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Some Drugs Used in The Treatment of COVID-19 and Pharmacological Evaluation

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: COVID-19, 120 - 129, 13.07.2020

Öz

Coronaviruses are factors that affect the respiratory tract of mammals, including humans, leading to mild or severerespiratory infections. The disease caused by coronavirus-2, which is characterized as severe acute respiratorysyndrome, COVID-19 epidemic has affected the whole world. It increases its severity day by day. Drugs or vaccineswith proven efficacy have emerged as an urgent need to treat or prevent human coronavirus infection. Researchesare being carried out all over the world and remedies are sought. In this review, the items to be qualified as potentialtherapeutic agents are briefly mentioned. Since the effects of these substances for the Covid-19 outbreak are generallyexamined in vitro, research is needed on the reactions to be given when they are given to the living organism. In orderto show the effectiveness of the drug, it must be absorbed from the application site and reach the target point.Likewise, the negative effects on the living organism should be minimal. This can be demonstrated by the efficacy,safety and pharmacokinetic studies to be performed. More clinical studies are needed to confirm the efficacy andsafety of these substances in the treatment of COVID-19.

Kaynakça

  • Aromolaran AS, Srivastava U, Ali A, Chahine M, Lazaro D, ElSherif N, Capecchi PL, Laghi-Pasini F, Lazzerini PE, Boutjdir M. (2018) Interleukin-6 inhibition of hERG underlies risk for acquired long QT in cardiac and systemic inflammation. PloS One.13:e0208321.
  • Brown AJ, Won JJ, Graham RL, Dinnon KH, Sims AC, Feng JY, Cihlar T, Denison MR, Baric RS, Sheahan TP. (2019) Broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Antiviral research, 169, 104541.
  • Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM. (2020) The FDA-approved Drug Ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral research, 104787.
  • Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. (2020) A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19. N Engl J Med, 382(19): 1787-1799.
  • Capel RA, Herring N, Kalla M, Yavari A, Mirams GR, Douglas G, Bub G, Channon K, Paterson DJ, Terrar DA, et al. (2015) Hydroxychloroquine reduces heart rate by modulating the hyperpolarization-activated current If: novel electrophysiological insights and therapeutic potential. Heart Rhythm, 12: 2186-2194.
  • Channappanavar R, Fett C, Mack M, Ten Eyck PP, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. (2017) Sex-Based Differences in Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. J Immunol, 198: 4046-4053.
  • Chan JF, Yao Y, Yeung ML, Deng W, Bao L, Jia L, Li F, Xiao C, Gao H, Yu P, Cai JP, Chu H, Zhou J, Chen H, Qin C, Yuen KY.(2015) Treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or interferonb1b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset. J Infect Dis, 212: 1904–13.
  • Choi Y, Lim H-S, Chung D, Choi J-G, Yoon D. (2018) Risk evaluation of azithromycin-induced QT prolongation in real-world practice. BioMed Research International, 1574806. Doi: 10.1155/2018/1574806.
  • Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, Wong MM, Chan KH, Chan KS, Kao RYT, Poon LLM, Wong CLP, Guan Y, Peiris JSM, Yuen KY. (2004) Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax, 59: 252–6.
  • Cvetkovic RS, Goa KL. (2003) Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs, 63:769– 802.
  • Dayer MR. (2020) Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Deactivation via Spike Glycoprotein Shielding by Old Drugs, Bioinformatic Study. Doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0020.v1.
  • Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. (2020) Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 14(1): 58-60.
  • Erdemir F, Uysal G, Akman A, Çırlak A. (2011) Yeni ve Yeniden Tanımlanan Enfeksiyonlar ve Enfeksiyon Kontrolü II 21. Yüzyılda Yeniden Tanımlanan Enfeksiyonlar ve Enfeksiyon Kontrolü. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 27 (1): 61-75.
  • Gul MH, Htun ZM, Shaukat N, Imran M, Khan A. (2020) Potential specific therapies in COVID-19. Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 14: 1–12.
  • Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. (2020) First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med, 382: 929–36.
  • Kauthale RR, Dadarkar SS, Husain R, Karande VV, Gatne MM. (2015) Assessment of temperature-induced hERG channel blockade variation by drugs. J Appl Toxicol. 35: 799-805.
  • Kaya S (2007). Avermektinler. In: Veteriner Farmakoloji II, Kaya S (Ed), 4th, Medisan, Ankara, S: 489-545.
  • Kim Y, Liu H, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Weerasekara S, Hua DH, Groutas WC, Chang KO, Pedersen NC. (2016a) Reversal of the Progression of Fatal Coronavirus Infection in Cats by a Broad-Spectrum Coronavirus Protease Inhibitor. PLoS pathogens. 12(3): 1-18.
  • Kim UJ, Won EJ, Kee SJ, Jung SI, Jang HC. (2016b) Combination therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon-a for Middle East respira-tory syndrome. Antivir Ther, 21: 455–9.
  • Liu S, Xiao G, Chen Y, He Y, Niu J, Escalante CR, Xiong H, Farmar J, Debnath AK, Tien P, Jiang S. (2004) Interaction between heptad repeat 1 and 2 regions in spike protein of SARSassociated coronavirus: implications for virus fusogenic mechanism and identification of fusion inhibitors. Lancet 363(9413): 938-47.
