The effects of urea supplementation on pomegranate pulp (Punica granatum L.) silage fermentation,aerobic stability and in vitro gas production
Öz
The aim of current experiment was to determine the effects of urea supplementation as nitrogen source on the fermentation, aerobic stability, in vitro gas production, microbiological characteristics of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) pulp silages in laboratory conditions. Urea was applied at 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% levels to pomegranate pulp, and pomegranate pulp chopped to about 1.5-2.0 cm length. The supplementation of urea significantly increased the crude protein (CP), but neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) with water soluble content (WSC) decreased with increasing level of urea (P<0.01). The supplementation of urea decreased the acetic acid and butyric acid whereas the supplementation of urea increased the pH, lactic acid, propionic acid and ammonia-N (NH3-N) content of pomegranate pulp silage (P<0.01). The supplementation of urea significantly (P<0.01) increased the in vitro gas production, digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and lactic acid bacteria whereas yeast and mould decreased. On the other hand the supplementation of urea improved the aerobic stability of pomegranate pulp silage decreasing the CO2 production. As a conclusion the urea can be used as a silage additive in the level of 1.5 and 2.0 % when pomegranate pulp is ensiled
Anahtar Kelimeler
Aerobic stability in vitro gas production pomegranate pulp silage fermentation urea
Kaynakça
- Anonim (2013): Tarım İstatistikleri Özeti. T.C. Başbakan- lık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ VeriBilgi.do?alt_id=45. Erişim. 25.05.2013.
- AOAC (1990): Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
- Ashbell G, Weinberg ZG, Azrieli A, Hen Y, Horev B (1991): A simple system to study the aerobic deterioration of silages. Canadian Agricultural Engineering, 33, 391- 393.
- Aviram M, Volkova N, Coleman R, Dreher M, Reddy MK, Ferreira D, Rosenblat M (2008): Pomegranate phenolics from the peels, arils, and flowers are antiatherogenic: studies in vivo in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient (E0) mice and in vitro in cultured macrophages and lipoproteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56, 1148–1157.
- Barker SB, Summerson WH (1941): The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 138, 535-554.
- Canbolat Ö, Kalkan H, Filya İ (2013): Yonca Silajlarında Katkı Maddesi Olarak Gladiçya (Gleditsia Triacanthos) Kullanılma Olanakları. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 19, 291-297.
- Chidambara MK, Reddy VK, Veigas JM, Murthy UD (2004): Study on wound healing activity of Punica granatum peel. Journal of Medicinal Food. 7, 256–259.
- Çelik S, Budag C, Demirel M, Bakici Y, Çelik S (2009): The Effects of adding urea and molasses to corn harvested at dough stage on silage fermentation quality, in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolic energy contents. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 8, 1921- 1924.
- Demirel M, Yıldız S (2001): Süt olum döneminde biçilen arpa hasılına üre ve melas katılmasının silaj kalitesi ve rumende ham besin maddelerinin parçalanabilirliği üzerine etkisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 11, 55-62.
- Denek N, Can A, Tüfenk Ş (2004): Mısır, sorgum ve ayçiçeği hasıllarına değişik katkı maddeleri katılmasının silaj kalitesi ve in vitro kuru madde sindirimine etkisi. Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 8, 1-10.
- Dubois M, Giles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebes PA, Smith F (1956): Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry. 28, 350- 356.
- Ebrahimi B, Taghizadeh A, Mehmannavaz Y, Palangi V (2012): Evaluation of pomegranate pomace using in situ and gas production techniques. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 1, 951-955.
- Filya I, Ashbell G, Hen Y, Weinberg ZG (2000): The effect of bacterial inoculants on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole crop wheat silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 88, 39-46.
- Filya İ (2001): Silaj Teknolojisi. Hakan Ofset, İzmir.
