Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 66 Sayı: 4, 407 - 416, 09.09.2019
Bu makale 9 Eylül 2019 tarihinde geri çekildi. http://vetjournal.ankara.edu.tr/tr/pub/auvfd/issue/47708/1200174
Öz
Kaynakça
- 1. Akçam FZ, Gonen I, Kaya O, et al (2004): Hastane enfeksiyonu etkeni cesitli Gram-negatif bakterilerde genislemis spektrumlu beta-laktamaz yapiminin iki yontemle arastirilmasi. Klimik, 17, 47-49.
- 2. Aktas AE, Sahin AU, Yigit N, et al (2001): Gram negatif bakterilerde genislemis spektrumlu beta-laktamazların cift disk sinerji ve E-test yontemleri ile arastirilmasi. Infek Derg, 15, 325-328.
- 3. Alpay-Karaoglu S, Ozgumus OB, Sevim E, et al (2007): Investigation of antibiotic resistance profile and TEM-type β-lactamase gene carriage of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from drinking water. Annals of Microbiology, 57, 281.
- 4. Bélanger L, Garenaux A, Harel J, et al (2011): Escherichia coli from animal reservoirs as a potential source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 62, 1-10.
- 5. Börjesson S, Ny S, Egervärn M, et al (2016): Limited dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase–and plasmid-encoded AmpC–producing Escherichia coli from food and farm animals, Sweden. Emerg Infects Dis, 22, 634.
- 6. Briñas L, Moreno MA, Zarazaga M, et al (2003): Detection of CMY-2, CTX-M-14, and SHV-12 β-lactamases in Escherichia coli fecal-sample isolates from healthy chickens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 2056-2058.
- 7. Burcu BE, Açik L, Sultan N (2010): Phenotypic and molecular characterization of SHV, TEM, CTX-M and extended-spectrum–lactamase produced by Escherichia coli, Acinobacter baumannii and Klebsiella isolates in a Turkish hospital. Afr J Microbiol Res, 4, 650-654.
- 8. Bush K, Jacoby GA, Medeiros AA (1995): A functional classification scheme for B-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 39, 1211-1233.
- 9. Celik AD, Yulugkural Z, Kuloglu F, et al (2010): CTX-M type extended spectrum β-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolates from community acquired upper urinary tract infections at a university in the european part of Turkey. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 43, 163-167.
- 10. CLSI (2012). M100-S25: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Twenty-Fifth Informational Supplement. http://file.qums.ac.ir/repository/mmrc/CLSI2015.pdf. (18 July 2018).
- 11. Dahms C, Hübner NO, Kossow A, et al (2015): Occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in livestock and farm workers in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. PloS one, 10, e0143326.
- 12. Durmaz R, Otlu B, Koksal F, et al (2009): The optimisation of a rapid pulsed field gel electrophoresis protocol for the typing of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherischia coli and Klebsiella spp. Jpn J Infect Dis, 62, 372-377.
- 13. Esther-Maria A, Lothar HW, Christa E (2009): Adhesive threads of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Pathogens, 1, 1-22.
- 14. Gardiner K (1991): Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Anal Chem, 63, 658-665.
- 15. Glover M, Moreira CG, Sperandio V, et al (2014): Recurrent urinary tract infections in healthy and nonpregnant women. Urol Sci, 25, 1-8.
- 16. Goering RV (2010): Pulsed field gel electrophoresis: a review of application and interpretation in the molecular epidemiology of infectious disease. Infect Genet Evol, 10, 866-875.
- 17. Gonullu N, Aktas Z, Kayacan CB, et al (2008): Dissemination of CTX-M-15 b-lactamase genes carried on Inc FI and II plasmids among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in a University Hospital in İstanbul, Turkey. J Clin Microbiol, 46, 1110-1112.
- 18. Gulamber C, Altindis M, Kalayci R, et al (2012): Molecular characterization of nosocomial CTX-M type ß-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae from University Hospital in Turkey. Afr J Microbiol Res, 6, 5552-5557.
- 19. Gupta K, Hooton TM (2004): Duration of therapy for urinary tract infection: the long and the short of it. Clin Infect Dis, 39, 665-666.
- 20. Guven GT, Kalayci Y, Yaman A, et al (2018): Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains by spa typing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis methods. BMC Microbiol, 18, 155-162.
- 21. Ho PL, Tsang DN, Que TL, et al (2000): Comparison of screening methods for detection extended spectrum betalactamases and their prevalance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in Hong Kong. APMIS, 108, 237-240.