  • Lu L, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Chan KH, Qin L, Li Y, Wang Q, Chan JF, Du L, Yu F, Ma C, Ye S, Yuen KY, Zhang R, Jiang S. (2014) Structurebased discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion inhibitor. Nat. Commun. 5:3067.
  • Lu H. (2020) Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Bioscience trends, 14(1): 69-71. Lu CC, Chen MY, Chang YL. (2020) Potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19: What we know so far. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1097/ JCMA.0000000000000318.
  • Lundberg L, Pinkham C, Baer A, Amaya M, Narayanan A, Wagstaff KM, Jans DA, Kehn-Hall K. (2013) Nuclear import and export inhibitors alter capsid protein distribution in mammalian cells and reduce Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus replication. Antiviral Res, 100(3): 662-72.
  • Mackenzie AH. (1983) Dose refinements in long-term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with antimalarials. The American journal of medicine, 75(1): 40-45.
  • Mosholder AD, Mathew J, Alexander JJ, Smith H., Nambiar S. (2013) Cardiovascular risks with azithromycin and other antibacterial drugs. N Engl J Med, 368:1665–1668.
  • Ray WA, Murray KT, Hall K, Arbogast PG, Stein CM. (2012) Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death. N Engl J Med, 366:1881-1890.
  • Roden DM, Harrington RA, Poppas A, Russo AM. (2020) Considerations for drug interactions on QTc in exploratory COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) treatment. Circulation. 141 (24): e906-e907. https://doi.org/10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047521.
  • Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, Schäfer A, Won J, Brown AJ, Montgomery SA, Hogg, A, Babusis D, Clarke, MO, Spahn JE, Bauer L, Sellers S, Porter D, Feng JY, Cihlar T, Jordan R, Denison MR, Baric RS. (2020) Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun, 11:222.
  • Savarino A, Di Trani L, Donatelli I, Cauda R, Cassone A. (2006) New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine. The Lancet infectious diseases, 6(2): 67-69.
  • Sears SP, Getz TW, Austin CO, Palmer WC, Boyd EA, Stancampiano FF. (2016) Incidence of sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with prolonged QTc after the administration of azithromycin: a retrospective study. Drugs Real World Outcomes, 3:99-105.
  • Şenol C, Bilsel A. (2020) Türkiye’de Covıd-19 (Coronavirüs) Pandemisinin Durumu ve Algoritmik Hesaplamaya Göre Gelecekteki Durum Analizi. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(25):535-546.
  • Şimşek Yavuz S, Ünal S. (2020). Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50: 611-619.
  • Tay MYF, Fraser, JE, Chana WKK, Moreland NJ, Rathore AP, Wang C, Vasudevan SG, Jans DA. (2013) Nuclear localization of dengue virus (DENV) 1-4 non-structural protein 5; protection against all 4 DENV serotypes by the inhibitor Ivermectin. Antiviral Res, 99(3): 301-6.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020a) COVID-19 Erişkin Hasta Yönetimi ve Tedavisi. Güncellenme Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2020. Erişim adresi: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/tedavi/ COVID19-EriskinHastaTedavisi.pdf.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020b) COVID-19 (SARS-COV2 Enfeksiyonu) Tedavisinde Kullanılacak İlaçlara İlişkin Bilgiler ( Oseltamivir 75 mg Sert Kapsül). Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2020. Erişim adresi: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov. tr/depo/tedavi/ilac/OSELTAMIVIR_75_MG_SERT_KAPSUL. pdf.
  • Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. (2020) Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARSCoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell, 180: 1-12.
  • Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu, Z, Zhong W, Xiao G. (2020) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res, 30: 269-71.
  • Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham B, McLellan JS. (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science, 367(6483): 1260-1263.
  • Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HCD, Shannar A, Peter R, Chou PJ, Li S, Hudlikar R, Liu X, Liu Z, Poiani GJ, Amorosa L, Brunetti L, Kong A (2020). An update on current therapeutic drugs treating COVID-19. Current Pharmacology Reports, 6:56- 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-020-00216-7
  • Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST. (2005) Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virology journal, 2(1), 69. Yarsan E (2018). Veteriner İlaç Rehberi 2018-2019. Güneş Tıp Kitapevleri, Ankara.
  • Zhang M, Xie M, Li S, Gao Y, Xue S, Huang H, Chen K, Liu F, Chen L. (2017) Electrophysiologic studies on the risks and potential mechanism underlying the proarrhythmic nature of azithromycin. Cardiovasc Toxicol, 17:434-440.
  • Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Huang Y, Martin W, Cheng F. (2020) Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell discovery, 6(1): 1-18. Zumla A, Chan JF, Azhar EI, Hui DS, Yuen KY. (2016) Coronaviruses - drug discovery and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 15: 327-47.

COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: COVID-19, 120 - 129, 13.07.2020

Öz

Koronavirüsler, insanlar dahil memelilerin solunum yollarını etkileyen, hafif yada şiddetli solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarınayol açan etkenlerdir. Şiddetli akut solunum sendromu olarak nitelenen ve koronavirüs-2’nin neden olduğu hastalıkCovid-19 salgını tüm dünyayı etkisi altına almıştır. Günden güne de ciddiyetini arttırmaktadır. İnsan koronavirüsenfeksiyonunu tedavi etmek veya önlemek için etkinliği kanıtlanmış ilaçlar veya aşılar acil bir ihtiyaç olarak gündemegelmiştir. Dünya genelinde devamlı olarak araştırmalar yapılmakta olup hastalığa çare aranmaktadır. Bu derlemedepotansiyel terapötik ilaç olarak nitelendirilecek maddelerden kısaca bahsedilmiştir. Bu maddelerin Covid-19 salgınıiçin genelde in vitro ortamlarda etkilerinin incelenmesinden dolayı, canlı organizmaya verildiğinde göstereceğireaksiyonlar üzerine araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. İlaç etkinliğini gösterebilmesi için uygulama yerindenemilmesi ve hedef noktaya ulaşması gerekir. Aynı şekilde canlı organizma üzerinde de olumsuz etkilerinin en azdüzeyde olması gerekir. Bu durum yapılacak etkinlik, güvenlik ve farmakokinetik çalışmalar ile ortaya konulabilir.Bu maddelerin COVID-19’un tedavisindeki etkinliğinin ve güvenliğinin doğrulanması için daha fazla klinik çalışmalaraihtiyaç vardır.

