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The Prevalance, Etiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of the Microorganisms in Subclinical Mastitis in Goats

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 0 - 0, 31.10.2016

Gökhan Doğruer Mustafa Kemal Sarıbay Özkan Aslantaş Ekrem Kireççi Cemil Demir Yaşar Ergün Alev Ülkü

https://doi.org/10.17094/avbd.25211
Cited By: 1

Öz

 

 This study was performed to determine the prevalance, causative microorganisms and antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms in goat subclinical mastitis around Hatay. A total of 1010 mammary halves of 505 goats were examined by California Mastitis Test (CMT). The somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined by microscopic method. Isolation and identification of microorganisms were carried out by conventional microbiologic methods. Staphylococci were further differentiated by API-STAPH system. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion method. The prevalance of the subclinical mastitis was found 8.71 %. The most prevalent microorganism was staphylococci (71.5%). Microorganisms except Staphylococci were Streptococci (8%), Bacillus spp. (5.7%), Escherischia coli (4.5%), Corynebacterium spp. (3.4%), Pseudomonas spp. (2.3%) and Acinetobacteri spp. (2.3%). In addition, mix infection was defined in 2.3% of samples. Highly resistance was found against penicilin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, amoxicillin. Slightly resistance was found against enrofloxacin, amoxicillin-clavulonic acid, kanamycin plus cephalexin and there was no resistance against cefalotin. It was concluded that, prevalance of subclinical mastitis should be cared; also staphylococci especially Coagulase negative staphylococci are the most commonly isolated bacteria in subclinical mastitis around Hatay. In goat mastitis diagnosis strong positive CMT results should be cared. CMT and SCC results should be supported with microbiologic tests.

 

