Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al (2001): Epidemiology of Severe Sepsis in the United States: Analysis of Incidence, Outcome, and Associated Costs of Care. Critical Care Medicine, 29, 1303–1310.
Antonucci E, Fiaccadori E, Donadello K, et al (2014): Myocardial depression in sepsis: from pathogenesis to clinical manifestations and treatment. J Crit, 29, 500-511.
Asfar P, Hauser B, Radermacher P (2006): Catecholamines and vasopressin during critical illness. Crit Care Clin, 22, 131-149.
Bakker J, Gris P, Coffernils M, et al (1996): Serial blood lactate levels can predict the development of multiple organ failure following septic shock. Am J Surg, 171, 221-226.
Bakker J, Vincent JL (1993): Effects of norepinephrine and dobutamine on oxygen transport and consumption in a dog model of endotoxic shock. Crit Care Med, 21, 425-432.
Bednarczyk JM, Fridfinnson JA, Kumar A, et al (2017): Incorporating Dynamic Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness Into Goal-Directed Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med, 45,1538-1545.
Bentley AM, Otto CM, Shofer FS (2007): Comparison of dogs with septic peritonitis: 1988–1993 versus 1999–2003. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 17, 391-398.
Boon JA (2011): Veterinary Echocardiography. Wiley-Blackwell, USA.
Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, et al (2008): Isolated and reversible impairment of ventricular relaxation in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med, 36, 766-774.
Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada TA, et al (2011): Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med, 39, 259-265.
Butler AL (2011): Goal-directed therapy in small animal critical illness. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 41, 817-838.
Chan CM, Klinger JR (2008): The right ventricle in sepsis. Clin Chest Med, 29, 661-676.
De Backer D, Scolletta S (2013): Clinical management of the cardiovascular failure in sepsis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 11, 222-242.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al (2013): Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med, 41, 580-637.
Dickson D, Shave R, Rishniw M, et al (2017): Echocardiographic assessments of longitudinal left ventricular function in healthy English Springer spaniels. J Vet Cardiol, 19, 339-350.
Fine J, Frank ED, Frank HA, et al (1956): Effect of norepinephrine on circulation of the dog in hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol, 186, 74-78.
Flachskampf FA, Biering-Sørensen T, Solomon SD, et al (2015): Cardiac Imaging to Evaluate Left Ventricular Diastolic Function. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 8, 1071-1093.
Goldstein B, Giroir B, Randolph A (2005): International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 6, 2-8.
Hollenberg SM, Cunnion RE, Zimmerberg J (1993): Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reverses arteriolar hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines in septic rats. Am J Physiol, 264, H660-H663.
Hollenberg SM (2009): Inotrope and vasopressor therapy of septic shock. Crit Care Clin, 25, 781-802.
Ince C, Sinaasappel M (1999): Microcirculatory oxygenation and shunting in sepsis and shock. Crit Care Med, 27, 1369-1377.
Ince ME, Turgut K, Akar A, et al (2019): Prognostic importance of tissue Doppler imaging of systolic and diastolic functions in dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock. Acta Vet Hung, 67, 517-528.
Jhanji S, Stirling S, Patel N, et al (2009): The effect of increasing doses of norepinephrine on tissue oxygenation and microvascular flow in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med, 37, 1961-1966.
Landesberg G, Gilon D, Meroz Y, et al (2012): Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock. Eur Heart J, 33, 895-903.
Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al (2003): 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med, 31, 1250-1256.
Manolopoulos PP, Boutsikos I, Boutsikos P, et al (2020): Current use and advances in vasopressors and inotropes support in shock. J Emerg Crit Care Med, 4, 20.
Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Banks SM, et al (2004): Differing effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on survival in a canine model of septic shock. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 287, H2545-H2554.
Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, et al (2015): Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med, 372, 1301-1311.
Persichini R, Silva S, Teboul JL, et al (2012): Effects of norepinephrine on mean systemic pressure and venous return in human septic shock. Crit Care Med, 40, 3146-3153.