Kaynakça

  • Aromolaran AS, Srivastava U, Ali A, Chahine M, Lazaro D, ElSherif N, Capecchi PL, Laghi-Pasini F, Lazzerini PE, Boutjdir M. (2018) Interleukin-6 inhibition of hERG underlies risk for acquired long QT in cardiac and systemic inflammation. PloS One.13:e0208321.
  • Brown AJ, Won JJ, Graham RL, Dinnon KH, Sims AC, Feng JY, Cihlar T, Denison MR, Baric RS, Sheahan TP. (2019) Broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Antiviral research, 169, 104541.
  • Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM. (2020) The FDA-approved Drug Ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral research, 104787.
  • Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. (2020) A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19. N Engl J Med, 382(19): 1787-1799.
  • Capel RA, Herring N, Kalla M, Yavari A, Mirams GR, Douglas G, Bub G, Channon K, Paterson DJ, Terrar DA, et al. (2015) Hydroxychloroquine reduces heart rate by modulating the hyperpolarization-activated current If: novel electrophysiological insights and therapeutic potential. Heart Rhythm, 12: 2186-2194.
  • Channappanavar R, Fett C, Mack M, Ten Eyck PP, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. (2017) Sex-Based Differences in Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. J Immunol, 198: 4046-4053.
  • Chan JF, Yao Y, Yeung ML, Deng W, Bao L, Jia L, Li F, Xiao C, Gao H, Yu P, Cai JP, Chu H, Zhou J, Chen H, Qin C, Yuen KY.(2015) Treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or interferonb1b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset. J Infect Dis, 212: 1904–13.
  • Choi Y, Lim H-S, Chung D, Choi J-G, Yoon D. (2018) Risk evaluation of azithromycin-induced QT prolongation in real-world practice. BioMed Research International, 1574806. Doi: 10.1155/2018/1574806.
  • Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, Wong MM, Chan KH, Chan KS, Kao RYT, Poon LLM, Wong CLP, Guan Y, Peiris JSM, Yuen KY. (2004) Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax, 59: 252–6.
  • Cvetkovic RS, Goa KL. (2003) Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs, 63:769– 802.
  • Dayer MR. (2020) Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Deactivation via Spike Glycoprotein Shielding by Old Drugs, Bioinformatic Study. Doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0020.v1.
  • Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. (2020) Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 14(1): 58-60.
  • Erdemir F, Uysal G, Akman A, Çırlak A. (2011) Yeni ve Yeniden Tanımlanan Enfeksiyonlar ve Enfeksiyon Kontrolü II 21. Yüzyılda Yeniden Tanımlanan Enfeksiyonlar ve Enfeksiyon Kontrolü. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 27 (1): 61-75.
  • Gul MH, Htun ZM, Shaukat N, Imran M, Khan A. (2020) Potential specific therapies in COVID-19. Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 14: 1–12.
  • Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. (2020) First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med, 382: 929–36.
  • Kauthale RR, Dadarkar SS, Husain R, Karande VV, Gatne MM. (2015) Assessment of temperature-induced hERG channel blockade variation by drugs. J Appl Toxicol. 35: 799-805.
  • Kaya S (2007). Avermektinler. In: Veteriner Farmakoloji II, Kaya S (Ed), 4th, Medisan, Ankara, S: 489-545.
  • Kim Y, Liu H, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Weerasekara S, Hua DH, Groutas WC, Chang KO, Pedersen NC. (2016a) Reversal of the Progression of Fatal Coronavirus Infection in Cats by a Broad-Spectrum Coronavirus Protease Inhibitor. PLoS pathogens. 12(3): 1-18.
  • Kim UJ, Won EJ, Kee SJ, Jung SI, Jang HC. (2016b) Combination therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon-a for Middle East respira-tory syndrome. Antivir Ther, 21: 455–9.
  • Liu S, Xiao G, Chen Y, He Y, Niu J, Escalante CR, Xiong H, Farmar J, Debnath AK, Tien P, Jiang S. (2004) Interaction between heptad repeat 1 and 2 regions in spike protein of SARSassociated coronavirus: implications for virus fusogenic mechanism and identification of fusion inhibitors. Lancet 363(9413): 938-47.
  • Lu L, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Chan KH, Qin L, Li Y, Wang Q, Chan JF, Du L, Yu F, Ma C, Ye S, Yuen KY, Zhang R, Jiang S. (2014) Structurebased discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion inhibitor. Nat. Commun. 5:3067.
  • Lu H. (2020) Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Bioscience trends, 14(1): 69-71. Lu CC, Chen MY, Chang YL. (2020) Potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19: What we know so far. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1097/ JCMA.0000000000000318.
  • Lundberg L, Pinkham C, Baer A, Amaya M, Narayanan A, Wagstaff KM, Jans DA, Kehn-Hall K. (2013) Nuclear import and export inhibitors alter capsid protein distribution in mammalian cells and reduce Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus replication. Antiviral Res, 100(3): 662-72.
  • Mackenzie AH. (1983) Dose refinements in long-term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with antimalarials. The American journal of medicine, 75(1): 40-45.
  • Mosholder AD, Mathew J, Alexander JJ, Smith H., Nambiar S. (2013) Cardiovascular risks with azithromycin and other antibacterial drugs. N Engl J Med, 368:1665–1668.
  • Ray WA, Murray KT, Hall K, Arbogast PG, Stein CM. (2012) Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death. N Engl J Med, 366:1881-1890.
  • Roden DM, Harrington RA, Poppas A, Russo AM. (2020) Considerations for drug interactions on QTc in exploratory COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) treatment. Circulation. 141 (24): e906-e907. https://doi.org/10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047521.
  • Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, Schäfer A, Won J, Brown AJ, Montgomery SA, Hogg, A, Babusis D, Clarke, MO, Spahn JE, Bauer L, Sellers S, Porter D, Feng JY, Cihlar T, Jordan R, Denison MR, Baric RS. (2020) Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun, 11:222.
  • Savarino A, Di Trani L, Donatelli I, Cauda R, Cassone A. (2006) New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine. The Lancet infectious diseases, 6(2): 67-69.
  • Sears SP, Getz TW, Austin CO, Palmer WC, Boyd EA, Stancampiano FF. (2016) Incidence of sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with prolonged QTc after the administration of azithromycin: a retrospective study. Drugs Real World Outcomes, 3:99-105.
  • Şenol C, Bilsel A. (2020) Türkiye’de Covıd-19 (Coronavirüs) Pandemisinin Durumu ve Algoritmik Hesaplamaya Göre Gelecekteki Durum Analizi. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(25):535-546.
  • Şimşek Yavuz S, Ünal S. (2020). Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50: 611-619.
  • Tay MYF, Fraser, JE, Chana WKK, Moreland NJ, Rathore AP, Wang C, Vasudevan SG, Jans DA. (2013) Nuclear localization of dengue virus (DENV) 1-4 non-structural protein 5; protection against all 4 DENV serotypes by the inhibitor Ivermectin. Antiviral Res, 99(3): 301-6.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020a) COVID-19 Erişkin Hasta Yönetimi ve Tedavisi. Güncellenme Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2020. Erişim adresi: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/tedavi/ COVID19-EriskinHastaTedavisi.pdf.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020b) COVID-19 (SARS-COV2 Enfeksiyonu) Tedavisinde Kullanılacak İlaçlara İlişkin Bilgiler ( Oseltamivir 75 mg Sert Kapsül). Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2020. Erişim adresi: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov. tr/depo/tedavi/ilac/OSELTAMIVIR_75_MG_SERT_KAPSUL. pdf.
  • Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. (2020) Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARSCoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell, 180: 1-12.
  • Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu, Z, Zhong W, Xiao G. (2020) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res, 30: 269-71.
  • Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham B, McLellan JS. (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science, 367(6483): 1260-1263.
  • Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HCD, Shannar A, Peter R, Chou PJ, Li S, Hudlikar R, Liu X, Liu Z, Poiani GJ, Amorosa L, Brunetti L, Kong A (2020). An update on current therapeutic drugs treating COVID-19. Current Pharmacology Reports, 6:56- 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-020-00216-7
  • Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST. (2005) Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virology journal, 2(1), 69. Yarsan E (2018). Veteriner İlaç Rehberi 2018-2019. Güneş Tıp Kitapevleri, Ankara.
  • Zhang M, Xie M, Li S, Gao Y, Xue S, Huang H, Chen K, Liu F, Chen L. (2017) Electrophysiologic studies on the risks and potential mechanism underlying the proarrhythmic nature of azithromycin. Cardiovasc Toxicol, 17:434-440.
  • Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Huang Y, Martin W, Cheng F. (2020) Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell discovery, 6(1): 1-18. Zumla A, Chan JF, Azhar EI, Hui DS, Yuen KY. (2016) Coronaviruses - drug discovery and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 15: 327-47.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hüsamettin Ekici 0000-0001-6403-737X

