BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

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Yıl 2013, Cilt: 54 Sayı: 2, 36 - 42, 09.01.2015

Öz

The calves born in dairy farms have quite sensitive period in the first month of their life. In this period, colostrum, milk and milk replacer intake is important and they should be given to calves by hygienic and a proper way. Feeding failures and intestinal pathogens cause intestinal diseases such as scours. Intestinal pathogens are one of the most significant problems in breeding dairy farms. In recent years, antibiotics widely used as feed additives to prevent diseases, reduce mortality, increase growth and feed efficiency in calf rearing. However, the addition antibiotic to feed is increasing resistance of pathogens in animal production. In many countries, the emergence of food origin diseases, public health concerns and consumer pressures has led to reduction or elimination of antibiotics in feed. Some of alternative feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids and volatile oils have come into prominence. Besides being natural products of these additives, are reported to be effective against intestinal pathogens

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar
  • Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck D., Idaomar, M.
  • , Biological effects of essential oils-A review,
  • Food and Chemical Toxicology 46(2): 446-475.
  • Bampidis, V. A., Christodoulou,V., Florou-Paneri, P. ve
  • Christaki, E. 2006,Effect of dried oregano leaves
  • versus neomycin in treating new born calves with
  • colibacillosis, J.Vet. Med. A. 53:154–156.
  • Baratta, M.T., Dorman, H.J., Deans, S.G., Figueiredo,
  • A.C., Barroso, J.G., Ruberto, G. 1998. Antimicrobial
  • and antioxidant properties of some commercial
  • essential oils. Flavour Fragr. J. 13: 235-244.
  • Bayatkouhsara, J., Tahmasebib, A.M., Naserianb, A.A.,
  • Mokarramc, R.R., Valizadeh, R. 2013, Effects of
  • supplementation of lactic acid bacteria on growth
  • performance, blood metabolites and fecal coliform
  • andlactobacilli of young dairy calves, Animal Feed
  • Science and Technology 186: 1– 11.
  • Baydar, H., Osman, S., Özkan, G., Karado, K. 2001,
  • Antibacterial activity and composition of essential
  • oils from Origanum, Thymbra and Satureja species
  • with commercial importance in Turkey. Food
  • Control 15(3): 169-172.
  • Benkeblia, N. 2003, Antimicrobial activity of essential
  • oil extracts of various onions (allium cepa) and
  • garlic (allium sativum), Lebensm. Wiss., U.
  • Technol. 37: 263–268.
  • Berner, D. 1983. Milk replacer for acid feding and the
  • problems involved modern feeding methods for
  • rearing calves, Roche Information Service, Animal
  • Nutrition Department, Switzerland, p: 27-41.
  • Blezinger, S.B. 2006, Yeast products can have positive
  • effects on cattle performance. Cattle Today Online,
  • http://www.cattletoday.com/archive/2006/june/CT48
  • shtml, Erişim tarihi:01.06.2006.
  • Borchers, R. 1965. Proteolytic activity of rumen fluid in
  • vitro. J Anim Sci. 24:1033-1038.
  • Burt, S., 2004, Essential oils: their antibacterial
  • properties and potential applications in foods: a
  • review. International Journal of Food Microbiology.
  • Volume 94(3): 223-253.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Kamel, C.
  • Screening for effects of plant extracts and
  • active compounds of plants on dairy cattle rumen
  • microbial fermentation in a continuous culture
  • system, Animal Feed Science and Technology,
  • p:597–613.
  • Calsamiglia S., Busquet M., Cardozo P. W., Castillejos
  • L., Ferret A., Fandiño I. 2007. Essential oils for
  • modifying rumen fermentation: a review. Journal of
  • Dairy Science 90: 2580-2595.
  • Ceylan, A. 1996. Tıbbi bitkiler-II, (uçucu yağ bitkileri),
  • Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayını No:481,
  • Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri
  • Bölümü, Bornova-İZMİR, p:306
  • Cooke, K. 2004. Alternatives to the use of antibiotics in
  • the production of food from animals, BSAS, The
  • British Society of Animal Science, PO Box 3,
  • Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0RZ, Scotland.
  • Costello, R. 2005. Causative agents of calfhood
  • diarrhea. A Division of Merrick Animal Nutrition,
  • Inc. www.merricks.com.
  • Croteau, R., Kutchan, T.M., Lewis, N.G. 2000. Natural
  • products (secondary metabolites) biochemistry and
  • molecular biology of plants. American Society of
  • Plant Physiologists. p:1250-1318.
  • Donovan, D.C., Franklin, S.T., Chase, C.C.L., Hippen,
  • A.R. 2002. Growth and health of holstein calves fed
  • milk replacers supplemented with antibiotics or
  • enteroguard. Journal of Dairy Science 85(4): 947-
  • -
  • Dorman, H.J.D., Deans, S.G. 2000. Antimicrobial
  • agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant
  • volatile oils, Journal of Applied Microbiology. 88:
  • –316.
  • Doyle, M.E. 2001. Alternatives to antibiotic use for
  • growth promotion in animal husbandry, Food
  • Research Institute, University of Wisconsin–
  • Madison, WI 53706.
  • Frank, N.A., Kaneene, J. 1993. Management risk factors
  • associated with calf diarrhea. Journal of Dairy
  • Science 76:1313-1323.
  • Frizzo, L.S., Zbrun, M.V., L.P. Soto, Signorini, M.L.
  • Effects of probiotics on growth performance
  • in young calves:A meta-analysis of randomized
  • controlled trials. Animal Feed Science and
  • Technology 169:147– 156
  • Foley, J. A., Otterby, D.E. 1978. Availability, Storage,
  • Treatment, Composition, and Feeding Value of
  • Surplus Colostrum: a review. Journal of Dairy
  • Science 61(8) :1033-1060.
  • Fuller, R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals, The
  • Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66: 365–378.
  • Greathead, H.M.R., Forbes, J.M., Beaumont, D., Kamel,
  • C. 2000. The effect of a formulation of natural
  • essential oils used as an additive with a milk replacer
  • and a compound feed on the feed efficiency of
  • calves. British Society of Animal Sciences, Annual
  • Winter Meeting, ISBN: 0906562325 p:68
  • Güçlü,K. B., Kara, K. 2009. Ruminant beslemede
  • alternatif yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımı:
  • probiyotik, prebiyotik ve enzim. Erciyes
  • Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 6(1): 65-79.
  • Kaya, A., Uzmay, C., Alçiçek, A., Kaya, İ. 2000.
  • Buzağıların ekşitilmiş süt ile büyütülmesi üzerine bir
  • araştırma. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal
  • Sciences 24: 413-421.
  • Kutlu, Ö., Özen, N. 2009. Hayvan Beslemede Son
  • Gelişmeler, 6. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi,
  • Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni
  • Bölümü, Erzurum, Tubitak, 24-26 Haziran, p:15-50
  • Heinrichs, A.J., Jones, C. 2003. Feeding the new born
  • dair calf. The Pennsylvania State University, 328
  • Boucke Building, University Park, PA 16802-5901,
  • Tel 814865-4700/V, 814-863-1150/TTY. CAT
  • UD013 5M8/03, p:3434.
  • Heinrichs, A.J., Jones, C.M., Heinrichs, B.S. 2003.
  • Effects of mannan oligosaccharide or antibiotics in
  • neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves,
  • Journal of Dairy Science 86: 4064–4069.
  • Helander, I., M., Alakomi, H.L., Kyösti, L. K.,Tiina, M.
  • S., Pol,I., Smid, E. J., Gorris, L. G. M., Wright, A.
  • V. 1998. Characterization of the action of selected
  • essential oil components on gram-negative bacteria,
  • J. Agric. Food Chem. 46(9): 3590–3595.
  • Jaster, E.H., Mccoy, G.C., Tomkins, T., Davis, C.L.
  • Feeding acidified or sweet milk replacer to
  • dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 73: 3563-
  • -
