rats caused by nitric oxide synthase inhibition: experimental, docking and molecular dynamic studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2017.1288660
21. Li Q, Liang X, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Xue X, Wang K, Wu L. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS-Based Lipidomics Approach To Characterize Lipid Extracts from Bee Pollen and Their in Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Properties. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65(32): 6848-6860.
22. Abdella EM, Tohamy A, Ahmad RR. Antimutagenic activity of Egyptian propolis and bee pollen water extracts against cisplatin-induced chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells of mice. Iran J Cancer Prev 2009; 2(4): 175-181.
23. Tohamy AA, Abdella EM, Ahmed RR, Ahmed YK. Assessment of anti-mutagenic, anti-histopathologic and antioxidant capacities of Egyptian bee pollen and propolis extracts. Cytotechnology 2014; 66(2): 283-297.
24. Sobral F, Calhelha RC, Barros L, Dueñas M, Tomás A, Santos-Buelga C, et al. Flavonoid Composition and Antitumor Activity of Bee Bread Collected in Northeast Portugal. Molecules 2017; 22(2): 248.
25. Kustiawan PM, Puthong S, Arung ET, Chanchao C. In vitro cytotoxicity of Indonesian stingless bee products against human cancer cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(7): 549-556.
26. Komosinska-Vasev K, Olczyk P, Kazmierczak J, Mencner L, Olczyk K. Bee pollen: Chemical compositon and therapeutic application. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/297425
27. Wan Omar WA, Azhar NA, Fadzilah NH, Kamal NNSNM. Bee pollen extract of Malaysian stingless bee enhances the effect of cisplatin on breast cancer cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016; 6(3): 265-269.
28. Campos MGR, Frigerio C, Lopes J, Bogdanov S. What is the future of Bee-Pollen. Journal of ApiProduct and ApiMedical Science 2010; 2(4): 131-144.
29. Salles J, Cardinault N, Patrac V, Berry A, Giraudet C, Collin ML, et al. Bee pollen improves muscle protein and energy metabolism in malnourished old rats through interfering with the Mtor signaling pathway and mitochondrial activity. Nutrients 2014; 6(12): 5500-5516.
30. Münstedt K, Voss B, Kullmer U, Schneider U, Hübner J. Bee pollen and honey for the alleviation of hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3(4): 869-874.
31. Graikou K, Kapeta S, Aligiannis N, Sotiroudis G, Chondrogianni N, Gonos E, Chinou I. Chemical analysis of Greek pollen-Antioxidant, antimicrobial and proteasome activation properties. Chem Cent J 2011; 5(1): 33.
32. Basim E, Basim H, Ozcan M. Antibacterial activities of Turkish pollen and propolis extracts against plant bacterial pathogens. J Food Eng 2006; 77(4): 992-996.
33. Erkmen O, Ozcan MM. Antimicrobial effects of Turkish propolis, pollen, and laurel on spoilage and pathogenic food-related microorganisms. J Med Food 2008; 11(3): 587-592.
34. Denisow B, Denisow-Pietrzyk M. Biological and therapeutical properties of bee pollen: a review. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96(13): 4303-4309.
35. Ozcan M. Inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 by pollen and propolis extracts. J Med Food 2004; 7(1): 114-116.
36. Cornara L, Biagi M, Xiao J, Burlando B. Therapeutic properties of bioactive compounds from different honeybee products. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8: 412.
37. Karampour NS, Hemmati AA, Malmir A. The anxiolytic effect of bee pollen hydroalcolic extract in mice. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 7(3): 301-305.
38. Harif Fadzilah N, Jaapar MF, Jajuli R, Wan Omar WA. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity of ethanolic bee pollen extracts from three species of Malaysian stingless bee. J Apic Res 2017; 56(2): 130-135.
39. Fatrcová-Šramková K, Nôžková J, Máriássyová M, Kačániová M. Biologically active antimicrobial and antioxidant substances in the Helianthus annuus L. bee pollen. J Environ Sci Health B 2016; 51(3): 176-181.
40. Dias LG, Tolentino G, Pascoal A, Estevinho LM. Effect of processing conditions on the bioactive compounds and biological properties of bee pollen. J Apic Res 2016; 55(5): 357-365.
41. Ares AM, Valverde S, Bernal JL, Nozal MJ, Bernal J. Extraction and determination of bioactive compounds from bee pollen. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.009
42. Bargańska Ż, Ślebioda M, Namieśnik J. Honey bees and their products: Bioindicators of environmental contamination. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 2016; 46(3): 235-248.
43. Altunatmaz SS, Tarhan D, Aksu F, Barutcu UM, Or ME. Mineral element and heavy metal (cadmium, lead and arsenic) levels of bee pollen in Turkey. Food Sci Technol (Campinas) 2017; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.36016
44. Roman A, Popiela-Pleban E, Migdał P, Kruszyński W. As, Cr, Cd, and Pb in Bee Products from a Polish Industrialized Region. Open Chemistry 2016; 14(1): 33-36.
45. Sattler JAG, De-Melo AAM, Nascimento KSD, Mancini-Filho J, Sattler A, Almedia-Muradian LBD. Essential minerals and inorganic contaminants (barium, cadmium, lithium, lead and vanadium) in dried bee pollen produced in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Food Sci Technol (Campinas) 2016; 36(3): 505-509.
46. De Arruda VAS, Vieria dos Santos A, Figueiredo Sampaio D, Da Silva Araújo E, De Castro Peixoto AL, Estevinho MLF, Bicudo de Almeida-Muradian L. Microbiological quality and physicochemical characterization of Brazilian bee pollen. J Apic Res 2017; 56(3): 231-238.
47. Costa MCA, Morgano MA, Ferreira MMC, Milani RF. Analysis of bee pollen constituents from different Brazilian regions: Quantification by NIR spectroscopy and PLS regression. LWT - Food Sci Technol 2017; 80: 76-83.

