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Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 162 - 168, 04.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1387928

Öz

Bu çalışmada; Kayseri ilinde satışa sunulan tavuk eti örneklerinden Arcobacter spp’nin izolasyonu, identifikasyonu
ve elde edilen izolatların antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi ve moleküler tiplendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla,
tavuk eti satış noktalarından toplanan toplam 100 adet tavuk eti örneği materyal olarak kullanıldı. Arcobacter spp.’lerin
izolasyonu amacıyla ön zenginleştirme ve membran filtrasyon metodundan yararlanıldı. Elde edilen Arcobacter spp.
izolatlarının identifikasyonu fenotipik testler ve Multipleks Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (mPZR) ile gerçekleştirildi. Arco-
bacter spp. izolatların eritromisin azitromisin, enrofloksasin, tetrasiklin, ampisilin, trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol, amoksi-
silin-klavulanik asit, gentamisin, streptomisin, neomisin antibiyotiklerine karşı duyarlılıklarının saptanması amacıyla disk
difüzyon testi yönteminden yararlanıldı. Arcobacter spp. izolatlarının genotiplendirilmesi Enterobacterial Repetitive
Intergenic Consensus-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) ile gerçekleştirildi. Bu çalışmada, izolasyon işlemi so-
nucunda toplanan 100 adet tavuk eti örneğinin 23’ü (%23) Arcobacter spp. yönünden pozitif bulundu. Moleküler identi-
fikasyon sonucunda, elde edilen, 23 Arcobacter spp. izolatının 3’ü Arcobacter cryaerophilus, 20’si ise Arcobacter
butzleri olarak tanımlandı. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testi sonucunda, Arcobacter spp. izolatlarının sırasıyla 12’sinin (%
52.17) eritromisine, 13’ünün (%56.52) amoksisilin-klavulanik asite, 20’sinin (%86.95) trimetoprim/sülfametaksazole,
20’sinin (%86.95) ampisiline, 8’inin (%34.78) enrofloksasine, 2’sinin (%8.69) tetrasikline, 5’inin (%21.73) streptomisine,
16’sının (%69.56) azitromisine ve 21’inin (%91.3) de neomisine dirençli olduğu tespit edildi. Ayrıca tüm izolatların gen-
tamisine duyarlı olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, çoklu antibiyotik dirençli olduğu belirlenen Arcobacter spp.’nin yaygın
olarak tüketilen kanatlı etinde bulunması, insanlarda gastroenterit ve bağırsak dışı hastalıklara neden olan bu etkenle-
rin halk sağlığı açısından risk oluşturabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle kanatlı karkaslarının etken ile kontaminas-
yonun önlenmesi ve gıdaların üretimi, işlenmesi, depolanması ve satışı hakkında personelin eğitilmesinin, kanatlı etle-
rinden kaynaklanan hastalıkları engellemekte önemli rol oynayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Anadut OF, Gümüşsoy SK. Isolation of Arcobacter spp. from poultry carcasses put on consumption in Kayseri. Sağlık Bilim Derg 2005; 14(2): 125-31
  • Atabay HI, Aydin F. Susceptibility of Arcobacter butzleri isolates to 23 antimicrobial agents. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 33: 430-3.
  • Atabay HI, Bang DD, Aydın F, Erdoğan HM, Madsen M. Discrimination of Arcobacter butzleri isolates by polymerase chain reaction-mediated DNA fingerp-rinting. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 35: 141-5.
  • Aydin F, Gümüşsoy KS, Atabay HI, Ica T, Abay S. Prevalence and distribution of Arcobacter species in various sources in Turkey and molecular analy-sis of isolated strains by ERIC‐PCR. J Appl Micro-biol 2007; 103(1):27-35.
  • Bauer AW. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. Am J Clin Pathol 1966;45; 149-58.
  • Bucker R, Troeger H, Kleer J, Fromm M, Schulzke JD. Arcobacter butzleri induces barrier dysfunction in intestinal HT-29/B6 cells. J Infect Dis 2009; 200: 756-64.
  • Cardoen S, Van Huffel X, Berkvens D, Quoilin S, Ducoffre G, Saegerman C, Speybroeck N, Imbe-rechts H, Herman L, Ducatelle R, Dierick, K. Evi-dence-based semiquantitative methodology for prioritization of foodborne zoonoses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6(9): 1083-96.
  • Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Fusco, V. Arcobacter butzleri: Up‐to‐date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of
  • an emerging pathogen. Compr Rev Food Sc Food Saf 2020; 19(4): 2071-9.
  • Collado L, Figueras MJ. Taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical relevance of the genus Arcobacter. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24(1):174-92.
  • Çelik C. Koyun karkas ve dışkılarında Arcobacter türlerinin varlığı ve antibiyotik direnç profillerinin araştırılması. Doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniv Sağlık Bil Enst, İstanbul, 2016.
  • De Oliveira SJ, Baetz AL, Wesley IV, Harmon KM. Classification of Arcobacter species isolated from aborted pig fetuses and sows with reproductive problems in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 1997; 57(4):347-54.
  • Dizdaroğlu İnce, E. Kütahya ilinde ticari olarak tüketi-me sunulan çeşitli gıda ürünlerinde Arcobacter tür-lerinin m-PCR ile saptanması ve biyofilm özellikleri-nin belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Dumlupınar Üniv Fen Bil Enst, Kütahya 2016; s.51-62.
  • Doksanüçoğlu Ç. Ankara’da satışa sunulan tavuk eti örneklerinden arcobacter türlerinin izolasyonu ve bu izolatların değişik antibiyotiklere karşı duyarlılık-ları. Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniv Fen Bil Enst, Ankara; 2006.