Prittie J (2006): Optimal Endpoints of Resuscitation and Early Goal-Directed Therapy. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 16, 329-339.
Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al (2017): Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med, 43, 304-377.
Rivers EP, Katranji M, Jaehne KA, et al (2012): Early interventions in severe sepsis and septic shock: a review of the evidence one decade later. Minerva Anestesiol, 78, 712-724.
Rozanski E, Chan DL (2009): Anticoagulants. 797–800. In: DC Silverstein and K Hopper (Eds), Small Animal Critical Care Medicine, Elsevier, USA.
Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, et al (2016): Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA, 315, 775-787.
Shapiro DS, Loiacono LA (2010): Mean arterial pressure: therapeutic goals and pharmacologic support. Crit Care Clin, 26, 285-293.
Shea EK, Dombrowski SC, Silverstein DC (2017): Survival analysis of hypotensive cats admitted to an intensive care unit with or without hyperlactatemia: 39 cases (2005-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 250, 887-893.
Silverstein DC, Beer KA (2015): Controversies regarding choice of vasopressor therapy for management of septic shock in animals. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio), 25, 48-54.
Silverstein DC, Hopper K (2015): Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. Elseiver Saunders, USA.
Silverstein DC, Wininger FA, Shofer FS, et al (2008): Relationship between Doppler blood pressure and survival or response to treatment in critically ill cats: 83 cases (2003-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 232, 893-897.
Turgut K (2017): Klinik Kedi ve Köpek Kardiyolojisi. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul.
Turgut K (2020): Manual of Heart Failure; Recommendations for Diagnosis and Treatment in Dogs and Cats. Near East University Press, Nicosia.
Vignon P, Allot V, Lesage J, et al (2007): Diagnosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the setting of acute changes in loading conditions. Crit Care, 11, R43.
Wakabayashi I, Hatake K, Kakishita E, et al (1986): Desensitization of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor mediated smooth muscle contraction in aorta from endotoxic rats. Life Sci, 45, 509-515.
Zhang H, Spapen H, Vincent JL (1994): Effects of dobutamine and norepinephrine on oxygen availability in tamponade-induced stagnant hypoxia: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Crit Care Med, 22, 299-305.
Vasoactive use in early goal-directed therapy in dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock
The goal of this study was to see how to evaluate the changes in macrovascularand microvascular parameters in survivors (Sv) and non-survivors (non-Sv) dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock (SEVS & SEPS) in response to goal-directed hemodynamic optimization at the intensive care unit (ICU), and to evaluate norepinephrine (NE) and dobutamine (DT) ICU applications, and their effectiveness for predicting death. Thirty-five dogs with SEVS & SEPS were used. NE was given to 10 hypotensive dogs, despite receiving a single bolus of fluid therapy, at a constant infusion rate of 1.5 µg/kg/min for 2 h. The rate of NE infusion was doubled (3.0 µg/kg/min) if the clinical response was insufficient after 2 hours. DT was administered to 5 dogs with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) (LVS’<7.5 cm/s) at a constant infusion rate of 5 µg/kg/min for 2 h. The Sv and non-Sv groups had no major differences in macrovascular and microvascular characteristics, PW-TDI septal mitral annulus systolic (S') and early diastolic (E') velocities, or DT applications. The only difference was the use of NE applications. non-Sv received a greater amount of NE, while Sv received a smaller amount of NE. In contrast, more Sv received a greater amount of DT applications. Total mortality rate was 25.7%. In conclusion, the effects of DT and NE in dogs with SEVS & SEPS are limited. To provide evidence-based guidelines for dogs with SEVS & SEPS, more research is needed.
Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al (2001): Epidemiology of Severe Sepsis in the United States: Analysis of Incidence, Outcome, and Associated Costs of Care. Critical Care Medicine, 29, 1303–1310.