- Filya İ, Sucu E, Hanoğlu H (2004): Mısır silajına katılan ürenin silaj fermantasyonu, aerobik stabilite, rumen parça- lanabilirliği ve kuzuların besi performansı üzerine etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 10, 258-262.
- Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA (2000): Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48, 4581–4589.
- Gracious RR, Selvasubramanian S, Jayasundar S (2001): Immunomodulatory activity of Punica granatum in rabbits. A preliminary study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 78, 85–87.
- Kamalak A, Aydın R, Bal MA, Atalay Aİ (2009): Glediçya meyvesinin katkı maddesi olarak yonca silajında kullanımı. Tübitak Proje no: 107 0 401. 1-67.
- McDonald P, Henderson AR, Heron SJE (1991): The Biochemistry of Silage (2nd ed.). Chalcombe Publ., Church Lane, Kingston, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
- Menke KH, Steingass H (1988): Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal research and development. 28, 7–55.
- Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D, Schneider W (1979): The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 93, 217–222.
- Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A, Maheri-SisN, Mansouri H, Razeghi ME, Mirza-Aghazadeh A, Cheraghi H, Aghajanzadeh-Golshani A (2011): Evaluating potential nutritive value of pomegranate processing by-products for ruminants usıng in vitro gas production technique. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 6, 45-51.
- Muck RE, Bolsen KK (1991): Silage preservation and silage additives. In: K. K. Bolsen, JE, Baylor and ME, McCullough (eds.) Hay and Silage Management in North America. National Feed Ingredients Association. West Des Moines, Iowa. pp. 105-126.
- Navarro V, Villarreal ML, Rojas G, Lozoya X (1996): Antimicrobial evaluation of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 53, 143–147.
- Oliveira RA, Narciso CD, Bisinotto RS, Perdomo MC, Ballou MA, Dreher M, Santos JEP (2010): Effects of feeding polyphenols from pomegranate extract on health, growth, nutrient digestion, and immunocompetence of calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 93, 4280–4291.
- Seale DR, Pahlow G, Spoelstra SF, Lindgren S, Dellaglio F, Lowe JF (1990): Methods for the Microbiological Analysis of Silage. Proceeding of The Eurobac Conference, 147, Uppsala.
- Shabtay A, Eitam H, Tadmor Y, Orlov A, Meir A, Weinberg P, Weinberg ZG, Chen Y, Brosh A, Izhaki I, Kerem Z (2008): Nutritive and antioxidative potential of fresh and stored pomegranate industrial byproduct as a novel beef cattle feed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56, 10063–10070.
- Snedecor GW, Cochran W (1976): Statistical methods. The Iowa State Univ. Pres Amer IA.
- Statistica (1993): Statistica for Windows (Release 4.3) Sat Soft, Inc Tulsa OK.
- Taher-Maddah M, Maheri-Sis N, Salamatdoustnobar R, Ahmadzadeh A (2012a): Comparing nutritive value of ensiled and dried pomegranate peels for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Annals of Biological Research. 3,1942-1946.
- Taher-Maddah M, Maheri-Sis N, Salamatdoustnobar R, Ahmadzadeh A (2012b): Estimating fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of ensiled and dried pomegranate seeds for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Open Veterinary Journal. 2, 40-45.
- Tzulker R, Glazer I, Bar-Ilan I, Holland D, Aviram M, Amir R (2007): Antioxidant activity, polyphenol content, and related compounds in different fruit juices and homogenates prepared from 29 different pomegranate accessions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55, 9559–9570.