  • Ellis WA, Neill SD, O'brien JJ, Ferguson HW, Hanna J. Isolation of Spirillum/Vibrio-like organisms from bovine fetuses. Vet Rec Open 1977; 100(21): 451-2.
  • Ertas N. Sığır ve koyun kıymalarında arcobacter tür-lerinin prevalansı ve multipleks PCR tekniği ile identifiye edilmesi. Doktora tezi, Selçuk Üniv Sağlık Bil Enst, Konya; 2007.
  • Ertaş N, Doğruer Y. Prevalence of Arcobacter species in ground meat from cattle and sheep using multiplex PCR techniques. Fırat Üniv Sağlık Bil Vet Derg 2009; 23(2): 95-100.
  • Fernandez H, Villanueva MP, Mansilla I, Gonzalez M, Latif F. Arcobacter butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in human, animals and food sources, in southern Chi-le. Brazilian J Microbiol 2015; 46(1): 145-7.
  • Gürel Z, Aslan, D. Halk sağlığı bakış açısıyla gıda kaynaklı krizler ve önleme yaklaşımları. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2019; 76(3): 361-76.
  • Houf K, De Zutter L, Van Hoof J, Vandamme P. Assessment of the genetic diversity among Arcobac-ter’s isolated from poultry products by using two PCR-based typing methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68(5): 2172-8.
  • Houf K, Tutenel A, De Zutter L, Van Hoof J, Vandam-me P. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and identification of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 193(1): 89-94.
  • Jasim SA, Al-Abodi HR. Resistance rate and novel virulence factor determinants of Arcobacter spp., from cattle fresh meat products from Iraq. Microb Pathog 2021; 152: 104649.
  • Jrıbı H, Sellamı H, Amor SB, Ducournau A, SıfréE, Benejat L, Mégraud F, Gdoura R. Occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Arcobacter species ısolates from poultry in Tunisia. J Food Prot 2020; 83(12): 2080-6.
  • Kabeya H, Maruyama S, Morita Y, Ohsuga T, Ozawa S, Kobayashi Y, Abe M, Katsube Y, Mikami, T. Prevalence of Arcobacter species in retail meats and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates in Japan. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 90(3): 303-8.
  • Kayman T, Abay S, Hizlisoy H, Atabay HI, Diker KS, Aydin F. Emerging pathogen Arcobacter spp. in acute gastroenteritis: molecular identification, anti-biotic susceptibilities and genotyping of the isolated arcobacters. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61(10): 1439-44.
  • Lerner J, Brumberger V, Preac-Mursic V. Severe diarrhea associated with Arcobacter butzleri. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 660-2.
  • Merga JY, Leatherbarrow AJH, Winstanley C, Ben-nett M, Hart CA, Miller WG, Williams NJ. Comparison of Arcobacter isolation methods, and diversity of Arcobacter spp. in Cheshire, United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77(5): 1646-50
  • Molva C, Atabay HI. Prevalence and diversity of Ar-cobacter spp. in retail chicken meat in Turkey. Mic-robiol Res 2016; 7(1): 6578.
  • Müller E, Abdel-Glil MY, Hotzel H, Hänel I, Tomaso H. Aliarcobacter butzleri from water poultry: In-sights into antimicrobial resistance, virulence and heavy metal resistance. Genes 2020; 11(9): 1104.
  • Phillips CA. Arcobacter spp in food: isolation, identification and control. Trends Food Sci Technol 2001; 12: 263-75.
  • Parlakay O, Faris U, Merve A, Gönül E, Şukuf ME. Tüketicilerin tavuk eti satın alma ve tüketim tercih-lerinin belirlenmesi: Hatay İli örneği. MKU Tar Bil Derg 2022; 27(3): 556-64.
  • Rahimi E, Hormozipoor H, Ahangaran MG, Yazdi F. Prevalence of Arcobacter species on chicken carcasses during processing in Iran. J Appl Poultry Res 2012; 21(2): 407-12.
  • Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Ku-mar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Sing RK. Arcobacter: An emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control-a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37: 136-61.
  • Ramees TP, Rathore RS, Bagalkot PS, Ravi Kumar GVPPS, Mohan HV, Anoopraj R, Kumar A, Dhama K. Real-time PCR detection of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus in chicken meat samples. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2014; 8: 3165-9.
  • Rivas L, Fegan N, Vanderline P. Isolation and cha-racterisation of Arcobacter butzleri from meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 91: 31-44.
  • Son I, Englen, MD, Berrang ME, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Harrison MA. Prevalence of Arcobacter and Campylobacter on broiler carcasses during processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 113(1): 16-22.
  • Shah AH, Saleha AA, Zunita Z, Murugaiyah M, Aliyu AB, Jafri N. Prevalence, distribution and antibiotic resistance of emergent Arcobacter spp. from clini-cally healthy cattle and goats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60(1): 9-16.
  • Van Driessche E, Houf K, Vangroenweghe F, De Zutter L, Van Hoof J. Prevalence, enumeration and strain variation of Arcobacter species in the faeces of healthy cattle in Belgium. Vet Microbiol 2005; 105: 149-54.
  • Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossau R, Hoste B, Segers P, Tytgat R, De Ley J. Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 1991; 41(1): 88-103.
  • Wybo I, Breynaert J, Lauwers S, Lindenburg F, Houf K. Isolation of Arcobacter skirrowii from a patient with chronic diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(4): 1851-2.

