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A Review of Evacuation of High-Rise Buildings

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, - , 31.03.2020

Muhsin Selçuk Satır Abdurrahman Yağmur Topraklı

Öz

Lack of empty areas in cities and demand for new spaces lead people to increase the number of floors in accordance with developments on the technology. Increase of high-rise buildings brought along problems such as evacuation. Evacuation of high-rise buildings is a complex research area with numerous diameters. Evacuation time, occupant load and human behavior are some of the basic diameters within this area. In this paper, the literature on evacuation of high-rise buildings is reviewed to reveal the point reached in this research area. Future research is needed on evacuation of high-rise buildings in Turkey, considering the number of high-rise buildings is increasing and the literature on the topic is quite limited in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Evacuation Time Egress High-rise Buildings Literature Review

Kaynakça

  • [1] M.A. Hassanain, On the challenges of evacuation and rescue operations in high-rise buildings, Struct. Surv. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1108/02630800910956443.
  • [2] L. Zhai, The Comparison of Total and Phased Evacuation Strategies for a High-rise Office Building, University of Maryland, 2019.
  • [3] V.A. Oven, N. Çakıcı, Modelling the evacuation of a high-rise office building in Istanbul, Fire Saf. J. 44 (2009) 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.02.005.
  • [4] E. Ronchi, D. Nilsson, Assessment of Total Evacuation Systems for Tall Buildings, 2013.
  • [5] M.J. Hurley, D.T. Gottuk, J.R. Hall, K. Harada, E.D. Kuligowski, M. Puchovsky, J.L. Torero, J.M. Watts, C.J. WIECZOREK, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Springer New York, 2015. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Jh88rgEACAAJ.
  • [6] C. M Y Ng, W. K Chow, A brief review on the time line concept in evacuation, Int. J. Archit. Sci. 7 (2006).
  • [7] E.R. Galea, G. Sharp, P. Lawrence, R. Holden, Approximating the Evacuation of the World Trade Center North Tower using Computer Simulation, J. Fire Prot. Eng. - J FIRE PROT ENG. 18 (2008) 85–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507079343.
  • [8] B. Zhang, Z.S. Xu, Q.W. Zhao, Y.Y. Liu, A study on theoretical calculation method of subway safety evacuation, Procedia Eng. 71 (2014) 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.085.
  • [9] R. Lovreglio, E. Kuligowski, S. Gwynne, K. Boyce, A pre-evacuation database for use in egress simulations, Fire Saf. J. 105 (2019) 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.12.009.
  • [10] N.C. McConnell, K.E. Boyce, J. Shields, E.R. Galea, R.C. Day, L.M. Hulse, The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1, Fire Saf. J. 45 (2010) 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FIRESAF.2009.09.001.
  • [11] BSI - BS PD 7974-6, United Kingdom, 2019.
  • [12] P. van de Leur, Building Evacuation, Rules and Reality, HERON. 50 (2005) 237–246.
  • [13] V.A. Oven, N. Cakici, Modelling the evacuation of a high-rise office building in Istanbul, Fire Saf. J. 44 (2009) 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FIRESAF.2008.02.005.
  • [14] G. Proulx, Evacuation time and movement in apartment buildings, Fire Saf. J. 24 (1995) 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(95)00023-M.
  • [15] F. Huo, W. Song, L. Chen, C. Liu, K.M. Liew, Experimental study on characteristics of pedestrian evacuation on stairs in a high-rise building, Saf. Sci. 86 (2016) 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2016.02.025.
