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Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4, 164 - 168, 23.03.2015

Aydın Bora Güneş Açıkgöz Alpaslan Yavuz Mehmet Deniz Bulut

Öz

Today, people are constantly exposed to varying radiation. While some people exposed to little radiation, others exposed to a lot. In Turkey 73 percent of the radiation sourced are used in medical sector while rest of them are used in industrial or other activities. Radiological examinations have an indispensable role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, although radiation has been proven to have adverse biological effects on living organisms.

Computed Tomography (CT) is valuable imaging tool and plays a important role in the evaluation of many diseases. CT scan, is a special x-ray that scans an area one layer (slice) at a time. It is therefore imperative to understand how we missed the problem of excessive radiation so we can both remedy it and prevent unnecessary exposure with newer technologies such as computed radiography. The ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle requires that patients should not be exposed to any radiation that is not required for producing an image of diagnostic quality. For computed tomography, dose reduction should be optimised by the adjustment of scan parameters. Some of this parameters are mA, kVp, and pitch and these can change according to patient weight or age, region, scanned and study indication.

Each CT exam must be appropriate for the individual patient. Justification is a shared responsibility between requesting clinicians and radiologists. Increase awareness for the need to decrease radiation dose to patient during CT scanning.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Computed Tomography radiation the ALARA

Kaynakça

  • Osei EK, Darko J. A survey of organ equivalent and effective doses from diagnostic radiology procedures. ISRN Radiol 2012; 2013: 204346.
  • Skinner S. Radiation safety. Aust Fam Physician 2013; 42: 387-389.
  • Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed Tomography - An Increasing Source of Radiation Exposure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2277-2284.
  • Hall EJ, Brenner DJ. Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Br J Radiol 2008; 81: 362-378.
  • Anonymous. Advanced Imaging at Baybrook. http://www.glensfallshospital.org Accessed: 01.10.2013.
  • Slovis TL. CT and computed radiography: the pictures are great, but is the radiation dose greater than required? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179: 39-41.
  • Huda W, Ravenel JG, Scalzetti EM. How do radiographic techniques affect image quality and patient doses in CT? Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002; 23: 411-422.
  • ICRP, 2012. Compendium of Dose Coefficients based on ICRP Publication 60. ICRP Publication 119. Ann. ICRP 41(Suppl.).
  • ICRP, 2000. Managing Patient Dose in Computed Tomography. ICRP Publication 87. Ann. ICRP 30 (4).
  • Strauss KJ, Kaste SC. The ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept in pediatric interventional and fluoroscopic imaging: striving to keep radiation doses as low as possible during fluoroscopy of pediatric patients--a white paper executive summary. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36 Suppl 2: 110-112.
  • Protection from potential exposure: a conceptual framework. A report of a task group of committee 4 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 1993; 23: 1-20.
  • Anonymous. Computed Tomography. https://rpop.iaea.org/RPOP/RPoP/Content/Information For/HealthProfessionals/1_Radiology/ComputedTomo graphy/index.htm. Accessed: 01.10.2013.
  • McCollough CH, Primak AN, Braun N, et al. Strategies for reducing radiation dose in CT. Radiol Clin North Am 2009; 47: 27-40.
  • ICRP, Khong PL, Ringertz H, et al. ICRP publication 121: radiological protection in paediatric diagnostic and interventional radiology. Ann ICRP 2013; 42: 1- 63.
  • Morin RL, Gerber TC, McCollough CH. Radiation dose in computed tomography of the heart. Circulation 2003; 107: 917-922.
  • McCollough CH, Bruesewitz MR, Kofler JM Jr. CT dose reduction and dose management tools: overview of available options. Radiographics 2006; 26: 503- 512.
  • Schmidt B, Saltybaeva N, Kolditz D, Kalender WA. Assessment of patient dose from CT localizer radiographs. Med Phys; 40: 084301.
  • IAEA, 1996. ‘International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionising Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources’, Safety Standards No: 115. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. Computed Tomography (CT). http://www.fda.gov/Radiation- EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProce dures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX Rays/ucm115317.htm
  • Vañó E, Rosenstein M, Liniecki J, et al. ICRP Publication 113. Education and training in radiological protection for diagnostic and interventional procedures. Ann ICRP 2009; 39: 7-68.
  • Larson DB, Rader SB, Forman HP, Fenton LZ. Informing Parents About CT Radiation Exposure in Children: It’s OK to Tell Them. AJR 2007; 189: 271- 275.
  • Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ, Berdon WE. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR 2001; 176: 289-296.
  • Shiralkar S, Rennie A, Snow M, et al. Doctors' knowledge of radiation exposure: questionnaire study. BMJ 2003; 327: 371-372.
  • Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, et al. Cancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians. BMJ 2013; 346: f2360.
  • Zhu X, Yu J, Huang Z. Low-dose chest CT: optimizing radiation protection for patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 809-816.
  • Kubo T, Lin Pei-Jan P, Stiller W, et al. Radiation Dose Reduction in Chest CT: A Review. AJR 2008; 190: 335-343.
  • Muhogora WE, Nyanda AM, Ngoye WM, Shao D. Radiation doses to patients during selected CT procedures at four hospitals in Tanzania. European Journal of Radiology 2006; 57: 461-467.
  • Schonfeld SJ, Lee C, d’Gonzalez AB. Medical Exposure to Radiation and Thyroid Cancer. Clinical Oncology 2011; 23: 244-250.
  • İnal T, Ataç G. Dose audit for patients undergoing two common radiography examinations with digital radiology systems. Diagn Interv Radiol 2014; 20: 100- 104.
  • Miller AB, Howe GR, Sherman GJ, et al. Mortality from breast cancer after irradiation during fluoroscopic examinations in patients being treated for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1285-1289.