- Van Soest PJ, Robertson JD, Lewis BA (1991): Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74, 3583–3597. Geliş tarihi: 09.07.2013 / Kabul tarihi: 05.03.2014
Nar posası silajına (Punica granatum L.) katılan ürenin silaj fermantasyonu, aerobik stabilite ve in vitro gaz üretimi üzerine etkisi
Öz
Bu araştırma, nar posası (Punica granatum L.) silajında azot kaynağı olarak kullanılan ürenin, laboratuvar koşullarında yapılan silajlarda fermantasyon, aerobik stabilite, in vitro gaz üretimi, mikrobiyolojik özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerinin saptanması amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan nar posası yaklaşık 1.5-2.0 cm boyutunda doğranmıştır. Taze materyale %0 (kontrol), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 ve 2.0 düzeyinde üre katılmıştır. Nar posasına katılan üre ham protein (HP) düzeyi artmış, ancak nötral deterjan fiber (NDF), asit deterjan fiber (ADF) ve asit deterjan lignin (ADL) ile suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat (SÇK) içeriği azalmıştır (P<0.01). Üre ilavesi silajların, asetik asit ve butirik asit konsantrasyonlarını düşürürken, pH, laktik asit, propiyonik asit ve amonyak azotu (NH3-N) düzeylerini artırmıştır (P<0.01). Üre ilavesi aynı zamanda, silajların in vitro gaz üretimi, sindirilebilir organik madde (SOM), metabolik enerji (ME) ve laktik asit bakterileri (LAB) sayısını artırmış, maya ve küf sayısını ise düşürmüştür (P<0.01). Diğer yandan üre silajlardaki CO2 üretimini düşürerek silajların aerobik stabilitelerini geliştirmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, nar posasına azot kaynağı olarak %1.5 ile 2.0 düzeyinde üre kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir
Anahtar Kelimeler
Aerobik stabilite in vitro gaz üretimi nar posası silaj fermantasyonu üre
Kaynakça
- Anonim (2013): Tarım İstatistikleri Özeti. T.C. Başbakan- lık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ VeriBilgi.do?alt_id=45. Erişim. 25.05.2013.
- AOAC (1990): Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
- Ashbell G, Weinberg ZG, Azrieli A, Hen Y, Horev B (1991): A simple system to study the aerobic deterioration of silages. Canadian Agricultural Engineering, 33, 391- 393.
- Aviram M, Volkova N, Coleman R, Dreher M, Reddy MK, Ferreira D, Rosenblat M (2008): Pomegranate phenolics from the peels, arils, and flowers are antiatherogenic: studies in vivo in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient (E0) mice and in vitro in cultured macrophages and lipoproteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56, 1148–1157.
- Barker SB, Summerson WH (1941): The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 138, 535-554.
- Canbolat Ö, Kalkan H, Filya İ (2013): Yonca Silajlarında Katkı Maddesi Olarak Gladiçya (Gleditsia Triacanthos) Kullanılma Olanakları. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 19, 291-297.
- Chidambara MK, Reddy VK, Veigas JM, Murthy UD (2004): Study on wound healing activity of Punica granatum peel. Journal of Medicinal Food. 7, 256–259.
- Çelik S, Budag C, Demirel M, Bakici Y, Çelik S (2009): The Effects of adding urea and molasses to corn harvested at dough stage on silage fermentation quality, in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolic energy contents. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 8, 1921- 1924.
- Demirel M, Yıldız S (2001): Süt olum döneminde biçilen arpa hasılına üre ve melas katılmasının silaj kalitesi ve rumende ham besin maddelerinin parçalanabilirliği üzerine etkisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 11, 55-62.
- Denek N, Can A, Tüfenk Ş (2004): Mısır, sorgum ve ayçiçeği hasıllarına değişik katkı maddeleri katılmasının silaj kalitesi ve in vitro kuru madde sindirimine etkisi. Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 8, 1-10.
- Dubois M, Giles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebes PA, Smith F (1956): Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry. 28, 350- 356.
- Ebrahimi B, Taghizadeh A, Mehmannavaz Y, Palangi V (2012): Evaluation of pomegranate pomace using in situ and gas production techniques. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 1, 951-955.
- Filya I, Ashbell G, Hen Y, Weinberg ZG (2000): The effect of bacterial inoculants on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole crop wheat silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 88, 39-46.