  • [16] S.-H. Wang, W.-C. Wang, K.-C. Wang, S.-Y. Shih, Applying building information modeling to support fire safety management, Autom. Constr. 59 (2015) 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AUTCON.2015.02.001.
  • [17] W. Sujatmiko, H.K. Dipojono, F.X.N. Soelami, Soegijanto, Performance-based Fire Safety Evacuation in High-rise Building Flats in Indonesia – A Case Study in Bandung, Procedia Environ. Sci. 20 (2014) 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENV.2014.03.016.
  • [18] R. Lovreglio, A Review of Augmented Reality Applications for Building Evacuation, in: 17th Int. Conf. Comput. Civ. Build. Eng., At Tampere, 2018.
  • [19] E.D. Kuligowski, R.D. Peacock, B.L. Hoskins, A Review of Building Evacuation Models, 2. Edition, National Institute of Standarts and Technology, 2019.
  • [20] Y. Sun, Egress as Part Of Fire Safety in High-rise Buildings, Delft University of Technology, 2013.
  • [21] S. Gwynne, E.R. Galea, M. Owen, P.J. Lawrence, L. Filippidis, A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment, Build. Environ. 34 (1999) 741–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2.
  • [22] R.R.M. Gershon, K.A. Qureshi, M.S. Rubin, V.H. Raveis, Factors associated with high-rise evacuation: Qualitative results from the world trade center evacuation study, Prehosp. Disaster Med. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X0000460X.
  • [23] S. Olenick, D. Carpenter, An Updated International Survey of Computer Models for Fire and Smoke, J. Fire Prot. Eng. - J FIRE PROT ENG. 13 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391503013002001.
  • [24] G.-Y. Wu, H.-C. Huang, Modeling the emergency evacuation of the high rise building based on the control volume model, Saf. Sci. 73 (2015) 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2014.11.012.
  • [25] E. Ronchi, E. Kuligowski, D. Nilsson, R. Peacock, P. Reneke, Assessing the Verification and Validation of Building Fire Evacuation Models, Fire Technol. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-014-0432-3.
  • [26] Y. Alginahi, M. Mudassar, M.N. Kabir, O. Tayan, Analyzing the Crowd Evacuation Pattern of a Large Densely Populated Building, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 44 (2019) 3289–3304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3411-z.
  • [27] M. Kinsey, S. Gwynne, E. Kuligowski, M. Kinateder, Cognitive Biases Within Decision Making During Fire Evacuations, Fire Technol. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0708-0.
  • [28] M.T. Kinateder, E.D. Kuligowski, P.A. Reneke, R.D. Peacock, A Review of Risk Perception in Building Fire Evacuation, 2014. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1840.
  • [29] G. Proulx, High-Rise Office Egress: the Human Factors, in: Symp. High-Rise Build. Egr. Stairs, National Research Council Canada, New York, 2007: p. 3.
  • [30] M. Gerges, M. Mayouf, P. Rumley, D. Moore, Human behaviour under fire situations in high-rise residential building, Int. J. Build. Pathol. Adapt. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-09-2016-0022.
  • [31] M. Kobes, J. Post, I. Helsloot, B. De Vries, Fire risk of high-rise buildings based on human behavior in fires, Conf. Proc. FSHB. (2008).
  • [32] P. Lin, J. Ma, T. Liu, T. Ran, Y. Si, T. Li, An experimental study of the “faster-is-slower” effect using mice under panic, Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl. 452 (2016) 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYSA.2016.02.017.