- 22. Huijbers PM, Graat EA, Haenen AP, et al (2014): Extended-spectrum and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in broilers and people living and/or working on broiler farms: prevalence, risk factors and molecular characteristics. J Antimicrob Chemother, 69, 2669-2675.
- 23. Jain A, Roy I, Gupta MK, et al (2003): Prevalance of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram negative bacteria in septiceamic neonates in tertiary care hospital. J Med Microbiol, 52, 421-425.
- 24. Jouini A, Vinue L, Slama KB, et al (2007): Characterization of CTX-M and SHV extended-spectrum β-lactamases and associated resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains of food samples in Tunisia. J Antimicrob Chemother, 60, 1137-1141.
- 25. Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL (2004): Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2, 123–140.
- 26. Katouli M (2010): Population structure of gut Escherichia coli and its role in development of extra-intestinal infections. Iran J Microbiol, 2, 59.
- 27. Köksal E, Tulek N, Sonmezer MC, et al (2019): Investigation of risk factors for communityacquired urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Investig Clin Urol, 60, 46-53.
- 28. Leverstein-van Hall MA, Dierikx CM, Cohen Stuart J, et al (2011): Dutch patients, retail chicken meat and poultry share the same ESBL genes, plasmids and strains. Clin Microbiol Infect, 17, 873-80.
- 29. Livermore DM, Canton R, Gniadkowski M, et al (2007): CTX-M: changing the face of ESBLs in Europe. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 59, 165-174.
- 30. Maciuca IE, Williams NJ, Tuchilus C, et al (2015): High prevalence of Escherichia coli-producing CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in poultry and human clinical isolates in Romania. Microb Drug Resist, 21, 651-662.
- 31. Mendonça N, Leitão J, Manageiro V, et al (2007): Spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 51, 1946-1955.
- 32. Olin SJ, Bartges JW (2015): Urinary tract infections: treatment/comparative therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 45, 721-746.
- 33. Ozkan C, Oldacay M, Erdem G (2002): Hastane infeksiyonu etkeni olarak izole edilen Eschrerichia coli ve Klebsiella pneumoniae suslarinda genislemis spektrumlu beta-laktamaz sikligi. ANKEM Derg, 16, 65-68.
- 34. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA (2005): Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a clinical update. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 18, 657-686.
- 35. Pehlivanoğlu F, Türütoğlu H, Öztürk D, et al (2017): Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing fecal Escherichia coli isolates in laying hens. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 64, 301-306.
- 36. Perez F, Endimiani A, Hujer KM, et al (2007): The continuing challenge of ESBLS. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 7, 459-469.
- 37. Ramphal R, Ambrose PG (2006): Extended spektrum beta-lactamases and clinical outcomes: Current data. Clin Inf Dis, 42, 164-172.
- 38. Rasheed MU, Thajuddin N, Ahamed P (2014): Antimicrobial drug resistance in strains of Escherichia coli isolated from food sources. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 56, 341-346.
- 39. Rawat D, Nair D (2010): Extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. J Glob Infect Dis, 2, 263.
- 40. Sahin I, Kaya D, Oksuz C et al (2003): Klinik orneklerden izole edilen Gram-negatif comaklarda genislemis spektrumlu beta-laktamaz sikligi ve antibiyotik duyarliligi. Infek Derg, 17, 45-48.
- 41. Senbayrak S, Boz ES, Cevan S, et al (2017): Antibiotic resistance trends and the ESBL prevalence of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. urinary isolates in in-and outpatients in a tertiary care hospital in İstanbul, 2004-2012. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 10, e13098.
- 42. Shaikh S, Fatima J, Shakil S, et al (2015): Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamases: types, epidemiology and treatment. Saudi J Biol Sci, 22, 90-101.
- 43. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, et al (1995): Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed- field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol, 33, 2233-2239.
- 44. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV (1997): How to select and interpret molecular strain typing methods for epidemiological studies of bacterial infections: a review for healthcare epidemiologists. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 18, 426-439.
- 45. Tenover FC, Mohammed JM, Gorton T, et al (1999): Detection and reporting of organisms producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: survey of laboratories in connecticut. J Clin Microbiol, 37, 4065-4070.
- 46. Tzelepi E, Magana CH, Platsouka E, et al (2003): Extended spectrum beta-lactamase types in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in two Greek hospitals. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 21, 285-288.