- Filya İ (2001): Silaj Teknolojisi. Hakan Ofset, İzmir.
- Filya İ, Sucu E, Hanoğlu H (2004): Mısır silajına katılan ürenin silaj fermantasyonu, aerobik stabilite, rumen parça- lanabilirliği ve kuzuların besi performansı üzerine etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 10, 258-262.
- Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA (2000): Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48, 4581–4589.
- Gracious RR, Selvasubramanian S, Jayasundar S (2001): Immunomodulatory activity of Punica granatum in rabbits. A preliminary study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 78, 85–87.
- Kamalak A, Aydın R, Bal MA, Atalay Aİ (2009): Glediçya meyvesinin katkı maddesi olarak yonca silajında kullanımı. Tübitak Proje no: 107 0 401. 1-67.
- McDonald P, Henderson AR, Heron SJE (1991): The Biochemistry of Silage (2nd ed.). Chalcombe Publ., Church Lane, Kingston, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
- Menke KH, Steingass H (1988): Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal research and development. 28, 7–55.
- Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D, Schneider W (1979): The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 93, 217–222.
- Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A, Maheri-SisN, Mansouri H, Razeghi ME, Mirza-Aghazadeh A, Cheraghi H, Aghajanzadeh-Golshani A (2011): Evaluating potential nutritive value of pomegranate processing by-products for ruminants usıng in vitro gas production technique. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 6, 45-51.
- Muck RE, Bolsen KK (1991): Silage preservation and silage additives. In: K. K. Bolsen, JE, Baylor and ME, McCullough (eds.) Hay and Silage Management in North America. National Feed Ingredients Association. West Des Moines, Iowa. pp. 105-126.
- Navarro V, Villarreal ML, Rojas G, Lozoya X (1996): Antimicrobial evaluation of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 53, 143–147.
- Oliveira RA, Narciso CD, Bisinotto RS, Perdomo MC, Ballou MA, Dreher M, Santos JEP (2010): Effects of feeding polyphenols from pomegranate extract on health, growth, nutrient digestion, and immunocompetence of calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 93, 4280–4291.
- Seale DR, Pahlow G, Spoelstra SF, Lindgren S, Dellaglio F, Lowe JF (1990): Methods for the Microbiological Analysis of Silage. Proceeding of The Eurobac Conference, 147, Uppsala.
- Shabtay A, Eitam H, Tadmor Y, Orlov A, Meir A, Weinberg P, Weinberg ZG, Chen Y, Brosh A, Izhaki I, Kerem Z (2008): Nutritive and antioxidative potential of fresh and stored pomegranate industrial byproduct as a novel beef cattle feed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56, 10063–10070.
- Snedecor GW, Cochran W (1976): Statistical methods. The Iowa State Univ. Pres Amer IA.
- Statistica (1993): Statistica for Windows (Release 4.3) Sat Soft, Inc Tulsa OK.
- Taher-Maddah M, Maheri-Sis N, Salamatdoustnobar R, Ahmadzadeh A (2012a): Comparing nutritive value of ensiled and dried pomegranate peels for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Annals of Biological Research. 3,1942-1946.
- Taher-Maddah M, Maheri-Sis N, Salamatdoustnobar R, Ahmadzadeh A (2012b): Estimating fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of ensiled and dried pomegranate seeds for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Open Veterinary Journal. 2, 40-45.
- Tzulker R, Glazer I, Bar-Ilan I, Holland D, Aviram M, Amir R (2007): Antioxidant activity, polyphenol content, and related compounds in different fruit juices and homogenates prepared from 29 different pomegranate accessions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55, 9559–9570.
- Van Soest PJ, Robertson JD, Lewis BA (1991): Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74, 3583–3597. Geliş tarihi: 09.07.2013 / Kabul tarihi: 05.03.2014
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Diğer ID | JA23GM59SA |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Eylül 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014 |