  • [33] J. Ma, S.M. Lo, W.G. Song, Cellular automaton modeling approach for optimum ultra high-rise building evacuation design, Fire Saf. J. 54 (2012) 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FIRESAF.2012.07.008.
  • [34] Z. Xing, Y. Tang, Simulation of Fire and Evacuation in High-Rise Building, Procedia Eng. 45 (2012) 705–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2012.08.227.
  • [35] J.J. Chen, X.G. Wang, Z. Fang, Collaborative Evacuation Strategy of Ultra-tall Towers among Stairs and Elevators, Procedia Eng. 135 (2016) 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.01.102.
  • [36] J. Zhong-an, C. Mei-ling, W. Xiao-hua, Experiment and Simulation Study on High-rise Student Apartment Fire Personal Evacuation in the Campus, Procedia Eng. 11 (2011) 156–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2011.04.641.
  • [37] NFPA 101, USA, 2018.
  • [38] International Builidng Code, 2018.
  • [39] Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkındaki Yönetmelik (BYKHY), Resmi Gazete, Ankara, 2007. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/12/20071219-2.htm.
  • [40] Z.-M. Fang, W.-G. Song, Z.-J. Li, W. Tian, W. Lv, J. Ma, X. Xiao, Experimental study on evacuation process in a stairwell of a high-rise building, Build. Environ. 47 (2012) 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2011.07.009.
  • [41] E. Ronchi, D. Nilsson, Fire evacuation in high-rise buildings: a review of human behaviour and modelling research, Fire Sci. Rev. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-0414-2-7.
  • [42] J. Ma, W.G. Song, W. Tian, S.M. Lo, G.X. Liao, Experimental study on an ultra high-rise building evacuation in China, Saf. Sci. 50 (2012) 1665–1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2011.12.018.
  • [43] L. Huang, T. Chen, H. Yuan, Simulation Study of Evacuation in High-rise Buildings, Transp. Res. Procedia. 2 (2014) 518–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRPRO.2014.09.069.
  • [44] C. Haitao, L. Leilei, Q. Jiuzi, Accident Cause Analysis and Evacuation Countermeasures on the High-Rise Building Fires, Procedia Eng. 43 (2012) 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2012.08.005.
  • [45] P.A. Reneke, R.D. Peacock, B.L. Hoskins, Combined Stairwell and Elevator Use During Building Evacuation, 2013.
  • [46] Y. Ding, L. Yang, F. Weng, Z. Fu, P. Rao, Investigation of combined stairs elevators evacuation strategies for high rise buildings based on simulation, Simul. Model. Pract. Theory. 53 (2015) 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2015.01.004.
  • [47] Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings, Singapore, 2018.
  • [48] Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings, PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 2014.
  • [49] S. Nakahama, M. Ebihara, A. Sekizawa, Y. Ikehata, H. Notake, An Examination Of Feasibility Of Elevator Evacuation Based On Risk Assessment, Fire Saf. Sci. 8 (2005) 611–622. https://doi.org/10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.8-611.
  • [50] Bouwbesluit, Netherland, 2012.
  • [51] A. Soltanzadeh, M. Alaghmandan, H. Soltanzadeh, Performance evaluation of refuge floors in combination with egress components in high-rise buildings, J. Build. Eng. 19 (2018) 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.029.
  • [52] R.D. Peacock, B.L. Hoskins, E.D. Kuligowski, Overall and local movement speeds during fire drill evacuations in buildings up to 31 stories, Saf. Sci. 50 (2012) 1655–1664. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2012.01.003.
  • [53] A.N. Çakıcı, Yüksek Yapılarda Yangın Tahliye Süresi ve Modellenmesi, Mimar. Derg. (2011).