Arcobacter spp. in Chicken Meat: Isolation, Identification, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Molecular Typing

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 162 - 168, 04.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1387928

Öz

In this study; the isolation and identification of Arcobacter spp from chicken meat samples sold in Kayseri
province and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing of the obtained isolates were aimed. For
this purpose, a total of 100 chicken meat samples collected from chicken meat sales points were used as material. Pre-
enrichment and membrane filtration methods were used for the isolation of Arcobacter spp. For the identification of the
obtained Arcobacter spp, isolates were performed by means of phenotype tests and multiplex Polymerase Chain Reac-
tion (m PCR). The disk diffusion test method was used to determine the susceptibility of Arcobacter spp. isolates to
erythromycin, azithromycin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic
acid, gentamicin, streptomycin, neomycin antibiotics. For genotyping Arcobacter spp. Isolates were performed with
Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR). In this study, 23 (23%) of
100 chicken meat samples collected as a result of the isolation process were found to be positive for Arcobacter spp.
As a result of the molecular identification tests, 3 of 23 Arcobacter spp. isolates were identified as Arcobacter cryaer-
ophilus and 20 isolates were as Arcobacter butzleri. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that 12 (52.17%) of Arcobac-
ter spp isolates were resistant to erythromycin, 13 (56.52%) to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 20 (86.95%) to trimethoprim/
sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin, 8 (86.95%) to enrofloxacin, 2 (8.69%) to tetracycline, 5 (21.73%) to streptomycin, 16
(69.56% to azithromycin, and 21 (91.3%) to neomycin. In addition, it was determined that all isolates were susceptible
to gentamicin. As a result, the presence of Arcobacter spp, which has been determined to be multi-antibiotic resistant,
in widely consumed poultry meat, indicates that these agents, which cause gastro enteritis and extra intestinal diseas-
es in humans, may pose a risk to public health. For this reason, it is thought that preventing contamination of poultry
carcasses with the agent and training the food handlers pre venting diseases caused by poultry meat.