Kaynakça

  • REFERENCES
  • Hamed AI., Abou- Zeid NA., Kebary KMK., Radwan AA., 1993. Physical and chemical properties of subclinical mastitic sheep and goat milk. Egyptian J Dairy Sci, 21, 133- 149,
  • Urech E., Puhan Z., Schalibaum MS., 1999. Changes in milk protein fraction as affected by subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 82, 2402–2411.
  • Shearer JK., Harris B., 2003. Mastitis in dairy goats. Anim Sci Dept Florida Coop Ext Serv Inst Food Agri Sci, pp:1-6, Univ Fl Gainesville, USA.
  • Yağcı İP., 2008. Koyunlarda Subklinik Mastitis: Etiyoloji, Epidemiyoloji ve Tanı Yöntemleri. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 14 (1): 117-122.
  • White EC., Hinckley LS., 1999. Prevalance of mastitis pathogens in goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 33, 117–121.
  • Aulrich K., Barth K., 2010. Intramammary infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci and the effect on somatic cell counts in dairy goats. Landbauforschung, Agriculture and Forestry Research, 1/2 (58):59-64.
  • Lerondelle C., Poutrel B., 1984. Characteristic of non-clinical mammary infection of the goat. Annales de Reserches Veterinaires, 15, 105–112.
  • Contreras A., Corrales JC., Sierra D., 1995. Prevalence and aetiology on non-clinical intramammary infection in Murciano-Granadina goats. Small Rumin Res, 17:71.
  • McDougall S., Murdough P., Pankey W., Delaney C., Barlow J., Scruton D., 2001. Relationships among somatic cell count, California mastitis test, impedance and bacteriological status of milk in goats and sheep in early lactation. Small Rumin Res, 40: 245-254.
  • Moroni P., Pisoni G., Ruffo G., Boettcher PJ., 2005 .Risk factors for intramammary infections and relationship with somatic-cell counts in Italian dairy goats. Prev Vet Med, 69 (3-4), 163-173.
  • Aydın I., Kav K., Celik HA., 2009. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of subclinical mastitis pathogens isolated from hair goats’ milks. J Anim Vet Sci, 8(6), 1086-1090.
  • Kostelic A., Cergolj M., Tariba B., Rupic V., Benic M., Gantner V., Stokovic I., 2009. Prevalence and aetiology of subclinical mastitis in goats. Ital J Anim Sci, 8 (Suppl. 3), 134-136.
  • Virdis S., Scarano C., Cossu F., Spanu V., Spanu C., De Santis EPL., 2010 Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from goats with subclinical mastitis. Vet Med Int, doi: 10.4061/2010/517060.
  • Poutrel B., 1984. Udder infection of goats by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Vet. Microbiol. 9, 131-137.
  • Bedidi-Madani N., Greenland T., Richard Y., 1998. Exoprotein and slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from goats’ milk. Vet Microbiol, 59, 139–145.
  • Contreras A., Paape MJ., Miller RH., 1999. Prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in a commercial dairy goat herd. Small Rumin Res, 31(3), 203-208.
  • Da Silva ER., Siqueira AP., Martins JCD., Ferreira WPB., da Silva N., 2004. Identification and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from goat mastitis in the Northeast of Brazil. Small Rumin Res, 55, 45–49.
  • Deinhofer M, Pernthaner A: Staphylococcus spp. as mastitis-related pathogens in goat milk. Vet Microbiol, 43(2-3),161-166, 1995.
  • Contreras A, Corrales JC, Sanchez A, Sierra D: Persistence of subclinical intramammary pathogens in goats throughout lactation. J Dairy Sci, 80(11), 2815-2819, 1997.
  • Meyrand A, Montet MP, Bavai C, Ray-Gueniot S, Mazuy C, Gaspard CE, Jaubert G, Perrin G, Vernozy-Rozand C: Risk linked to an enterotoxigenic strain of Staphylococcus lentus during the manufacture and ripening of raw goats’ milk Camembert-type cheeses. Rev Med Vet, 150 (8–9), 703–708, 1999.
  • Udo EE, Al-Bustan MA, Jacob LE, Chugh TD: Enterotoxin production by coagulase-negative staphylococci in restaurant workers from Kuwait City may be a potential cause of food poisoning. J Med Microbiol, 48, 819–823, 1999.
  • Contreras A, Luengo C, Sanchez A, Corrales JC: The role of intramammary pathogens in dairy goats. Livest Prod Sci, 79, 273–283, 2003.
  • Contreras A, Sierra D, Sanchez A, Corrales JC, Marco JC, Paape MJ, Gonzalo C: Mastitis in small ruminants. Small Rumin Res, 68(1-2):145-153, 2007.
  • Paape MJ, Poutrel B, Contreras A, Marco JC., Capuco AV: Milk somatic cells and lactation in small ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (E. Suppl.), 237–244. 2001.
  • Karzis J, Donkin EF, Petzer IM: The influence of intramammary antibiotic treatment, presence of bacteria, stage of lactation and parity in dairy goats as measured by the California milk test and somatic cell counts. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 74 (2), 161–167, 2007.
  • Schalm, O. W., J. E. Carrol and N. C. Jain; Bovine Mastitis 1st Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA. pp: 132-153. 1971.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) 2008. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals, 3rd edition. Approved standard M31-A3. Wayne, PA.
  • Paape MJ., Capuco AV., 1997. Cellular Defense-Mechanisms in the Udder and Lactation of Goats. J Anim Sci, 75, 556-565.
  • Poutrel B., Lerondelle C., 1983. Cell content of goat milk: California mastitis test, Coulter counter, and Fossomatic for predicting half infection. J Dairy Sci, 66, 2575-2579.
  • Park YW., 1991. Interrelationships between somatic cell counts, electrical conductivity, bacteria counts, percent fat and protein in goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 5, 367–375.
  • Zeng SS., Escobar EN., 1995. Effect of parity and milk production on somatic cell count, standard plate count and composition of goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 17, 269–274.
  • Zeng SS., Escobar EN., Hart SP., Hinckley L., Baulthauc M., Robinson GT., Jahnke G., 1999. Comparative study of the effects of testing laboratory, counting method, storage and shipment on somatic cell counts in goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 31, 103–107.
  • Contreras A., Sierra D., Corrales JC., Sanchez A., Marco J., 1996. Physiological threshold of somatic-cell count and California Mastitis Test for diagnosis of caprine subclinical mastitis. Small Rumin Res, 21:259-264.
  • Perrin GG., Mallereau MP., Lenfant D., Baudry C., 1997. Relationships between California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell counts in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res, 26, 167–170.
  • Haenlein GFW., 2002. Relationship of somatic cell counts in goat milk to mastitis and productivity. Small Rumin Res, 45, 163-178.
  • Wilson DJ., Stewart KN., Sears PM., 1995. Effects of stage of lactation, production, parity and season on somatic cell counts in infected and uninfected dairy goats. Small Rumin Res, 16 (2), 165–169.
  • Bergonier D., De Cremoux R., Rupp R., Lagriffoul G., Berthelot X., 2003. Mastitis of dairy small ruminants. Vet Res, 34, 689-716.
  • Leitner G., Chaffer M., Zamir S., Mor T., Glickman A., Winkler M., Weisblit L., Saran A., 2000. Udder disease etiology, milk somatic cell counts and NAGase activity throughout lactation in Israeli Assaf sheep. Small Rumin Res, 39, (2),107–112.
  • Leitner G., Chaffer M., Carasso Y., Ezra E., Kababea D., Winkler M., Saran A., 2003. Udder infection and milk somatic cell count, NAGase activity and milk composition fat, protein and lactose in Israeli Assaf and Awassi sheep. Small Rumin Res, 49, 157–164.
  • Leitner G., Chaffer M., Shamay A., Shapiro F., Merin U., Ezra E., Saran A., Silanikove N., 2004. Changes in milk composition as affected by subclinical mastitis in sheep. J Dairy Sci, 87, 46–52.
  • Leitner G., Merin U., Silanikove N., 2004. Changes in milk composition as affected by subclinical mastitis in goats. J Dairy Sci, 87, 1719–1726.
  • Kalogridou-Vassiliadou D., 1991. Mastitis-related pathogens in goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 4(2), 203-212.
  • Sung YY., Wu TI., Wang PH., 1999. Evaluation of milk quality of Alpine, Nubian, Saanen and Toggenburg breeds in Taiwan. Small Rumin Res, 33, 17–23.

Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 0 - 0, 31.10.2016

Gökhan Doğruer Mustafa Kemal Sarıbay Özkan Aslantaş Ekrem Kireççi Cemil Demir Yaşar Ergün Alev Ülkü

https://doi.org/10.17094/avbd.25211
Cited By: 1

Öz

Çalışma, Hatay çevresinde keçilerde subklinik mastitis prevalansı, neden olan mikroorganizmalar ve mikroorganizmların antibiyotik duyarlıklıklarını belirlemek amacıyla düzenlendi. Beşyüzbeş keçiye ait 1010 meme lobu CMT ile muayene edildi. Somatik hücre sayısı (SHS) direkt mikroskopik yöntemle belirlendi. Mikroorganizmaların izolasyon ve identifikasyonu rutin mikrobiyolojik yöntemlerle gerçekleştirildi. Stafilokokların alt türlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla API-STAPH system kullanıldı. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testlerinde disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanıldı. Subklinik mastitisin prevalansı %8.71 olarak belirlendi. En fazla izole edilen mikroorganizma %71.5 oranıyla Stafilokoklardı. Çalışmada Stafilokoklar dışında Streptokoklar (%8), Basillus spp. (%5.7), E. coli (%4.5), Corynebacterium spp. (%3.4), Pseudomonas spp. (%2.3) ve Acinetobacteri spp. (%2.3) de izole edildi. Ek olarak örneklerin % 2.3’ünde miks enfeksiyon saptandı. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testlerine göre penisilin, eritromisin, oksitetrasiklin, gentamisin, amoksisilin’e karşı yüksek oranda direç gözlendi. Enrofloksasin, amoksisilin klavulonik asit, kanamisin ve sefaleksin’e karşı orta düzeyde direnç saptanırken, sefalotine karşı direnç yoktu. Sonuç olarak Hatay çevresinde keçi sürülerinde subklinik mastitisin prevalansının dikkate değer seviyelerde olduğu, koagülaz negatif stafilokokların en fazla izole edilen mikroorganizmalar olduğu belirlendi. Keçilerde subklinik mastitis tanısında kuvvetli CMT reasksiyonlarının dikkate alınması gerektiği, CMT ve somatik hücre sayılarının mikrobiyolojik yöntemlerle desteklenmeleri gerektiği kanısına varıldı