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, - , 31.03.2020

Muhsin Selçuk Satır Abdurrahman Yağmur Topraklı

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] M.A. Hassanain, On the challenges of evacuation and rescue operations in high-rise buildings, Struct. Surv. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1108/02630800910956443.
  • [2] L. Zhai, The Comparison of Total and Phased Evacuation Strategies for a High-rise Office Building, University of Maryland, 2019.
  • [3] V.A. Oven, N. Çakıcı, Modelling the evacuation of a high-rise office building in Istanbul, Fire Saf. J. 44 (2009) 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.02.005.
  • [4] E. Ronchi, D. Nilsson, Assessment of Total Evacuation Systems for Tall Buildings, 2013.
  • [5] M.J. Hurley, D.T. Gottuk, J.R. Hall, K. Harada, E.D. Kuligowski, M. Puchovsky, J.L. Torero, J.M. Watts, C.J. WIECZOREK, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Springer New York, 2015. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Jh88rgEACAAJ.
  • [6] C. M Y Ng, W. K Chow, A brief review on the time line concept in evacuation, Int. J. Archit. Sci. 7 (2006).
  • [7] E.R. Galea, G. Sharp, P. Lawrence, R. Holden, Approximating the Evacuation of the World Trade Center North Tower using Computer Simulation, J. Fire Prot. Eng. - J FIRE PROT ENG. 18 (2008) 85–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507079343.
  • [8] B. Zhang, Z.S. Xu, Q.W. Zhao, Y.Y. Liu, A study on theoretical calculation method of subway safety evacuation, Procedia Eng. 71 (2014) 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.085.
  • [9] R. Lovreglio, E. Kuligowski, S. Gwynne, K. Boyce, A pre-evacuation database for use in egress simulations, Fire Saf. J. 105 (2019) 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.12.009.
  • [10] N.C. McConnell, K.E. Boyce, J. Shields, E.R. Galea, R.C. Day, L.M. Hulse, The UK 9/11 evacuation study: Analysis of survivors’ recognition and response phase in WTC1, Fire Saf. J. 45 (2010) 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FIRESAF.2009.09.001.
  • [11] BSI - BS PD 7974-6, United Kingdom, 2019.
  • [12] P. van de Leur, Building Evacuation, Rules and Reality, HERON. 50 (2005) 237–246.
  • [13] V.A. Oven, N. Cakici, Modelling the evacuation of a high-rise office building in Istanbul, Fire Saf. J. 44 (2009) 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FIRESAF.2008.02.005.
  • [14] G. Proulx, Evacuation time and movement in apartment buildings, Fire Saf. J. 24 (1995) 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(95)00023-M.
  • [15] F. Huo, W. Song, L. Chen, C. Liu, K.M. Liew, Experimental study on characteristics of pedestrian evacuation on stairs in a high-rise building, Saf. Sci. 86 (2016) 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2016.02.025.
  • [16] S.-H. Wang, W.-C. Wang, K.-C. Wang, S.-Y. Shih, Applying building information modeling to support fire safety management, Autom. Constr. 59 (2015) 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AUTCON.2015.02.001.
  • [17] W. Sujatmiko, H.K. Dipojono, F.X.N. Soelami, Soegijanto, Performance-based Fire Safety Evacuation in High-rise Building Flats in Indonesia – A Case Study in Bandung, Procedia Environ. Sci. 20 (2014) 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENV.2014.03.016.
  • [18] R. Lovreglio, A Review of Augmented Reality Applications for Building Evacuation, in: 17th Int. Conf. Comput. Civ. Build. Eng., At Tampere, 2018.
  • [19] E.D. Kuligowski, R.D. Peacock, B.L. Hoskins, A Review of Building Evacuation Models, 2. Edition, National Institute of Standarts and Technology, 2019.
  • [20] Y. Sun, Egress as Part Of Fire Safety in High-rise Buildings, Delft University of Technology, 2013.
  • [21] S. Gwynne, E.R. Galea, M. Owen, P.J. Lawrence, L. Filippidis, A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment, Build. Environ. 34 (1999) 741–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2.
  • [22] R.R.M. Gershon, K.A. Qureshi, M.S. Rubin, V.H. Raveis, Factors associated with high-rise evacuation: Qualitative results from the world trade center evacuation study, Prehosp. Disaster Med. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X0000460X.
  • [23] S. Olenick, D. Carpenter, An Updated International Survey of Computer Models for Fire and Smoke, J. Fire Prot. Eng. - J FIRE PROT ENG. 13 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391503013002001.
  • [24] G.-Y. Wu, H.-C. Huang, Modeling the emergency evacuation of the high rise building based on the control volume model, Saf. Sci. 73 (2015) 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2014.11.012.
  • [25] E. Ronchi, E. Kuligowski, D. Nilsson, R. Peacock, P. Reneke, Assessing the Verification and Validation of Building Fire Evacuation Models, Fire Technol. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-014-0432-3.
  • [26] Y. Alginahi, M. Mudassar, M.N. Kabir, O. Tayan, Analyzing the Crowd Evacuation Pattern of a Large Densely Populated Building, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 44 (2019) 3289–3304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3411-z.