Kaynakça

  • Anadut OF, Gümüşsoy SK. Isolation of Arcobacter spp. from poultry carcasses put on consumption in Kayseri. Sağlık Bilim Derg 2005; 14(2): 125-31
  • Atabay HI, Aydin F. Susceptibility of Arcobacter butzleri isolates to 23 antimicrobial agents. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 33: 430-3.
  • Atabay HI, Bang DD, Aydın F, Erdoğan HM, Madsen M. Discrimination of Arcobacter butzleri isolates by polymerase chain reaction-mediated DNA fingerp-rinting. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 35: 141-5.
  • Aydin F, Gümüşsoy KS, Atabay HI, Ica T, Abay S. Prevalence and distribution of Arcobacter species in various sources in Turkey and molecular analy-sis of isolated strains by ERIC‐PCR. J Appl Micro-biol 2007; 103(1):27-35.
  • Bauer AW. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. Am J Clin Pathol 1966;45; 149-58.
  • Bucker R, Troeger H, Kleer J, Fromm M, Schulzke JD. Arcobacter butzleri induces barrier dysfunction in intestinal HT-29/B6 cells. J Infect Dis 2009; 200: 756-64.
  • Cardoen S, Van Huffel X, Berkvens D, Quoilin S, Ducoffre G, Saegerman C, Speybroeck N, Imbe-rechts H, Herman L, Ducatelle R, Dierick, K. Evi-dence-based semiquantitative methodology for prioritization of foodborne zoonoses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6(9): 1083-96.
  • Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Fusco, V. Arcobacter butzleri: Up‐to‐date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of
  • an emerging pathogen. Compr Rev Food Sc Food Saf 2020; 19(4): 2071-9.
  • Collado L, Figueras MJ. Taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical relevance of the genus Arcobacter. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24(1):174-92.
  • Çelik C. Koyun karkas ve dışkılarında Arcobacter türlerinin varlığı ve antibiyotik direnç profillerinin araştırılması. Doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniv Sağlık Bil Enst, İstanbul, 2016.
  • De Oliveira SJ, Baetz AL, Wesley IV, Harmon KM. Classification of Arcobacter species isolated from aborted pig fetuses and sows with reproductive problems in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 1997; 57(4):347-54.
  • Dizdaroğlu İnce, E. Kütahya ilinde ticari olarak tüketi-me sunulan çeşitli gıda ürünlerinde Arcobacter tür-lerinin m-PCR ile saptanması ve biyofilm özellikleri-nin belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Dumlupınar Üniv Fen Bil Enst, Kütahya 2016; s.51-62.
  • Doksanüçoğlu Ç. Ankara’da satışa sunulan tavuk eti örneklerinden arcobacter türlerinin izolasyonu ve bu izolatların değişik antibiyotiklere karşı duyarlılık-ları. Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniv Fen Bil Enst, Ankara; 2006.
  • Ellis WA, Neill SD, O'brien JJ, Ferguson HW, Hanna J. Isolation of Spirillum/Vibrio-like organisms from bovine fetuses. Vet Rec Open 1977; 100(21): 451-2.
  • Ertas N. Sığır ve koyun kıymalarında arcobacter tür-lerinin prevalansı ve multipleks PCR tekniği ile identifiye edilmesi. Doktora tezi, Selçuk Üniv Sağlık Bil Enst, Konya; 2007.
  • Ertaş N, Doğruer Y. Prevalence of Arcobacter species in ground meat from cattle and sheep using multiplex PCR techniques. Fırat Üniv Sağlık Bil Vet Derg 2009; 23(2): 95-100.
  • Fernandez H, Villanueva MP, Mansilla I, Gonzalez M, Latif F. Arcobacter butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in human, animals and food sources, in southern Chi-le. Brazilian J Microbiol 2015; 46(1): 145-7.
  • Gürel Z, Aslan, D. Halk sağlığı bakış açısıyla gıda kaynaklı krizler ve önleme yaklaşımları. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2019; 76(3): 361-76.
  • Houf K, De Zutter L, Van Hoof J, Vandamme P. Assessment of the genetic diversity among Arcobac-ter’s isolated from poultry products by using two PCR-based typing methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68(5): 2172-8.
  • Houf K, Tutenel A, De Zutter L, Van Hoof J, Vandam-me P. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and identification of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 193(1): 89-94.