- 47. Ünal N, Karagöz A, Aşkar Ş, et al (2017): Extended-spectrum β-lactamases among cloacal Escherichia coli isolates in healthy broilers in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 41, 72-76.
- 48. Ventola CL (2015): The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharm Ther, 40, 277.
- 49. Viau RA, Kiedrowski LM, Kreiswirth BN, et al (2017): A comparison of molecular typing methods applied to Enterobacter cloacae complex: hsp60 sequencing, Rep-PCR, and MLST. Pathog Immun, 2, 23-33.
- 50. Wagenlehner FME, Naber KG (2006): Treatment of bacterial urinary tract infections: presence and future. Eur Urology, 49, 235-244.
- 51. Yumuk Z, Afacan G, Nicolas-Chanoine MH, et al (2008): Turkey: a further country concerned by community-acquired Escherichia coli clone O25-ST131 producing CTX-M-15. J Antimicrob Chemother, 62, 284-288.
- 52. Zaoutis ET, Goyal M, Chu JH, et al (2005): Risk factors for outcomes of bloodstream infection caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella species in children. Pediatrics, 115, 942-949.
- 53. Zogg AL, Zurfluh K, Schmitt S, et al (2018): Antimicrobial resistance, multilocus sequence types and virulence profiles of ESBL producing and non-ESBL producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from
Geri Çekildi: Determination of antibiotic susceptibility, ESBL genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-containing Escherichia coli isolates
Bu makale 9 Eylül 2019 tarihinde geri çekildi. http://vetjournal.ankara.edu.tr/tr/pub/auvfd/issue/47708/1200174
Öz
The purpose of
this study was to determine the phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility patterns,
extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes and genotypic profiles of
ESBL-positive Escherichia coli
strains isolated from urine samples obtained from outpatients with urinary
tract infection in Turkey. A total of 120 E.
coli strains during 2017, 2018, and 2019 (40 patients per year) were
examined for antibiotic susceptibility patterns by disc diffusion method, for
ESBL genes using PCR and sequencing and for molecular typing by pulsed-field
gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. The isolates were evaluated for their
sensitivity to 21 different antibiotics. Four different antimicrobial
resistance patterns were determined according to antibiotic susceptibility
status of the isolates. The β-lactamase genes detected in the isolates were
CTX-M-15 + OXA-1 (n= 14), CTX-M-15 (n= 24), TEM-1 + CTX-M-15 (n= 52), TEM-1 +
SHV-12 (n=6), SHV-12 1 (n= 6), TEM-1 + CTX-M-1 (n= 6), TEM-1 + CTX-M-16 (n= 6)
and TEM-1 + CTX-M-9 (n= 6). The CTX-M-15 was the most prevalent ESBL enzyme in
the isolates. As a result of PFGE analysis performed by XbaI enzyme restriction
process, one major PFGE profile and three main groups (Group I-II-III) were
observed. While antibiotic resistance profiles of the strains showed four
groups (RI-RII-RIII-RIV), PFGE band profiles showed a major group (90%
similarity ratio). High ESBL production and decreased susceptibility to
broad-spectrum cephalosporins were observed in E. coli strains. In addition, PFGE analysis showed high clonal
similarity among E. coli isolates.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antimicrobial drug resistance ESBL genes Escherichia coli molecular subtyping pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Kaynakça
- 1. Akçam FZ, Gonen I, Kaya O, et al (2004): Hastane enfeksiyonu etkeni cesitli Gram-negatif bakterilerde genislemis spektrumlu beta-laktamaz yapiminin iki yontemle arastirilmasi. Klimik, 17, 47-49.
- 2. Aktas AE, Sahin AU, Yigit N, et al (2001): Gram negatif bakterilerde genislemis spektrumlu beta-laktamazların cift disk sinerji ve E-test yontemleri ile arastirilmasi. Infek Derg, 15, 325-328.
- 3. Alpay-Karaoglu S, Ozgumus OB, Sevim E, et al (2007): Investigation of antibiotic resistance profile and TEM-type β-lactamase gene carriage of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from drinking water. Annals of Microbiology, 57, 281.
- 4. Bélanger L, Garenaux A, Harel J, et al (2011): Escherichia coli from animal reservoirs as a potential source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 62, 1-10.
- 5. Börjesson S, Ny S, Egervärn M, et al (2016): Limited dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase–and plasmid-encoded AmpC–producing Escherichia coli from food and farm animals, Sweden. Emerg Infects Dis, 22, 634.
