Some microbiological, chemical analysis and nitrate nitrite levels of drinking and well water samples in Afyonkarahisar
Öz
A total of 100 tap and 100 well water samples were collected from six municipalities and the city center in Afyonkarahisar region from January 2003 to December 2003 and analyzed for some microbiological, chemical parameters and nitrate nitrite levels. While total (TCC) and fecal (thermotolerant) coliforms (FCC), Escherichia coli isolation procedure were determined using multiple-tube fermentation technique, sulphide reducing anaerobe bacteria (SPS), enterococci (EC), Pseudomonas spp. (Ps), coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS), micrococci/staphylococci (MS) and total viable count (TVC) were used by spread plating technique. As an isolation of Salmonella spp were used two enrichment steps. The pH and hardness values, calcium, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and total organic substance of water samples were also determined. Hardness of tap and well water was found to be ≥32°F in 19% and 20%, respectively. Calcium concentration was found to be ≥100 mg/l in tap and well water samples as a range of 7% and 13%, respectively. pH was found to be ≥8 in 6% and in 7% of tap and well water samples, respectively. Ammonia did not detect in the samples. Nitrate concentrations, greater than accepted level for safe drinking-water of 45 mg/l (Turkish Drinking Water Regulation) were present in 48% and 78% in tap and well water samples, respectively. Nitrite was also found to be over of 38% in tap and 58% in well water samples, respectively, according to the regulations permitting (0.05 mg/l). As a result, 15% tap and 16% well water samples for TCC and FCC, 1% tap water for Salmonella spp., 47% well and 39% tap water for total organic substance, 48% tap and 78% well water samples for nitrate, 38% tap and 58% well water samples for nitrite were found to be high levels according to Turkish Food Codex
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- American Public Health Association (APHA) (1976): Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. A.P.H.A. Inc. Washington D.C.
- American Water Works Association (AWWA) (1999): Water quality and treatment, 5th ed. New York: McGraw- Hill.
- Anonim (1997): İçme Suları Tebliği. 23172 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- Anonim (2005): Sular-İnsani tüketim amaçlı sular (Water intended for human consumption). TS 266.
- Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1995): Bacteriological Analytical Manual. 8 Ed. AOAC. Washington DC. th
- Babiker IS, Mohamed MAA, Terao H, Kato K, Ohta K (2004): Assessment of groundwater contamination by nitrate leaching from intensive vegetable cultivation using geographical information system. Environ Int, 29, 1009- 1017.
- Baumgart J (1986): Mikrobiologische Untersuchung von Lebensmitteln. B. Behr’s Verlag
- Center of Diseases Control (CDC) (2004): Surveillance data from public spa inspections-United States, May-September 2002. MMWR, 53, 553-555.
- Cohn PD, Cox M, Berger PS (1999): Health and aesthetic aspects of water quality. Chapter 2. In: RD. Letterman Eds. Water Quality and Treatment, McGraw- Hill, Inc, New York.
- ECETOC (1988): Nitrate and drinking water. Brussels, European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre (Technical Report No. 27).
- European Union Council (EUC) (1980): Council directive relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption. (80/778/EEC). http://www.italo corotondo.it/tequila/module4/legislation/drink_water_direc tive_80.htm 15.12.2005
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1995): Escherichia coli and Coliform Bacteria, Chapter 4. In: Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8th ed. AOAC International.
- Giannoulis N, Maipa V, Konstantinou I, Albanis T, Dimoliatis I (2005): Microbiological risk assessment of Agios Georgios source supplies in Northwestern Greece based on faecal coliforms determination and sanitary inspection survey. Chemosphere, 58, 1269-1276. GmbH&Co., Berlin und Hamburg.
- Hasde M, Oğur R, Tekbaş ÖF (2002): Ankara il merkezinde bulunan askeri birliklerdeki kuyu sularının polimeraz zincir reaksiyon sistemi ile mikrobiyolojik analizlerinin yapılması. Gülhane Tıp Der, 44, 373-377.
- Johnson CJ, Bonrod PA, Dosch TI, Kilness AW, Senger KA, Busch DC, Meyer MR (1987) Fatal outcome of methemoglobinemia in an infant. J Am Med Ass, 257, 2796-2807.
- Mahler BJ, Personne JC, Lods GF, Drogue C (2000): Transport of free and particulate-associated bacteria in karst. J Hyd, 238,179-193.
- Marsh TJ (1980): Towards a nitrate balance for England and Wales. Water Serv October, 601-606.
- McLay CDA, Dragten R, Sparling G, Selvarajah N (2001): Predicting groundwater nitrate concentrations in region of mixed agricultural land use: a comparison of three approaches. Environ Pollut, 115, 191-204.
- Nolan BT (2001): Relating nitrogen sources and aquifer susceptibility to nitrate in shallow groundwater’s of the United States. Ground Water, 39, 290-299.
- Oren O, Yechieli Y, Böhlke JK, Dody A (2004): Contamination of groundwater under cultivated fields in an arid environment central Arava Valley, Israel. J Hyd, 290, 312-328.