  • Jouany J.P., Morgavi, D.P. 2007. Use of ‘natural’
  • products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives
  • in ruminant production. The Animal Consortium,
  • (10):1443–1466.
  • Langoni, H., Linhares, A.C., Avilas, F.A., Da Silva,
  • A.V., Elias A.O. 2004. Contribution to the study of
  • diarrhea etiology in neonate dairy calves in São
  • Paulo state, Brazil, Brazilian Journ al of Veterinary
  • Research and Animal Science 41: 313-319.
  • Lee, H.G., Cheng S.S., Chang, S.T. 2005. Antifungal
  • property of the essential oils and their constituents
  • from cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf against tree
  • pathogenic fungi, Journal of the Science of Food and
  • Agriculture, p:2047–2053.
  • Mcıntosh, F.M., Williams P., Losa R.,Wallace R.J.,
  • Beever, D.A., Newbold, C.J. 2003. Effects of
  • essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their
  • protein metabolism, Applied and Environmental
  • Microbiology, p:5011–5014.
  • Morrill, J.L., Dayton, A.D., Mickelsen, R. 1976.
  • Cultured milk and antibiotics for young calves,
  • Journal of Dairy Science 60(7): 1105-1109.
  • Owen, F.G. Jacobson, N.L. Allen, R.S., Homeyer, P.G.
  • Nutritional factors in calf diarrhea, Journal of
  • Dairy Science 41(5): 662-670.
  • Partanen, K. H., Mroz, Z. 1999. Organic acids for
  • performance enhancement in pig diets, Nutrition
  • Research Reviews 12: 117-145.
  • Piva, G., Rossi F. 1999. Possible alternatives to the use
  • of antibiotics as growth promotors, New additives,
  • http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c37/99600009.pdf
  • Roodposhti, P., M., Dabiri, N. 2012. Effects of
  • probiotic and prebiotic on average daily gain, fecal
  • shedding of escherichia coli, and ımmune system
  • status in newborn female calves. Asian-Aust. J.
  • Anim. Sci. 25(9):1255 – 1261.
  • Quigley, J.D., Drewry, J.J., Murray, L.M., Ivey, S.J.
  • Body weight gain, feed efficiency, and fecal
  • scores of dairy calves in response to galactosyllactose
  • or antibiotics in milk replacers. Journal of
  • Dairy Science 80: 1751–1754.
  • Roy, J.H.B. 1980. Factors affecting susceptibility of
  • calves to disease, Journal of Dairy Science 63(4):
  • -663.
  • Stolpmann, V. 1983. Theory and practice of rearing
  • calves on cold milk. In: modern feeding methods for
  • rearing calves, Roche Information Service. Animal
  • Nutrition Department, Switzerland. p: 7-15.
  • Thickett, B., Mitchell, D., Hallows, B. 1988. Calf
  • Rearing. Farming Pres Books, 4 Friars Courtyard,
  • -32 Princes Street Ipswich IP1 1RJ, United
  • Kingdom, ISBN:0-85236-180-7.
  • Tuncer, İ. 2007. Karma yemlerde kullanımı yasaklanan
  • hormon, antibiyotik, antikoksidiyal ve ilaçlar,
  • Lalahan Hay. Arast. Enst. Derg. 47(1): 29–37.
  • Ultee, A., Kets, E. P. W., Smid, E. J. 1999. Mechanisms
  • of action of carvacrol on the food-borne pathogen
  • Bacillus cereus. Applied Environmental
  • Microbiology 65(10): 4606–4610.
  • Ünlü, H.B. ve Erkek, R. 2011. Kekik ve sarımsak uçucu
  • yağlarının buzağılarda performans, bazı dışkı ve kan
  • parametrelerine etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Zootekni
  • Anabilim Dalı, Bornova-İzmir, p:80.
  • Vakili, A.R., Khorrami, B., Mesgaran, M.D., Parand, E.
  • The effects of thyme and cinnamon essential
  • oils on performance,rumen fermentation and blood
  • metabolites in holstein calves consuming high
  • concentrate diet, Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci.
  • (7): 935-944
  • van Dam, H. 2006. Organic acids and their salts. Pig
  • Progress 22(8): 26-28.
  • Verstegena, M.W.A., Williamsa, B.A. 2002. Animal
  • Biotechnology, ISSN: 1532-2378, Alternatives to
  • the use of antibiotics as growth promoters for
  • monogastric animals, Department of Animal
  • Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen
  • University 13(1): 113–127.