Arı Poleni – Potansiyel Bir Terapötik Ajan

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 156 - 160, 30.06.2019

Ali Korhan Sig

Öz

Arı
poleninin de aralarında buluduğu arı ürünleri uzun yıllardan beri sağlık
camiasının ilgi alanlarından biri olmuştur. Son yıllardaki çalışmalarda, arı
poleninin terapötik aktivite potensiyeli taşıyan çok sayıda içerik barındırdığı
gösterilmiştir. Her ne kadar in vivo çalışmalar sınırlı sayıda olsa da, coğrafi
ve iklim koşullarına gore polen içeriğinde ciddi farklılıklar gözlense de ve
yapılan çalışmalarda standardizasyon sorunu olsa da; arı poleninin, besleyici, anti-mikrobiyal, anti-mutajenik, antioksidan, anti-inflamatuvar,
anti-aterosklerotik,
hipolipidemik, hipoglisemik, fibrinolitik ve platelet aggregasyonunu inhibe
edici etkileri gözlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, arı poleninin ciddi bir terapötik
ajan olabilme potansiyeli taşıyan ve tıbbi bilimsel çalışmalara aday bir doğal
ürün olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arı poleni; Apiterapi; Biyofarmasötikler; Arı ürünleri

Kaynakça

1. Cherbuliez T. Apitherapy - The Use of Honeybee Products. In: Grassberger M, Sherman RA, Gileva OS, Kim CMH, Mumcuoglu KY (editors). Biotherapy - History, Principles and Practice: A Practical Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease using Living Organisms. London: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013: pp 113-146.
2. De Arruda VAS, Pereira AAS, De Freitas AS, Barth OM, De Almeida-Muradian LB. Dried bee pollen: B complex vitamins, physicochemical and botanical composition. J Food Compost Anal 2013; 29(2): 100-105.
3. Feás X, Vázquez-Tato MP, Estevinho L, Seijas JA, Iglesias A. Organic bee pollen: botanical origin, nutritional value, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and microbiological quality. Molecules 2012; 17(7): 8359-8377.
4. Nogueira C, Iglesias A, Feás X, Estevinho LM. Commercial bee pollen with different geographical origins: a comprehensive approach. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13(9): 11173-11187.
5. Chamorro FJ, León D, Montoya-Pfeiffer PM, Solarte VM, Nates-Parra G. Botanical origin and geographic differentiation of bee-pollen produced in high mountains from the Colombian eastern Andes. Grana 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2017.1283440
6. Zarobkiewicz MK, Woźniakowski MM, Sławiński MA, Wawryk-Gawda E, Jodłowska-Jędrych B. Bee pollen in allergy and immunology. Short review. Herba Polonica 2017; 63(1): 88-94.
7. Kalaycioglu Z, Kaygusuz H, Doker S, Kolayli S, Erim FB. Characterization of Turkish honeybee pollens by principal component analysis based on their individual organic acids, sugars, minerals, and antioxidant activities. LWT - Food Sci Technol 2017; 84: 402-408.
8. Araújo JS, Chambó ED, De Calvalho Costa MAP, Cavalcante da Silva, S MP, Lopes de Carvalho, CA, Estevinho LM. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mono-and Heterofloral Bee Pollen of Different Geographical Origins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18(5): 921.
9. Muth F, Francis JS, Leonard AS. Bees use the taste of pollen to determine which flowers to visit. Biol Lett 2016; 12: 20160356.
10. Pascoal A, Rodrigues S, Teixeira A, Feás X, Estevinho LM. Biological activities of commercial bee pollens: Antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 63: 233-239.
11. Leja M, Mareczek A, Wyżgolik G, Klepacz-Baniak J, Czekońska K. Antioxidative properties of bee pollen in selected plant species. Food Chem 2007; 100(1): 237-240.
12. LeBlanc BW, Davis OK, Boue S, DeLucca A, Deeby T. Antioxidant activity of Sonoran Desert bee pollen. Food Chem 2009; 115(4): 1299-1305.
13. Eraslan G, Kanbur M, Silici S, Liman BC, Altinordulu S, Sarica ZS. Evaluation of protective effect of bee pollen against propoxur toxicity in rat. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2009; 72(3): 931-937.