- 6. Briñas L, Moreno MA, Zarazaga M, et al (2003): Detection of CMY-2, CTX-M-14, and SHV-12 β-lactamases in Escherichia coli fecal-sample isolates from healthy chickens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 2056-2058.
- 7. Burcu BE, Açik L, Sultan N (2010): Phenotypic and molecular characterization of SHV, TEM, CTX-M and extended-spectrum–lactamase produced by Escherichia coli, Acinobacter baumannii and Klebsiella isolates in a Turkish hospital. Afr J Microbiol Res, 4, 650-654.
- 8. Bush K, Jacoby GA, Medeiros AA (1995): A functional classification scheme for B-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 39, 1211-1233.
- 9. Celik AD, Yulugkural Z, Kuloglu F, et al (2010): CTX-M type extended spectrum β-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolates from community acquired upper urinary tract infections at a university in the european part of Turkey. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 43, 163-167.
- 10. CLSI (2012). M100-S25: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Twenty-Fifth Informational Supplement. http://file.qums.ac.ir/repository/mmrc/CLSI2015.pdf. (18 July 2018).
- 11. Dahms C, Hübner NO, Kossow A, et al (2015): Occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in livestock and farm workers in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. PloS one, 10, e0143326.
- 12. Durmaz R, Otlu B, Koksal F, et al (2009): The optimisation of a rapid pulsed field gel electrophoresis protocol for the typing of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherischia coli and Klebsiella spp. Jpn J Infect Dis, 62, 372-377.
- 13. Esther-Maria A, Lothar HW, Christa E (2009): Adhesive threads of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Pathogens, 1, 1-22.
- 14. Gardiner K (1991): Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Anal Chem, 63, 658-665.
- 15. Glover M, Moreira CG, Sperandio V, et al (2014): Recurrent urinary tract infections in healthy and nonpregnant women. Urol Sci, 25, 1-8.
- 16. Goering RV (2010): Pulsed field gel electrophoresis: a review of application and interpretation in the molecular epidemiology of infectious disease. Infect Genet Evol, 10, 866-875.
- 17. Gonullu N, Aktas Z, Kayacan CB, et al (2008): Dissemination of CTX-M-15 b-lactamase genes carried on Inc FI and II plasmids among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in a University Hospital in İstanbul, Turkey. J Clin Microbiol, 46, 1110-1112.
- 18. Gulamber C, Altindis M, Kalayci R, et al (2012): Molecular characterization of nosocomial CTX-M type ß-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae from University Hospital in Turkey. Afr J Microbiol Res, 6, 5552-5557.
- 19. Gupta K, Hooton TM (2004): Duration of therapy for urinary tract infection: the long and the short of it. Clin Infect Dis, 39, 665-666.
- 20. Guven GT, Kalayci Y, Yaman A, et al (2018): Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains by spa typing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis methods. BMC Microbiol, 18, 155-162.
- 21. Ho PL, Tsang DN, Que TL, et al (2000): Comparison of screening methods for detection extended spectrum betalactamases and their prevalance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in Hong Kong. APMIS, 108, 237-240.
- 22. Huijbers PM, Graat EA, Haenen AP, et al (2014): Extended-spectrum and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in broilers and people living and/or working on broiler farms: prevalence, risk factors and molecular characteristics. J Antimicrob Chemother, 69, 2669-2675.
- 23. Jain A, Roy I, Gupta MK, et al (2003): Prevalance of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram negative bacteria in septiceamic neonates in tertiary care hospital. J Med Microbiol, 52, 421-425.
- 24. Jouini A, Vinue L, Slama KB, et al (2007): Characterization of CTX-M and SHV extended-spectrum β-lactamases and associated resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains of food samples in Tunisia. J Antimicrob Chemother, 60, 1137-1141.
- 25. Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL (2004): Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2, 123–140.
- 26. Katouli M (2010): Population structure of gut Escherichia coli and its role in development of extra-intestinal infections. Iran J Microbiol, 2, 59.
- 27. Köksal E, Tulek N, Sonmezer MC, et al (2019): Investigation of risk factors for communityacquired urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Investig Clin Urol, 60, 46-53.
- 28. Leverstein-van Hall MA, Dierikx CM, Cohen Stuart J, et al (2011): Dutch patients, retail chicken meat and poultry share the same ESBL genes, plasmids and strains. Clin Microbiol Infect, 17, 873-80.