Buzağı Beslemede Doğal Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 54 Sayı: 2, 36 - 42, 09.01.2015

Öz

Özet
Süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde doğan buzağılar, yaşamlarının ilk ayında oldukça hassas bir döneme sahiptirler. Bu dönemde;
kolostrum, süt ve süt ikame yemleri tüketimi önemlidir. Bu ürünlerin, hijyenik ve tekniğine uygun şekilde buzağılara verilmesi
gerekir. Besleme hataları ve hızla çoğalan bağırsak patojenleri, ishal gibi bağırsak hastalıklarının görülmesine yol açmaktadır.
Bağırsak patojenleri, damızlık süt sığırı işletmelerinin en önemli sorunlarından birisidir. Geçmiş yıllarda, antibiyotikler,
buzağılarda hastalıkları engelleme, ölüm oranını azaltma, gelişmeyi ve yemden yararlanmayı arttırmak için yem katkı maddesi
olarak yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Fakat bununla birlikte yemlere antibiyotik ilavesinin patojen direncinin arttığını ortaya
koyan bilimsel araştırma sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Ayrıca birçok ülkede hayvansal gıda kökenli hastalıkların ortaya çıkması,
kamuoyunda halk sağlığı endişesinin ve tüketici baskılarının artması yemlerde antibiyotik kullanımının azaltılması ya da
kaldırılmasına neden olmuştur. Antibiyotiğin yerine de alternatif yem katkı maddelerinden; probiyotikler, prebiyotikler, organik
asitler ve uçucu yağlar ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu katkıların doğal ürün olmaları yanında, bağırsak patojenlerine karşı da etkili
oldukları bildirilmektedir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Buzağı, probiyotik, prebiyotik, organik asit, uçucu yağlar