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4, 164 - 168, 23.03.2015

Aydın Bora Güneş Açıkgöz Alpaslan Yavuz Mehmet Deniz Bulut

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Osei EK, Darko J. A survey of organ equivalent and effective doses from diagnostic radiology procedures. ISRN Radiol 2012; 2013: 204346.
  • Skinner S. Radiation safety. Aust Fam Physician 2013; 42: 387-389.
  • Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed Tomography - An Increasing Source of Radiation Exposure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2277-2284.
  • Hall EJ, Brenner DJ. Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Br J Radiol 2008; 81: 362-378.
  • Anonymous. Advanced Imaging at Baybrook. http://www.glensfallshospital.org Accessed: 01.10.2013.
  • Slovis TL. CT and computed radiography: the pictures are great, but is the radiation dose greater than required? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179: 39-41.
  • Huda W, Ravenel JG, Scalzetti EM. How do radiographic techniques affect image quality and patient doses in CT? Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002; 23: 411-422.
  • ICRP, 2012. Compendium of Dose Coefficients based on ICRP Publication 60. ICRP Publication 119. Ann. ICRP 41(Suppl.).
  • ICRP, 2000. Managing Patient Dose in Computed Tomography. ICRP Publication 87. Ann. ICRP 30 (4).
  • Strauss KJ, Kaste SC. The ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept in pediatric interventional and fluoroscopic imaging: striving to keep radiation doses as low as possible during fluoroscopy of pediatric patients--a white paper executive summary. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36 Suppl 2: 110-112.
  • Protection from potential exposure: a conceptual framework. A report of a task group of committee 4 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 1993; 23: 1-20.
  • Anonymous. Computed Tomography. https://rpop.iaea.org/RPOP/RPoP/Content/Information For/HealthProfessionals/1_Radiology/ComputedTomo graphy/index.htm. Accessed: 01.10.2013.
  • McCollough CH, Primak AN, Braun N, et al. Strategies for reducing radiation dose in CT. Radiol Clin North Am 2009; 47: 27-40.
  • ICRP, Khong PL, Ringertz H, et al. ICRP publication 121: radiological protection in paediatric diagnostic and interventional radiology. Ann ICRP 2013; 42: 1- 63.
  • Morin RL, Gerber TC, McCollough CH. Radiation dose in computed tomography of the heart. Circulation 2003; 107: 917-922.
  • McCollough CH, Bruesewitz MR, Kofler JM Jr. CT dose reduction and dose management tools: overview of available options. Radiographics 2006; 26: 503- 512.
  • Schmidt B, Saltybaeva N, Kolditz D, Kalender WA. Assessment of patient dose from CT localizer radiographs. Med Phys; 40: 084301.
  • IAEA, 1996. ‘International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionising Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources’, Safety Standards No: 115. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. Computed Tomography (CT). http://www.fda.gov/Radiation- EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProce dures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX Rays/ucm115317.htm