Antonucci E, Fiaccadori E, Donadello K, et al (2014): Myocardial depression in sepsis: from pathogenesis to clinical manifestations and treatment. J Crit, 29, 500-511.
Asfar P, Hauser B, Radermacher P (2006): Catecholamines and vasopressin during critical illness. Crit Care Clin, 22, 131-149.
Bakker J, Gris P, Coffernils M, et al (1996): Serial blood lactate levels can predict the development of multiple organ failure following septic shock. Am J Surg, 171, 221-226.
Bakker J, Vincent JL (1993): Effects of norepinephrine and dobutamine on oxygen transport and consumption in a dog model of endotoxic shock. Crit Care Med, 21, 425-432.
Bednarczyk JM, Fridfinnson JA, Kumar A, et al (2017): Incorporating Dynamic Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness Into Goal-Directed Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med, 45,1538-1545.
Bentley AM, Otto CM, Shofer FS (2007): Comparison of dogs with septic peritonitis: 1988–1993 versus 1999–2003. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 17, 391-398.
Boon JA (2011): Veterinary Echocardiography. Wiley-Blackwell, USA.
Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, et al (2008): Isolated and reversible impairment of ventricular relaxation in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med, 36, 766-774.
Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada TA, et al (2011): Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med, 39, 259-265.
Butler AL (2011): Goal-directed therapy in small animal critical illness. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 41, 817-838.
Chan CM, Klinger JR (2008): The right ventricle in sepsis. Clin Chest Med, 29, 661-676.
De Backer D, Scolletta S (2013): Clinical management of the cardiovascular failure in sepsis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 11, 222-242.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al (2013): Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med, 41, 580-637.
Dickson D, Shave R, Rishniw M, et al (2017): Echocardiographic assessments of longitudinal left ventricular function in healthy English Springer spaniels. J Vet Cardiol, 19, 339-350.
Fine J, Frank ED, Frank HA, et al (1956): Effect of norepinephrine on circulation of the dog in hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol, 186, 74-78.
Flachskampf FA, Biering-Sørensen T, Solomon SD, et al (2015): Cardiac Imaging to Evaluate Left Ventricular Diastolic Function. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 8, 1071-1093.
Goldstein B, Giroir B, Randolph A (2005): International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 6, 2-8.
Hollenberg SM, Cunnion RE, Zimmerberg J (1993): Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reverses arteriolar hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines in septic rats. Am J Physiol, 264, H660-H663.
Hollenberg SM (2009): Inotrope and vasopressor therapy of septic shock. Crit Care Clin, 25, 781-802.
Ince C, Sinaasappel M (1999): Microcirculatory oxygenation and shunting in sepsis and shock. Crit Care Med, 27, 1369-1377.
Ince ME, Turgut K, Akar A, et al (2019): Prognostic importance of tissue Doppler imaging of systolic and diastolic functions in dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock. Acta Vet Hung, 67, 517-528.
Jhanji S, Stirling S, Patel N, et al (2009): The effect of increasing doses of norepinephrine on tissue oxygenation and microvascular flow in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med, 37, 1961-1966.
Landesberg G, Gilon D, Meroz Y, et al (2012): Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock. Eur Heart J, 33, 895-903.
Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al (2003): 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med, 31, 1250-1256.
Manolopoulos PP, Boutsikos I, Boutsikos P, et al (2020): Current use and advances in vasopressors and inotropes support in shock. J Emerg Crit Care Med, 4, 20.
Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Banks SM, et al (2004): Differing effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on survival in a canine model of septic shock. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 287, H2545-H2554.
Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, et al (2015): Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med, 372, 1301-1311.
Persichini R, Silva S, Teboul JL, et al (2012): Effects of norepinephrine on mean systemic pressure and venous return in human septic shock. Crit Care Med, 40, 3146-3153.
Prittie J (2006): Optimal Endpoints of Resuscitation and Early Goal-Directed Therapy. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 16, 329-339.
Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al (2017): Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med, 43, 304-377.