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar
  • Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck D., Idaomar, M.
  • , Biological effects of essential oils-A review,
  • Food and Chemical Toxicology 46(2): 446-475.
  • Bampidis, V. A., Christodoulou,V., Florou-Paneri, P. ve
  • Christaki, E. 2006,Effect of dried oregano leaves
  • versus neomycin in treating new born calves with
  • colibacillosis, J.Vet. Med. A. 53:154–156.
  • Baratta, M.T., Dorman, H.J., Deans, S.G., Figueiredo,
  • A.C., Barroso, J.G., Ruberto, G. 1998. Antimicrobial
  • and antioxidant properties of some commercial
  • essential oils. Flavour Fragr. J. 13: 235-244.
  • Bayatkouhsara, J., Tahmasebib, A.M., Naserianb, A.A.,
  • Mokarramc, R.R., Valizadeh, R. 2013, Effects of
  • supplementation of lactic acid bacteria on growth
  • performance, blood metabolites and fecal coliform
  • andlactobacilli of young dairy calves, Animal Feed
  • Science and Technology 186: 1– 11.
  • Baydar, H., Osman, S., Özkan, G., Karado, K. 2001,
  • Antibacterial activity and composition of essential
  • oils from Origanum, Thymbra and Satureja species
  • with commercial importance in Turkey. Food
  • Control 15(3): 169-172.
  • Benkeblia, N. 2003, Antimicrobial activity of essential
  • oil extracts of various onions (allium cepa) and
  • garlic (allium sativum), Lebensm. Wiss., U.
  • Technol. 37: 263–268.
  • Berner, D. 1983. Milk replacer for acid feding and the
  • problems involved modern feeding methods for
  • rearing calves, Roche Information Service, Animal
  • Nutrition Department, Switzerland, p: 27-41.
  • Blezinger, S.B. 2006, Yeast products can have positive
  • effects on cattle performance. Cattle Today Online,
  • http://www.cattletoday.com/archive/2006/june/CT48
  • shtml, Erişim tarihi:01.06.2006.
  • Borchers, R. 1965. Proteolytic activity of rumen fluid in
  • vitro. J Anim Sci. 24:1033-1038.
  • Burt, S., 2004, Essential oils: their antibacterial
  • properties and potential applications in foods: a
  • review. International Journal of Food Microbiology.
  • Volume 94(3): 223-253.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Kamel, C.
  • Screening for effects of plant extracts and
  • active compounds of plants on dairy cattle rumen
  • microbial fermentation in a continuous culture
  • system, Animal Feed Science and Technology,
  • p:597–613.
  • Calsamiglia S., Busquet M., Cardozo P. W., Castillejos
  • L., Ferret A., Fandiño I. 2007. Essential oils for
  • modifying rumen fermentation: a review. Journal of
  • Dairy Science 90: 2580-2595.
  • Ceylan, A. 1996. Tıbbi bitkiler-II, (uçucu yağ bitkileri),
  • Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayını No:481,
  • Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri
  • Bölümü, Bornova-İZMİR, p:306
  • Cooke, K. 2004. Alternatives to the use of antibiotics in
  • the production of food from animals, BSAS, The
  • British Society of Animal Science, PO Box 3,
  • Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0RZ, Scotland.
  • Costello, R. 2005. Causative agents of calfhood
  • diarrhea. A Division of Merrick Animal Nutrition,
  • Inc. www.merricks.com.
  • Croteau, R., Kutchan, T.M., Lewis, N.G. 2000. Natural
  • products (secondary metabolites) biochemistry and
  • molecular biology of plants. American Society of
  • Plant Physiologists. p:1250-1318.
  • Donovan, D.C., Franklin, S.T., Chase, C.C.L., Hippen,
  • A.R. 2002. Growth and health of holstein calves fed
  • milk replacers supplemented with antibiotics or
  • enteroguard. Journal of Dairy Science 85(4): 947-
  • -
  • Dorman, H.J.D., Deans, S.G. 2000. Antimicrobial
  • agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant
  • volatile oils, Journal of Applied Microbiology. 88:
  • –316.
  • Doyle, M.E. 2001. Alternatives to antibiotic use for
  • growth promotion in animal husbandry, Food
  • Research Institute, University of Wisconsin–
  • Madison, WI 53706.
  • Frank, N.A., Kaneene, J. 1993. Management risk factors
  • associated with calf diarrhea. Journal of Dairy
  • Science 76:1313-1323.
  • Frizzo, L.S., Zbrun, M.V., L.P. Soto, Signorini, M.L.
  • Effects of probiotics on growth performance
  • in young calves:A meta-analysis of randomized
  • controlled trials. Animal Feed Science and
  • Technology 169:147– 156
  • Foley, J. A., Otterby, D.E. 1978. Availability, Storage,
  • Treatment, Composition, and Feeding Value of
  • Surplus Colostrum: a review. Journal of Dairy
  • Science 61(8) :1033-1060.
  • Fuller, R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals, The
  • Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66: 365–378.
  • Greathead, H.M.R., Forbes, J.M., Beaumont, D., Kamel,
  • C. 2000. The effect of a formulation of natural
  • essential oils used as an additive with a milk replacer
  • and a compound feed on the feed efficiency of
  • calves. British Society of Animal Sciences, Annual
  • Winter Meeting, ISBN: 0906562325 p:68
  • Güçlü,K. B., Kara, K. 2009. Ruminant beslemede
  • alternatif yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımı:
  • probiyotik, prebiyotik ve enzim. Erciyes
  • Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 6(1): 65-79.
  • Kaya, A., Uzmay, C., Alçiçek, A., Kaya, İ. 2000.
  • Buzağıların ekşitilmiş süt ile büyütülmesi üzerine bir
  • araştırma. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal
  • Sciences 24: 413-421.
  • Kutlu, Ö., Özen, N. 2009. Hayvan Beslemede Son
  • Gelişmeler, 6. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi,
  • Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni
  • Bölümü, Erzurum, Tubitak, 24-26 Haziran, p:15-50
  • Heinrichs, A.J., Jones, C. 2003. Feeding the new born
  • dair calf. The Pennsylvania State University, 328
  • Boucke Building, University Park, PA 16802-5901,
  • Tel 814865-4700/V, 814-863-1150/TTY. CAT
  • UD013 5M8/03, p:3434.
  • Heinrichs, A.J., Jones, C.M., Heinrichs, B.S. 2003.
  • Effects of mannan oligosaccharide or antibiotics in
  • neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves,
  • Journal of Dairy Science 86: 4064–4069.
  • Helander, I., M., Alakomi, H.L., Kyösti, L. K.,Tiina, M.
  • S., Pol,I., Smid, E. J., Gorris, L. G. M., Wright, A.
  • V. 1998. Characterization of the action of selected
  • essential oil components on gram-negative bacteria,
  • J. Agric. Food Chem. 46(9): 3590–3595.
  • Jaster, E.H., Mccoy, G.C., Tomkins, T., Davis, C.L.
  • Feeding acidified or sweet milk replacer to
  • dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 73: 3563-
  • -
  • Jouany J.P., Morgavi, D.P. 2007. Use of ‘natural’
  • products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives
  • in ruminant production. The Animal Consortium,
  • (10):1443–1466.
  • Langoni, H., Linhares, A.C., Avilas, F.A., Da Silva,
  • A.V., Elias A.O. 2004. Contribution to the study of
  • diarrhea etiology in neonate dairy calves in São
  • Paulo state, Brazil, Brazilian Journ al of Veterinary
  • Research and Animal Science 41: 313-319.
  • Lee, H.G., Cheng S.S., Chang, S.T. 2005. Antifungal
  • property of the essential oils and their constituents
  • from cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf against tree
  • pathogenic fungi, Journal of the Science of Food and
  • Agriculture, p:2047–2053.
  • Mcıntosh, F.M., Williams P., Losa R.,Wallace R.J.,
  • Beever, D.A., Newbold, C.J. 2003. Effects of
  • essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their
  • protein metabolism, Applied and Environmental
  • Microbiology, p:5011–5014.
  • Morrill, J.L., Dayton, A.D., Mickelsen, R. 1976.
  • Cultured milk and antibiotics for young calves,
  • Journal of Dairy Science 60(7): 1105-1109.
  • Owen, F.G. Jacobson, N.L. Allen, R.S., Homeyer, P.G.
  • Nutritional factors in calf diarrhea, Journal of
  • Dairy Science 41(5): 662-670.
  • Partanen, K. H., Mroz, Z. 1999. Organic acids for
  • performance enhancement in pig diets, Nutrition
  • Research Reviews 12: 117-145.
  • Piva, G., Rossi F. 1999. Possible alternatives to the use
  • of antibiotics as growth promotors, New additives,
  • http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c37/99600009.pdf
  • Roodposhti, P., M., Dabiri, N. 2012. Effects of
  • probiotic and prebiotic on average daily gain, fecal
  • shedding of escherichia coli, and ımmune system
  • status in newborn female calves. Asian-Aust. J.
  • Anim. Sci. 25(9):1255 – 1261.
  • Quigley, J.D., Drewry, J.J., Murray, L.M., Ivey, S.J.
  • Body weight gain, feed efficiency, and fecal
  • scores of dairy calves in response to galactosyllactose
  • or antibiotics in milk replacers. Journal of
  • Dairy Science 80: 1751–1754.
  • Roy, J.H.B. 1980. Factors affecting susceptibility of
  • calves to disease, Journal of Dairy Science 63(4):
  • -663.
  • Stolpmann, V. 1983. Theory and practice of rearing
  • calves on cold milk. In: modern feeding methods for
  • rearing calves, Roche Information Service. Animal
  • Nutrition Department, Switzerland. p: 7-15.
  • Thickett, B., Mitchell, D., Hallows, B. 1988. Calf
  • Rearing. Farming Pres Books, 4 Friars Courtyard,
  • -32 Princes Street Ipswich IP1 1RJ, United
  • Kingdom, ISBN:0-85236-180-7.
  • Tuncer, İ. 2007. Karma yemlerde kullanımı yasaklanan
  • hormon, antibiyotik, antikoksidiyal ve ilaçlar,
  • Lalahan Hay. Arast. Enst. Derg. 47(1): 29–37.
  • Ultee, A., Kets, E. P. W., Smid, E. J. 1999. Mechanisms
  • of action of carvacrol on the food-borne pathogen
  • Bacillus cereus. Applied Environmental
  • Microbiology 65(10): 4606–4610.
  • Ünlü, H.B. ve Erkek, R. 2011. Kekik ve sarımsak uçucu
  • yağlarının buzağılarda performans, bazı dışkı ve kan
  • parametrelerine etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Zootekni
  • Anabilim Dalı, Bornova-İzmir, p:80.
  • Vakili, A.R., Khorrami, B., Mesgaran, M.D., Parand, E.
  • The effects of thyme and cinnamon essential
  • oils on performance,rumen fermentation and blood
  • metabolites in holstein calves consuming high
  • concentrate diet, Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci.
  • (7): 935-944
  • van Dam, H. 2006. Organic acids and their salts. Pig
  • Progress 22(8): 26-28.
  • Verstegena, M.W.A., Williamsa, B.A. 2002. Animal
  • Biotechnology, ISSN: 1532-2378, Alternatives to
  • the use of antibiotics as growth promoters for
  • monogastric animals, Department of Animal
  • Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen
  • University 13(1): 113–127.
Toplam 206 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Hayrullah Ünlü Bu kişi benim

Ramazan Erkek

Mürsel Özdoğan

Selim Mert

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Ocak 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Ocak 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 54 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünlü, H., Erkek, R., Özdoğan, M., Mert, S. (2015). Buzağı Beslemede Doğal Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı. Hayvansal Üretim, 54(2), 36-42.


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