  • [27] M. Kinsey, S. Gwynne, E. Kuligowski, M. Kinateder, Cognitive Biases Within Decision Making During Fire Evacuations, Fire Technol. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0708-0.
  • [28] M.T. Kinateder, E.D. Kuligowski, P.A. Reneke, R.D. Peacock, A Review of Risk Perception in Building Fire Evacuation, 2014. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1840.
  • [29] G. Proulx, High-Rise Office Egress: the Human Factors, in: Symp. High-Rise Build. Egr. Stairs, National Research Council Canada, New York, 2007: p. 3.
  • [30] M. Gerges, M. Mayouf, P. Rumley, D. Moore, Human behaviour under fire situations in high-rise residential building, Int. J. Build. Pathol. Adapt. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-09-2016-0022.
  • [31] M. Kobes, J. Post, I. Helsloot, B. De Vries, Fire risk of high-rise buildings based on human behavior in fires, Conf. Proc. FSHB. (2008).
  • [32] P. Lin, J. Ma, T. Liu, T. Ran, Y. Si, T. Li, An experimental study of the “faster-is-slower” effect using mice under panic, Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl. 452 (2016) 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYSA.2016.02.017.
  • [33] J. Ma, S.M. Lo, W.G. Song, Cellular automaton modeling approach for optimum ultra high-rise building evacuation design, Fire Saf. J. 54 (2012) 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FIRESAF.2012.07.008.
  • [34] Z. Xing, Y. Tang, Simulation of Fire and Evacuation in High-Rise Building, Procedia Eng. 45 (2012) 705–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2012.08.227.
  • [35] J.J. Chen, X.G. Wang, Z. Fang, Collaborative Evacuation Strategy of Ultra-tall Towers among Stairs and Elevators, Procedia Eng. 135 (2016) 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.01.102.
  • [36] J. Zhong-an, C. Mei-ling, W. Xiao-hua, Experiment and Simulation Study on High-rise Student Apartment Fire Personal Evacuation in the Campus, Procedia Eng. 11 (2011) 156–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2011.04.641.
  • [37] NFPA 101, USA, 2018.
  • [38] International Builidng Code, 2018.
  • [39] Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkındaki Yönetmelik (BYKHY), Resmi Gazete, Ankara, 2007. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/12/20071219-2.htm.
  • [40] Z.-M. Fang, W.-G. Song, Z.-J. Li, W. Tian, W. Lv, J. Ma, X. Xiao, Experimental study on evacuation process in a stairwell of a high-rise building, Build. Environ. 47 (2012) 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2011.07.009.
  • [41] E. Ronchi, D. Nilsson, Fire evacuation in high-rise buildings: a review of human behaviour and modelling research, Fire Sci. Rev. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-0414-2-7.
  • [42] J. Ma, W.G. Song, W. Tian, S.M. Lo, G.X. Liao, Experimental study on an ultra high-rise building evacuation in China, Saf. Sci. 50 (2012) 1665–1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2011.12.018.
  • [43] L. Huang, T. Chen, H. Yuan, Simulation Study of Evacuation in High-rise Buildings, Transp. Res. Procedia. 2 (2014) 518–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRPRO.2014.09.069.
  • [44] C. Haitao, L. Leilei, Q. Jiuzi, Accident Cause Analysis and Evacuation Countermeasures on the High-Rise Building Fires, Procedia Eng. 43 (2012) 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2012.08.005.
  • [45] P.A. Reneke, R.D. Peacock, B.L. Hoskins, Combined Stairwell and Elevator Use During Building Evacuation, 2013.
  • [46] Y. Ding, L. Yang, F. Weng, Z. Fu, P. Rao, Investigation of combined stairs elevators evacuation strategies for high rise buildings based on simulation, Simul. Model. Pract. Theory. 53 (2015) 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2015.01.004.
  • [47] Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings, Singapore, 2018.
  • [48] Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings, PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 2014.
  • [49] S. Nakahama, M. Ebihara, A. Sekizawa, Y. Ikehata, H. Notake, An Examination Of Feasibility Of Elevator Evacuation Based On Risk Assessment, Fire Saf. Sci. 8 (2005) 611–622. https://doi.org/10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.8-611.
  • [50] Bouwbesluit, Netherland, 2012.
  • [51] A. Soltanzadeh, M. Alaghmandan, H. Soltanzadeh, Performance evaluation of refuge floors in combination with egress components in high-rise buildings, J. Build. Eng. 19 (2018) 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.029.
  • [52] R.D. Peacock, B.L. Hoskins, E.D. Kuligowski, Overall and local movement speeds during fire drill evacuations in buildings up to 31 stories, Saf. Sci. 50 (2012) 1655–1664. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2012.01.003.
  • [53] A.N. Çakıcı, Yüksek Yapılarda Yangın Tahliye Süresi ve Modellenmesi, Mimar. Derg. (2011).
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimarlık
Bölüm Mimarlık
Yazarlar

Muhsin Selçuk Satır 0000-0003-1011-5429

Abdurrahman Yağmur Topraklı 0000-0003-2437-9724

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Satır, M. S., & Topraklı, A. Y. (2020). A Review of Evacuation of High-Rise Buildings. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning, 8(1).