14. Yildiz O, Karahalil F, Can Z, Sahin H, Kolayli S. Total monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition by chestnut honey, pollen and propolis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29(5): 690-694.
15. Liyanaarachchi GD, Samarasekera JKRR, Mahanama KRR, Hemalal KDP. Tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Sri Lankan medicinal plants for novel cosmeceuticals. Ind Crops Prod 2018; 111: 597-605.
16. Maggiorani D, Manzella N, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A, Parini A, Binda C, Mialet-Perez J. Monoamine Oxidases, Oxidative Stress, and Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cardiac Ageing. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3017947
17. Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Naliwajko SK, Bartosiuk E, Moskwa J, Isidorov V, Soroczyńska J, Borawska MH. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of beebread, and its influence on the glioblastoma cell line (U87MG). J Apic Sci 2013; 57(2): 147-157.
18. Al-Salem HS, Bhat RS, Al-Ayadhi L, El-Ansary A. Therapeutic potency of bee pollen against biochemical autistic features induced through acute and sub-acute neurotoxicity of orally administered propionic acid. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16(1): 120.
19. Maruyama H, Sakamoto T, Araki Y, Hara H. Anti-inflammatory effect of bee pollen ethanol extract from Cistus sp. of Spanish on carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema. BMC Complement Altern Med 2010; 10(1): 30.
20. Ekhteiari Salmas R, Durdagi S, Gulhan MF, Duruyurek M, Abdullah HI, Selamoglu Z. The effects of pollen, propolis, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on tyrosine hydroxylase activity and total RNA levels in hypertensive rats caused by nitric oxide synthase inhibition: experimental, docking and molecular dynamic studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2017.1288660
21. Li Q, Liang X, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Xue X, Wang K, Wu L. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS-Based Lipidomics Approach To Characterize Lipid Extracts from Bee Pollen and Their in Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Properties. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65(32): 6848-6860.
22. Abdella EM, Tohamy A, Ahmad RR. Antimutagenic activity of Egyptian propolis and bee pollen water extracts against cisplatin-induced chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells of mice. Iran J Cancer Prev 2009; 2(4): 175-181.
23. Tohamy AA, Abdella EM, Ahmed RR, Ahmed YK. Assessment of anti-mutagenic, anti-histopathologic and antioxidant capacities of Egyptian bee pollen and propolis extracts. Cytotechnology 2014; 66(2): 283-297.
24. Sobral F, Calhelha RC, Barros L, Dueñas M, Tomás A, Santos-Buelga C, et al. Flavonoid Composition and Antitumor Activity of Bee Bread Collected in Northeast Portugal. Molecules 2017; 22(2): 248.
25. Kustiawan PM, Puthong S, Arung ET, Chanchao C. In vitro cytotoxicity of Indonesian stingless bee products against human cancer cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(7): 549-556.
26. Komosinska-Vasev K, Olczyk P, Kazmierczak J, Mencner L, Olczyk K. Bee pollen: Chemical compositon and therapeutic application. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/297425
27. Wan Omar WA, Azhar NA, Fadzilah NH, Kamal NNSNM. Bee pollen extract of Malaysian stingless bee enhances the effect of cisplatin on breast cancer cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016; 6(3): 265-269.
28. Campos MGR, Frigerio C, Lopes J, Bogdanov S. What is the future of Bee-Pollen. Journal of ApiProduct and ApiMedical Science 2010; 2(4): 131-144.
29. Salles J, Cardinault N, Patrac V, Berry A, Giraudet C, Collin ML, et al. Bee pollen improves muscle protein and energy metabolism in malnourished old rats through interfering with the Mtor signaling pathway and mitochondrial activity. Nutrients 2014; 6(12): 5500-5516.