Anahtar Kelimeler

Keçi Prevalans Subklinik mastitis Tanı

Kaynakça

  • REFERENCES
  • Hamed AI., Abou- Zeid NA., Kebary KMK., Radwan AA., 1993. Physical and chemical properties of subclinical mastitic sheep and goat milk. Egyptian J Dairy Sci, 21, 133- 149,
  • Urech E., Puhan Z., Schalibaum MS., 1999. Changes in milk protein fraction as affected by subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 82, 2402–2411.
  • Shearer JK., Harris B., 2003. Mastitis in dairy goats. Anim Sci Dept Florida Coop Ext Serv Inst Food Agri Sci, pp:1-6, Univ Fl Gainesville, USA.
  • Yağcı İP., 2008. Koyunlarda Subklinik Mastitis: Etiyoloji, Epidemiyoloji ve Tanı Yöntemleri. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 14 (1): 117-122.
  • White EC., Hinckley LS., 1999. Prevalance of mastitis pathogens in goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 33, 117–121.
  • Aulrich K., Barth K., 2010. Intramammary infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci and the effect on somatic cell counts in dairy goats. Landbauforschung, Agriculture and Forestry Research, 1/2 (58):59-64.
  • Lerondelle C., Poutrel B., 1984. Characteristic of non-clinical mammary infection of the goat. Annales de Reserches Veterinaires, 15, 105–112.
  • Contreras A., Corrales JC., Sierra D., 1995. Prevalence and aetiology on non-clinical intramammary infection in Murciano-Granadina goats. Small Rumin Res, 17:71.
  • McDougall S., Murdough P., Pankey W., Delaney C., Barlow J., Scruton D., 2001. Relationships among somatic cell count, California mastitis test, impedance and bacteriological status of milk in goats and sheep in early lactation. Small Rumin Res, 40: 245-254.
  • Moroni P., Pisoni G., Ruffo G., Boettcher PJ., 2005 .Risk factors for intramammary infections and relationship with somatic-cell counts in Italian dairy goats. Prev Vet Med, 69 (3-4), 163-173.
  • Aydın I., Kav K., Celik HA., 2009. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of subclinical mastitis pathogens isolated from hair goats’ milks. J Anim Vet Sci, 8(6), 1086-1090.
  • Kostelic A., Cergolj M., Tariba B., Rupic V., Benic M., Gantner V., Stokovic I., 2009. Prevalence and aetiology of subclinical mastitis in goats. Ital J Anim Sci, 8 (Suppl. 3), 134-136.
  • Virdis S., Scarano C., Cossu F., Spanu V., Spanu C., De Santis EPL., 2010 Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from goats with subclinical mastitis. Vet Med Int, doi: 10.4061/2010/517060.
  • Poutrel B., 1984. Udder infection of goats by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Vet. Microbiol. 9, 131-137.
  • Bedidi-Madani N., Greenland T., Richard Y., 1998. Exoprotein and slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from goats’ milk. Vet Microbiol, 59, 139–145.
  • Contreras A., Paape MJ., Miller RH., 1999. Prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in a commercial dairy goat herd. Small Rumin Res, 31(3), 203-208.
  • Da Silva ER., Siqueira AP., Martins JCD., Ferreira WPB., da Silva N., 2004. Identification and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from goat mastitis in the Northeast of Brazil. Small Rumin Res, 55, 45–49.
  • Deinhofer M, Pernthaner A: Staphylococcus spp. as mastitis-related pathogens in goat milk. Vet Microbiol, 43(2-3),161-166, 1995.
  • Contreras A, Corrales JC, Sanchez A, Sierra D: Persistence of subclinical intramammary pathogens in goats throughout lactation. J Dairy Sci, 80(11), 2815-2819, 1997.
  • Meyrand A, Montet MP, Bavai C, Ray-Gueniot S, Mazuy C, Gaspard CE, Jaubert G, Perrin G, Vernozy-Rozand C: Risk linked to an enterotoxigenic strain of Staphylococcus lentus during the manufacture and ripening of raw goats’ milk Camembert-type cheeses. Rev Med Vet, 150 (8–9), 703–708, 1999.
  • Udo EE, Al-Bustan MA, Jacob LE, Chugh TD: Enterotoxin production by coagulase-negative staphylococci in restaurant workers from Kuwait City may be a potential cause of food poisoning. J Med Microbiol, 48, 819–823, 1999.
  • Contreras A, Luengo C, Sanchez A, Corrales JC: The role of intramammary pathogens in dairy goats. Livest Prod Sci, 79, 273–283, 2003.
  • Contreras A, Sierra D, Sanchez A, Corrales JC, Marco JC, Paape MJ, Gonzalo C: Mastitis in small ruminants. Small Rumin Res, 68(1-2):145-153, 2007.
  • Paape MJ, Poutrel B, Contreras A, Marco JC., Capuco AV: Milk somatic cells and lactation in small ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (E. Suppl.), 237–244. 2001.
  • Karzis J, Donkin EF, Petzer IM: The influence of intramammary antibiotic treatment, presence of bacteria, stage of lactation and parity in dairy goats as measured by the California milk test and somatic cell counts. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 74 (2), 161–167, 2007.
  • Schalm, O. W., J. E. Carrol and N. C. Jain; Bovine Mastitis 1st Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA. pp: 132-153. 1971.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) 2008. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals, 3rd edition. Approved standard M31-A3. Wayne, PA.
  • Paape MJ., Capuco AV., 1997. Cellular Defense-Mechanisms in the Udder and Lactation of Goats. J Anim Sci, 75, 556-565.
  • Poutrel B., Lerondelle C., 1983. Cell content of goat milk: California mastitis test, Coulter counter, and Fossomatic for predicting half infection. J Dairy Sci, 66, 2575-2579.
  • Park YW., 1991. Interrelationships between somatic cell counts, electrical conductivity, bacteria counts, percent fat and protein in goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 5, 367–375.
  • Zeng SS., Escobar EN., 1995. Effect of parity and milk production on somatic cell count, standard plate count and composition of goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 17, 269–274.
  • Zeng SS., Escobar EN., Hart SP., Hinckley L., Baulthauc M., Robinson GT., Jahnke G., 1999. Comparative study of the effects of testing laboratory, counting method, storage and shipment on somatic cell counts in goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 31, 103–107.
  • Contreras A., Sierra D., Corrales JC., Sanchez A., Marco J., 1996. Physiological threshold of somatic-cell count and California Mastitis Test for diagnosis of caprine subclinical mastitis. Small Rumin Res, 21:259-264.
  • Perrin GG., Mallereau MP., Lenfant D., Baudry C., 1997. Relationships between California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell counts in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res, 26, 167–170.
  • Haenlein GFW., 2002. Relationship of somatic cell counts in goat milk to mastitis and productivity. Small Rumin Res, 45, 163-178.
  • Wilson DJ., Stewart KN., Sears PM., 1995. Effects of stage of lactation, production, parity and season on somatic cell counts in infected and uninfected dairy goats. Small Rumin Res, 16 (2), 165–169.
  • Bergonier D., De Cremoux R., Rupp R., Lagriffoul G., Berthelot X., 2003. Mastitis of dairy small ruminants. Vet Res, 34, 689-716.
  • Leitner G., Chaffer M., Zamir S., Mor T., Glickman A., Winkler M., Weisblit L., Saran A., 2000. Udder disease etiology, milk somatic cell counts and NAGase activity throughout lactation in Israeli Assaf sheep. Small Rumin Res, 39, (2),107–112.
  • Leitner G., Chaffer M., Carasso Y., Ezra E., Kababea D., Winkler M., Saran A., 2003. Udder infection and milk somatic cell count, NAGase activity and milk composition fat, protein and lactose in Israeli Assaf and Awassi sheep. Small Rumin Res, 49, 157–164.
  • Leitner G., Chaffer M., Shamay A., Shapiro F., Merin U., Ezra E., Saran A., Silanikove N., 2004. Changes in milk composition as affected by subclinical mastitis in sheep. J Dairy Sci, 87, 46–52.
  • Leitner G., Merin U., Silanikove N., 2004. Changes in milk composition as affected by subclinical mastitis in goats. J Dairy Sci, 87, 1719–1726.
  • Kalogridou-Vassiliadou D., 1991. Mastitis-related pathogens in goat milk. Small Rumin Res, 4(2), 203-212.
  • Sung YY., Wu TI., Wang PH., 1999. Evaluation of milk quality of Alpine, Nubian, Saanen and Toggenburg breeds in Taiwan. Small Rumin Res, 33, 17–23.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gökhan Doğruer