Rivers EP, Katranji M, Jaehne KA, et al (2012): Early interventions in severe sepsis and septic shock: a review of the evidence one decade later. Minerva Anestesiol, 78, 712-724.
Rozanski E, Chan DL (2009): Anticoagulants. 797–800. In: DC Silverstein and K Hopper (Eds), Small Animal Critical Care Medicine, Elsevier, USA.
Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, et al (2016): Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA, 315, 775-787.
Shapiro DS, Loiacono LA (2010): Mean arterial pressure: therapeutic goals and pharmacologic support. Crit Care Clin, 26, 285-293.
Shea EK, Dombrowski SC, Silverstein DC (2017): Survival analysis of hypotensive cats admitted to an intensive care unit with or without hyperlactatemia: 39 cases (2005-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 250, 887-893.
Silverstein DC, Beer KA (2015): Controversies regarding choice of vasopressor therapy for management of septic shock in animals. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio), 25, 48-54.
Silverstein DC, Hopper K (2015): Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. Elseiver Saunders, USA.
Silverstein DC, Wininger FA, Shofer FS, et al (2008): Relationship between Doppler blood pressure and survival or response to treatment in critically ill cats: 83 cases (2003-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 232, 893-897.
Turgut K (2017): Klinik Kedi ve Köpek Kardiyolojisi. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul.
Turgut K (2020): Manual of Heart Failure; Recommendations for Diagnosis and Treatment in Dogs and Cats. Near East University Press, Nicosia.
Vignon P, Allot V, Lesage J, et al (2007): Diagnosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the setting of acute changes in loading conditions. Crit Care, 11, R43.
Wakabayashi I, Hatake K, Kakishita E, et al (1986): Desensitization of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor mediated smooth muscle contraction in aorta from endotoxic rats. Life Sci, 45, 509-515.
Zhang H, Spapen H, Vincent JL (1994): Effects of dobutamine and norepinephrine on oxygen availability in tamponade-induced stagnant hypoxia: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Crit Care Med, 22, 299-305.
Süleymanoğlu, H., Turgut, K., Ertan, M., İnce, M. E., et al. (2023). Vasoactive use in early goal-directed therapy in dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 70(3), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1028816
AMA
Süleymanoğlu H, Turgut K, Ertan M, İnce ME, Naseri A. Vasoactive use in early goal-directed therapy in dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. June 2023;70(3):327-335. doi:10.33988/auvfd.1028816
Chicago
Süleymanoğlu, Havva, Kürşat Turgut, Merve Ertan, Mehmet Ege İnce, and Amir Naseri. “Vasoactive Use in Early Goal-Directed Therapy in Dogs With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 70, no. 3 (June 2023): 327-35. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1028816.
EndNote
Süleymanoğlu H, Turgut K, Ertan M, İnce ME, Naseri A (June 1, 2023) Vasoactive use in early goal-directed therapy in dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 70 3 327–335.
IEEE
H. Süleymanoğlu, K. Turgut, M. Ertan, M. E. İnce, and A. Naseri, “Vasoactive use in early goal-directed therapy in dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 327–335, 2023, doi: 10.33988/auvfd.1028816.
ISNAD
Süleymanoğlu, Havva et al. “Vasoactive Use in Early Goal-Directed Therapy in Dogs With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 70/3 (June 2023), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1028816.
JAMA
Süleymanoğlu H, Turgut K, Ertan M, İnce ME, Naseri A. Vasoactive use in early goal-directed therapy in dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2023;70:327–335.
MLA
Süleymanoğlu, Havva et al. “Vasoactive Use in Early Goal-Directed Therapy in Dogs With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 70, no. 3, 2023, pp. 327-35, doi:10.33988/auvfd.1028816.
Vancouver
Süleymanoğlu H, Turgut K, Ertan M, İnce ME, Naseri A. Vasoactive use in early goal-directed therapy in dogs with severe sepsis and septic shock. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2023;70(3):327-35.