Ender Yarsan 0000-0002-3008-9240

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: COVID-19

Kaynak Göster

APA Ekici, H., & Yarsan, E. (2020). COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(COVID-19), 120-129.
AMA Ekici H, Yarsan E. COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme. AvrasyaSBD. Temmuz 2020;3(COVID-19):120-129.
Chicago Ekici, Hüsamettin, ve Ender Yarsan. “COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar Ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3, sy. COVID-19 (Temmuz 2020): 120-29.
EndNote Ekici H, Yarsan E (01 Temmuz 2020) COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3 COVID-19 120–129.
IEEE H. Ekici ve E. Yarsan, “COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme”, AvrasyaSBD, c. 3, sy. COVID-19, ss. 120–129, 2020.
ISNAD Ekici, Hüsamettin - Yarsan, Ender. “COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar Ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3/COVID-19 (Temmuz 2020), 120-129.
JAMA Ekici H, Yarsan E. COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme. AvrasyaSBD. 2020;3:120–129.
MLA Ekici, Hüsamettin ve Ender Yarsan. “COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar Ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 3, sy. COVID-19, 2020, ss. 120-9.
Vancouver Ekici H, Yarsan E. COVID-19 Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı İlaçlar ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme. AvrasyaSBD. 2020;3(COVID-19):120-9.