Mustafa Kemal Sarıbay

Özkan Aslantaş

Ekrem Kireççi Bu kişi benim

Cemil Demir

Yaşar Ergün Bu kişi benim

Alev Ülkü Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğruer, G., Sarıbay, M. K., Aslantaş, Ö., Kireççi, E., vd. (2016). Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.17094/avbd.25211
AMA Doğruer G, Sarıbay MK, Aslantaş Ö, Kireççi E, Demir C, Ergün Y, Ülkü A. Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. Ekim 2016;11(2). doi:10.17094/avbd.25211
Chicago Doğruer, Gökhan, Mustafa Kemal Sarıbay, Özkan Aslantaş, Ekrem Kireççi, Cemil Demir, Yaşar Ergün, ve Alev Ülkü. “Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji Ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 11, sy. 2 (Ekim 2016). https://doi.org/10.17094/avbd.25211.
EndNote Doğruer G, Sarıbay MK, Aslantaş Ö, Kireççi E, Demir C, Ergün Y, Ülkü A (01 Ekim 2016) Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 11 2
IEEE G. Doğruer, “Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 2, 2016, doi: 10.17094/avbd.25211.
ISNAD Doğruer, Gökhan vd. “Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji Ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 11/2 (Ekim 2016). https://doi.org/10.17094/avbd.25211.
JAMA Doğruer G, Sarıbay MK, Aslantaş Ö, Kireççi E, Demir C, Ergün Y, Ülkü A. Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;11. doi:10.17094/avbd.25211.
MLA Doğruer, Gökhan vd. “Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji Ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 2, 2016, doi:10.17094/avbd.25211.
Vancouver Doğruer G, Sarıbay MK, Aslantaş Ö, Kireççi E, Demir C, Ergün Y, Ülkü A. Keçilerde Subklinik Mastitislerde Prevalans, Etiyoloji ve Mikroorganizmaların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;11(2).

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