30. Münstedt K, Voss B, Kullmer U, Schneider U, Hübner J. Bee pollen and honey for the alleviation of hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3(4): 869-874.
31. Graikou K, Kapeta S, Aligiannis N, Sotiroudis G, Chondrogianni N, Gonos E, Chinou I. Chemical analysis of Greek pollen-Antioxidant, antimicrobial and proteasome activation properties. Chem Cent J 2011; 5(1): 33.
32. Basim E, Basim H, Ozcan M. Antibacterial activities of Turkish pollen and propolis extracts against plant bacterial pathogens. J Food Eng 2006; 77(4): 992-996.
33. Erkmen O, Ozcan MM. Antimicrobial effects of Turkish propolis, pollen, and laurel on spoilage and pathogenic food-related microorganisms. J Med Food 2008; 11(3): 587-592.
34. Denisow B, Denisow-Pietrzyk M. Biological and therapeutical properties of bee pollen: a review. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96(13): 4303-4309.
35. Ozcan M. Inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 by pollen and propolis extracts. J Med Food 2004; 7(1): 114-116.
36. Cornara L, Biagi M, Xiao J, Burlando B. Therapeutic properties of bioactive compounds from different honeybee products. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8: 412.
37. Karampour NS, Hemmati AA, Malmir A. The anxiolytic effect of bee pollen hydroalcolic extract in mice. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 7(3): 301-305.
38. Harif Fadzilah N, Jaapar MF, Jajuli R, Wan Omar WA. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity of ethanolic bee pollen extracts from three species of Malaysian stingless bee. J Apic Res 2017; 56(2): 130-135.
39. Fatrcová-Šramková K, Nôžková J, Máriássyová M, Kačániová M. Biologically active antimicrobial and antioxidant substances in the Helianthus annuus L. bee pollen. J Environ Sci Health B 2016; 51(3): 176-181.
40. Dias LG, Tolentino G, Pascoal A, Estevinho LM. Effect of processing conditions on the bioactive compounds and biological properties of bee pollen. J Apic Res 2016; 55(5): 357-365.
41. Ares AM, Valverde S, Bernal JL, Nozal MJ, Bernal J. Extraction and determination of bioactive compounds from bee pollen. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.009
42. Bargańska Ż, Ślebioda M, Namieśnik J. Honey bees and their products: Bioindicators of environmental contamination. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 2016; 46(3): 235-248.
43. Altunatmaz SS, Tarhan D, Aksu F, Barutcu UM, Or ME. Mineral element and heavy metal (cadmium, lead and arsenic) levels of bee pollen in Turkey. Food Sci Technol (Campinas) 2017; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.36016
44. Roman A, Popiela-Pleban E, Migdał P, Kruszyński W. As, Cr, Cd, and Pb in Bee Products from a Polish Industrialized Region. Open Chemistry 2016; 14(1): 33-36.
45. Sattler JAG, De-Melo AAM, Nascimento KSD, Mancini-Filho J, Sattler A, Almedia-Muradian LBD. Essential minerals and inorganic contaminants (barium, cadmium, lithium, lead and vanadium) in dried bee pollen produced in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Food Sci Technol (Campinas) 2016; 36(3): 505-509.
46. De Arruda VAS, Vieria dos Santos A, Figueiredo Sampaio D, Da Silva Araújo E, De Castro Peixoto AL, Estevinho MLF, Bicudo de Almeida-Muradian L. Microbiological quality and physicochemical characterization of Brazilian bee pollen. J Apic Res 2017; 56(3): 231-238.
47. Costa MCA, Morgano MA, Ferreira MMC, Milani RF. Analysis of bee pollen constituents from different Brazilian regions: Quantification by NIR spectroscopy and PLS regression. LWT - Food Sci Technol 2017; 80: 76-83.

Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Ali Korhan Sig 0000-0003-2907-257X
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Haziran 2019
Kabul Tarihi	1 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2019 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Sig AK. Bee Pollen – A Potential Therapeutic Agent. aktd. Haziran 2019;28(2):156-160.

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