  • Jasim SA, Al-Abodi HR. Resistance rate and novel virulence factor determinants of Arcobacter spp., from cattle fresh meat products from Iraq. Microb Pathog 2021; 152: 104649.
  • Jrıbı H, Sellamı H, Amor SB, Ducournau A, SıfréE, Benejat L, Mégraud F, Gdoura R. Occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Arcobacter species ısolates from poultry in Tunisia. J Food Prot 2020; 83(12): 2080-6.
  • Kabeya H, Maruyama S, Morita Y, Ohsuga T, Ozawa S, Kobayashi Y, Abe M, Katsube Y, Mikami, T. Prevalence of Arcobacter species in retail meats and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates in Japan. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 90(3): 303-8.
  • Kayman T, Abay S, Hizlisoy H, Atabay HI, Diker KS, Aydin F. Emerging pathogen Arcobacter spp. in acute gastroenteritis: molecular identification, anti-biotic susceptibilities and genotyping of the isolated arcobacters. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61(10): 1439-44.
  • Lerner J, Brumberger V, Preac-Mursic V. Severe diarrhea associated with Arcobacter butzleri. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 660-2.
  • Merga JY, Leatherbarrow AJH, Winstanley C, Ben-nett M, Hart CA, Miller WG, Williams NJ. Comparison of Arcobacter isolation methods, and diversity of Arcobacter spp. in Cheshire, United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77(5): 1646-50
  • Molva C, Atabay HI. Prevalence and diversity of Ar-cobacter spp. in retail chicken meat in Turkey. Mic-robiol Res 2016; 7(1): 6578.
  • Müller E, Abdel-Glil MY, Hotzel H, Hänel I, Tomaso H. Aliarcobacter butzleri from water poultry: In-sights into antimicrobial resistance, virulence and heavy metal resistance. Genes 2020; 11(9): 1104.
  • Phillips CA. Arcobacter spp in food: isolation, identification and control. Trends Food Sci Technol 2001; 12: 263-75.
  • Parlakay O, Faris U, Merve A, Gönül E, Şukuf ME. Tüketicilerin tavuk eti satın alma ve tüketim tercih-lerinin belirlenmesi: Hatay İli örneği. MKU Tar Bil Derg 2022; 27(3): 556-64.
  • Rahimi E, Hormozipoor H, Ahangaran MG, Yazdi F. Prevalence of Arcobacter species on chicken carcasses during processing in Iran. J Appl Poultry Res 2012; 21(2): 407-12.
  • Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Ku-mar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Sing RK. Arcobacter: An emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control-a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37: 136-61.
  • Ramees TP, Rathore RS, Bagalkot PS, Ravi Kumar GVPPS, Mohan HV, Anoopraj R, Kumar A, Dhama K. Real-time PCR detection of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus in chicken meat samples. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2014; 8: 3165-9.
  • Rivas L, Fegan N, Vanderline P. Isolation and cha-racterisation of Arcobacter butzleri from meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 91: 31-44.
  • Son I, Englen, MD, Berrang ME, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Harrison MA. Prevalence of Arcobacter and Campylobacter on broiler carcasses during processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 113(1): 16-22.
  • Shah AH, Saleha AA, Zunita Z, Murugaiyah M, Aliyu AB, Jafri N. Prevalence, distribution and antibiotic resistance of emergent Arcobacter spp. from clini-cally healthy cattle and goats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60(1): 9-16.
  • Van Driessche E, Houf K, Vangroenweghe F, De Zutter L, Van Hoof J. Prevalence, enumeration and strain variation of Arcobacter species in the faeces of healthy cattle in Belgium. Vet Microbiol 2005; 105: 149-54.
  • Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossau R, Hoste B, Segers P, Tytgat R, De Ley J. Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 1991; 41(1): 88-103.
  • Wybo I, Breynaert J, Lauwers S, Lindenburg F, Houf K. Isolation of Arcobacter skirrowii from a patient with chronic diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(4): 1851-2.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Harun Hızlısoy 0000-0003-3391-0185