- Özdemir M, Yavuz H, İnce S (2004): Afyon Bölgesi kuyu sularında nitrat ve nitrit düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 51, 25-28.
- Payment P, Richardson L, Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Edwardes M, Franco E (1991): A randomized trial to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal disease due to consumption of drinking water meeting current microbiological standards. AJPH, 81, 703-708.
- Reid DC, Edwards AC, Cooper D, Wilson E, Mcgaw BA (2003): The quality of drinking water from private water supplies in Aberdeenshire, UK. Water Res, 37, 245- 254.
- Spalding RF, Exner ME (1993): Occurrence of nitrate in ground-water a review. J Environ Quality, 22, 392-402.
- Stahr HM (1991): Analytical methods in Toxicology. 15- 19. John Wiley&Sons, Inc.,New York.
- Thatcher FS, Clark DS (1978): Microorganisms in Foods (2nd edition), University of Toronto Pres, Toronto- Buffalo, London.
- US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2006): Ground water & drinking water. Consumer Fact sheet on: Nitrates/Nitrites. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-ioc/ nitrates.html, 03.01.2006
- Van Duijvenboden W, Matthijen AJCM (1989): Integrated criteria document nitrate. Bilthoven, Rijksintituut voor de Volsksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM Report No. 758473012).
- Vassiliadis P, Trichopoulos D, Pateraki E, Papaiconomou N (1978). Isolation of Salmonella from minced meat by the use of a new procedure of enrichment, Zentr Bakteriol [Orig B], 166, 81–86.
- World Health Organisation (WHO) (2004): Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Third Edition, Volume 1 Recommendations, Geneva. Printed in China by Sun Fung.
- Yavuz H, Kaya S, Akar F (1993): Hayvanlarda içme suyu olarak kullanılan kuyu sularında nitrat ve nitrit düzeyleri. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 40, 16-22.
- Yılmaz O, Sonal S, Ceylan S (1993): Bursa yöresi tavuk çitliklerinin içme sularındaki nitrat düzeyleri. Uludağ Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 12, 20-23.
Afyonkarahisar’da içme ve kuyu sularının bazı mikrobiyolojik, kimyasal analizleri ve nitrat nitrit düzeyleri
Öz
Ocak-Aralık 2003 döneminde Afyonkarahisar şehir merkezi ve bu ile bağlı 6 belediyeden toplam 100 adet çeşme ve 100 adet kuyu suyu örneği toplanıldı ve bazı mikrobiyolojik, kimyasal parametreler ile nitrat nitrit düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla analiz edildi. Total (TCC) ve fekal (termotolerant) koliform (FCC), Escherichia coli izolasyonu çoklu tüp fermentasyon tekniği ile saptanırken, sülfit indirgeyen anaerob bakteri (SPS), enterokok (EC), Pseudomonas spp. (Ps), koagulaz pozitif stafilokok (CPS), mikrokok/stafilokok (MS) ve aerob mezofil genel canlı (TVC) sayılarını belirlemek amacıyla yayma plak yöntemi kullanıldı. Salmonella spp. izolasyonu amacıyla iki aşamalı zenginleştirme işlemi uygulandı. Ayrıca, suların pH değeri, sertlik düzeyi, kalsiyum, nitrat, nitrit, amonyak ve total organik madde miktarı da saptandı. Çeşme ve kuyu suları örneklerinde sertlik sırasıyla %19 ve %20’sinde ≥32°F olarak belirlendi. Kalsiyum konsantrasyonu çeşme sularının sırasıyla %7’sinde ve kuyu sularının %13’ünde ≥100 mg/l olduğu bulundu. pH değeri çeşme ve kuyu suları örneklerinin sırasıyla %6 ve %7’sinde ≥8 olduğu belirlendi. Sularda amonyak saptanamadı. Nitrat konsantrasyonu içme ve kuyu sularında sırasıyla %48 ve %78 düzeylerinde içme sularında güvenlik için kabul edilen 45 mg/l’den (İçme Suyu Yönetmeliği) yüksekti. Nitrit ise içme sularında %38 ve kuyu sularında %58 oranlarında yönetmeliğin izin verdiği limitin (0,05 mg/l) üzerinde bulundu. Sonuç olarak, %15 çeşme ve %16 kuyu suyu örnekleri TCC ve FCC yönünden, %1 çeşme suyu Salmonella spp. yönünden, %47 kuyu ve %39 çeşme suyu örnekleri total organik madde yönünden, %48 çeşme ve %78 kuyu suyu örnekleri nitrat ve %38 çeşme ve %58 kuyu suyu örnekleri nitrit yönünden Türk Gıda Kodeksi’ne uygun olmadığı saptanıldı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- American Public Health Association (APHA) (1976): Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. A.P.H.A. Inc. Washington D.C.
- American Water Works Association (AWWA) (1999): Water quality and treatment, 5th ed. New York: McGraw- Hill.
- Anonim (1997): İçme Suları Tebliği. 23172 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- Anonim (2005): Sular-İnsani tüketim amaçlı sular (Water intended for human consumption). TS 266.
- Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1995): Bacteriological Analytical Manual. 8 Ed. AOAC. Washington DC. th
- Babiker IS, Mohamed MAA, Terao H, Kato K, Ohta K (2004): Assessment of groundwater contamination by nitrate leaching from intensive vegetable cultivation using geographical information system. Environ Int, 29, 1009- 1017.
- Baumgart J (1986): Mikrobiologische Untersuchung von Lebensmitteln. B. Behr’s Verlag
- Center of Diseases Control (CDC) (2004): Surveillance data from public spa inspections-United States, May-September 2002. MMWR, 53, 553-555.
- Cohn PD, Cox M, Berger PS (1999): Health and aesthetic aspects of water quality. Chapter 2. In: RD. Letterman Eds. Water Quality and Treatment, McGraw- Hill, Inc, New York.
- ECETOC (1988): Nitrate and drinking water. Brussels, European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre (Technical Report No. 27).
- European Union Council (EUC) (1980): Council directive relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption. (80/778/EEC). http://www.italo corotondo.it/tequila/module4/legislation/drink_water_direc tive_80.htm 15.12.2005
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1995): Escherichia coli and Coliform Bacteria, Chapter 4. In: Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8th ed. AOAC International.
- Giannoulis N, Maipa V, Konstantinou I, Albanis T, Dimoliatis I (2005): Microbiological risk assessment of Agios Georgios source supplies in Northwestern Greece based on faecal coliforms determination and sanitary inspection survey. Chemosphere, 58, 1269-1276. GmbH&Co., Berlin und Hamburg.
- Hasde M, Oğur R, Tekbaş ÖF (2002): Ankara il merkezinde bulunan askeri birliklerdeki kuyu sularının polimeraz zincir reaksiyon sistemi ile mikrobiyolojik analizlerinin yapılması. Gülhane Tıp Der, 44, 373-377.
- Johnson CJ, Bonrod PA, Dosch TI, Kilness AW, Senger KA, Busch DC, Meyer MR (1987) Fatal outcome of methemoglobinemia in an infant. J Am Med Ass, 257, 2796-2807.
- Mahler BJ, Personne JC, Lods GF, Drogue C (2000): Transport of free and particulate-associated bacteria in karst. J Hyd, 238,179-193.
- Marsh TJ (1980): Towards a nitrate balance for England and Wales. Water Serv October, 601-606.
- McLay CDA, Dragten R, Sparling G, Selvarajah N (2001): Predicting groundwater nitrate concentrations in region of mixed agricultural land use: a comparison of three approaches. Environ Pollut, 115, 191-204.
- Nolan BT (2001): Relating nitrogen sources and aquifer susceptibility to nitrate in shallow groundwater’s of the United States. Ground Water, 39, 290-299.
- Oren O, Yechieli Y, Böhlke JK, Dody A (2004): Contamination of groundwater under cultivated fields in an arid environment central Arava Valley, Israel. J Hyd, 290, 312-328.
- Özdemir M, Yavuz H, İnce S (2004): Afyon Bölgesi kuyu sularında nitrat ve nitrit düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 51, 25-28.
- Payment P, Richardson L, Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Edwardes M, Franco E (1991): A randomized trial to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal disease due to consumption of drinking water meeting current microbiological standards. AJPH, 81, 703-708.
- Reid DC, Edwards AC, Cooper D, Wilson E, Mcgaw BA (2003): The quality of drinking water from private water supplies in Aberdeenshire, UK. Water Res, 37, 245- 254.
- Spalding RF, Exner ME (1993): Occurrence of nitrate in ground-water a review. J Environ Quality, 22, 392-402.
- Stahr HM (1991): Analytical methods in Toxicology. 15- 19. John Wiley&Sons, Inc.,New York.
- Thatcher FS, Clark DS (1978): Microorganisms in Foods (2nd edition), University of Toronto Pres, Toronto- Buffalo, London.
- US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2006): Ground water & drinking water. Consumer Fact sheet on: Nitrates/Nitrites. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-ioc/ nitrates.html, 03.01.2006
- Van Duijvenboden W, Matthijen AJCM (1989): Integrated criteria document nitrate. Bilthoven, Rijksintituut voor de Volsksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM Report No. 758473012).
- Vassiliadis P, Trichopoulos D, Pateraki E, Papaiconomou N (1978). Isolation of Salmonella from minced meat by the use of a new procedure of enrichment, Zentr Bakteriol [Orig B], 166, 81–86.
- World Health Organisation (WHO) (2004): Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Third Edition, Volume 1 Recommendations, Geneva. Printed in China by Sun Fung.
- Yavuz H, Kaya S, Akar F (1993): Hayvanlarda içme suyu olarak kullanılan kuyu sularında nitrat ve nitrit düzeyleri. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 40, 16-22.
- Yılmaz O, Sonal S, Ceylan S (1993): Bursa yöresi tavuk çitliklerinin içme sularındaki nitrat düzeyleri. Uludağ Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 12, 20-23.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Haziran 2007 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2007 |