- 29. Livermore DM, Canton R, Gniadkowski M, et al (2007): CTX-M: changing the face of ESBLs in Europe. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 59, 165-174.
- 30. Maciuca IE, Williams NJ, Tuchilus C, et al (2015): High prevalence of Escherichia coli-producing CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in poultry and human clinical isolates in Romania. Microb Drug Resist, 21, 651-662.
- 31. Mendonça N, Leitão J, Manageiro V, et al (2007): Spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 51, 1946-1955.
- 32. Olin SJ, Bartges JW (2015): Urinary tract infections: treatment/comparative therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 45, 721-746.
- 33. Ozkan C, Oldacay M, Erdem G (2002): Hastane infeksiyonu etkeni olarak izole edilen Eschrerichia coli ve Klebsiella pneumoniae suslarinda genislemis spektrumlu beta-laktamaz sikligi. ANKEM Derg, 16, 65-68.
- 34. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA (2005): Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a clinical update. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 18, 657-686.
- 35. Pehlivanoğlu F, Türütoğlu H, Öztürk D, et al (2017): Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing fecal Escherichia coli isolates in laying hens. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 64, 301-306.
- 36. Perez F, Endimiani A, Hujer KM, et al (2007): The continuing challenge of ESBLS. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 7, 459-469.
- 37. Ramphal R, Ambrose PG (2006): Extended spektrum beta-lactamases and clinical outcomes: Current data. Clin Inf Dis, 42, 164-172.
- 38. Rasheed MU, Thajuddin N, Ahamed P (2014): Antimicrobial drug resistance in strains of Escherichia coli isolated from food sources. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 56, 341-346.
- 39. Rawat D, Nair D (2010): Extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. J Glob Infect Dis, 2, 263.
- 40. Sahin I, Kaya D, Oksuz C et al (2003): Klinik orneklerden izole edilen Gram-negatif comaklarda genislemis spektrumlu beta-laktamaz sikligi ve antibiyotik duyarliligi. Infek Derg, 17, 45-48.
- 41. Senbayrak S, Boz ES, Cevan S, et al (2017): Antibiotic resistance trends and the ESBL prevalence of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. urinary isolates in in-and outpatients in a tertiary care hospital in İstanbul, 2004-2012. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 10, e13098.
- 42. Shaikh S, Fatima J, Shakil S, et al (2015): Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamases: types, epidemiology and treatment. Saudi J Biol Sci, 22, 90-101.
- 43. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, et al (1995): Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed- field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol, 33, 2233-2239.
- 44. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV (1997): How to select and interpret molecular strain typing methods for epidemiological studies of bacterial infections: a review for healthcare epidemiologists. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 18, 426-439.
- 45. Tenover FC, Mohammed JM, Gorton T, et al (1999): Detection and reporting of organisms producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: survey of laboratories in connecticut. J Clin Microbiol, 37, 4065-4070.
- 46. Tzelepi E, Magana CH, Platsouka E, et al (2003): Extended spectrum beta-lactamase types in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in two Greek hospitals. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 21, 285-288.
- 47. Ünal N, Karagöz A, Aşkar Ş, et al (2017): Extended-spectrum β-lactamases among cloacal Escherichia coli isolates in healthy broilers in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 41, 72-76.
- 48. Ventola CL (2015): The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharm Ther, 40, 277.
- 49. Viau RA, Kiedrowski LM, Kreiswirth BN, et al (2017): A comparison of molecular typing methods applied to Enterobacter cloacae complex: hsp60 sequencing, Rep-PCR, and MLST. Pathog Immun, 2, 23-33.
- 50. Wagenlehner FME, Naber KG (2006): Treatment of bacterial urinary tract infections: presence and future. Eur Urology, 49, 235-244.
- 51. Yumuk Z, Afacan G, Nicolas-Chanoine MH, et al (2008): Turkey: a further country concerned by community-acquired Escherichia coli clone O25-ST131 producing CTX-M-15. J Antimicrob Chemother, 62, 284-288.
- 52. Zaoutis ET, Goyal M, Chu JH, et al (2005): Risk factors for outcomes of bloodstream infection caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella species in children. Pediatrics, 115, 942-949.
- 53. Zogg AL, Zurfluh K, Schmitt S, et al (2018): Antimicrobial resistance, multilocus sequence types and virulence profiles of ESBL producing and non-ESBL producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 9 Eylül 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019Cilt: 66 Sayı: 4 |