  • Vañó E, Rosenstein M, Liniecki J, et al. ICRP Publication 113. Education and training in radiological protection for diagnostic and interventional procedures. Ann ICRP 2009; 39: 7-68.
  • Larson DB, Rader SB, Forman HP, Fenton LZ. Informing Parents About CT Radiation Exposure in Children: It’s OK to Tell Them. AJR 2007; 189: 271- 275.
  • Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ, Berdon WE. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR 2001; 176: 289-296.
  • Shiralkar S, Rennie A, Snow M, et al. Doctors' knowledge of radiation exposure: questionnaire study. BMJ 2003; 327: 371-372.
  • Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, et al. Cancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians. BMJ 2013; 346: f2360.
  • Zhu X, Yu J, Huang Z. Low-dose chest CT: optimizing radiation protection for patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 809-816.
  • Kubo T, Lin Pei-Jan P, Stiller W, et al. Radiation Dose Reduction in Chest CT: A Review. AJR 2008; 190: 335-343.
  • Muhogora WE, Nyanda AM, Ngoye WM, Shao D. Radiation doses to patients during selected CT procedures at four hospitals in Tanzania. European Journal of Radiology 2006; 57: 461-467.
  • Schonfeld SJ, Lee C, d’Gonzalez AB. Medical Exposure to Radiation and Thyroid Cancer. Clinical Oncology 2011; 23: 244-250.
  • İnal T, Ataç G. Dose audit for patients undergoing two common radiography examinations with digital radiology systems. Diagn Interv Radiol 2014; 20: 100- 104.
  • Miller AB, Howe GR, Sherman GJ, et al. Mortality from breast cancer after irradiation during fluoroscopic examinations in patients being treated for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1285-1289.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Aydın Bora

Güneş Açıkgöz Bu kişi benim

Alpaslan Yavuz

Mehmet Deniz Bulut Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Mart 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Bora, A., Açıkgöz, G., Yavuz, A., Bulut, M. D. (2015). Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 19(4), 164-168.
AMA Bora A, Açıkgöz G, Yavuz A, Bulut MD. Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. Mart 2015;19(4):164-168.
Chicago Bora, Aydın, Güneş Açıkgöz, Alpaslan Yavuz, ve Mehmet Deniz Bulut. “Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?”. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 19, sy. 4 (Mart 2015): 164-68.
EndNote Bora A, Açıkgöz G, Yavuz A, Bulut MD (01 Mart 2015) Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 19 4 164–168.
IEEE A. Bora, G. Açıkgöz, A. Yavuz, ve M. D. Bulut, “Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?”, EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, c. 19, sy. 4, ss. 164–168, 2015.
ISNAD Bora, Aydın vd. “Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?”. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 19/4 (Mart 2015), 164-168.
JAMA Bora A, Açıkgöz G, Yavuz A, Bulut MD. Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 2015;19:164–168.
MLA Bora, Aydın vd. “Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?”. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, c. 19, sy. 4, 2015, ss. 164-8.
Vancouver Bora A, Açıkgöz G, Yavuz A, Bulut MD. Computed Tomography: Are We Aware of Radiation Risks in Computed Tomography?. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 2015;19(4):164-8.