Özgün Taşlı 0000-0002-7292-7193

Mukaddes Barel 0000-0002-1170-8632

Kürşat Köşkeroğlu 0000-0002-9997-9209

Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ocak 2023
Kabul Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Hızlısoy, H., Taşlı, Ö., Barel, M., Köşkeroğlu, K. (2023). Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 162-168. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1387928
AMA Hızlısoy H, Taşlı Ö, Barel M, Köşkeroğlu K. Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. Aralık 2023;20(3):162-168. doi:10.32707/ercivet.1387928
Chicago Hızlısoy, Harun, Özgün Taşlı, Mukaddes Barel, ve Kürşat Köşkeroğlu. “Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter Spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları Ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 20, sy. 3 (Aralık 2023): 162-68. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1387928.
EndNote Hızlısoy H, Taşlı Ö, Barel M, Köşkeroğlu K (01 Aralık 2023) Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 20 3 162–168.
IEEE H. Hızlısoy, Ö. Taşlı, M. Barel, ve K. Köşkeroğlu, “Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi”, Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, c. 20, sy. 3, ss. 162–168, 2023, doi: 10.32707/ercivet.1387928.
ISNAD Hızlısoy, Harun vd. “Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter Spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları Ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 20/3 (Aralık 2023), 162-168. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1387928.
JAMA Hızlısoy H, Taşlı Ö, Barel M, Köşkeroğlu K. Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2023;20:162–168.
MLA Hızlısoy, Harun vd. “Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter Spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları Ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 20, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 162-8, doi:10.32707/ercivet.1387928.
Vancouver Hızlısoy H, Taşlı Ö, Barel M, Köşkeroğlu K. Tavuk Etlerinde Arcobacter spp. Varlığı, İzolatların Antibiyotik Duyarlılıkları ve Moleküler Tiplendirilmesi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2023;20(3):162-8.