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Peste Des Petit Ruminants-A review

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 47 - 56, 25.08.2017
https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.319937

Öz

Peste des petit ruminants [PPR] is a highly contagious viral disease which is characterized with acute or sub-acute hyperthermia, extremely contagious and mostly pernicious disease of sheep as well as goats and wild small ruminants. In this review, detailed information on etiology, transmission, clinical findings, diagnosis of method, control and elimination pathological, and epizootiological findings of Peste des petits ruminants was given.



 

Kaynakça

  • Abdalla, A. S., Majok, A. A., El Malik, K. H. & Ali, A. S. (2012). Sero-prevalence of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in small ruminants in Blue Nile, Gadaref and North Kordofan States of Sudan. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 4(3), 59-64.
  • Abubakar, M., Jamal, S. M., Arshed, M. J., Hussain, M. & Ali, Q. (2009). Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection; its association with species, seasonal variations and geography. Tropical animal health and production, 41(7), 1197-1202.
  • Adombi, C. M., Lelenta, M., Lamien, C. E., Shamaki, D., Koffi, Y. M., Traoré, A. & Luckins, A. G. (2011). Monkey CV1 cell line expressing the sheep–goat SLAM protein: a highly sensitive cell line for the isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from pathological specimens. Journal of Virological Methods, 173(2), 306-313.
  • Banyard, A. C., Parida, S., Batten, C., Oura, C., Kwiatek, O. & Libeau, G. (2010). Global distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus and prospects for improved diagnosis and control. Journal of General Virology, 91(12), 2885-2897.
  • Blood, D. C., Radostits, O. M., & Henderson, J. A. (1983). Veterinary Medicine. 6th. Ed. UK. Baillière Tindall. Braide, V. B. (1981). Peste des petits ruminants. A review. World Animal Review, 39, 25-28.
  • Bundza, A., Afshar, A., Dukes, T. W., Myers, D. J., Dulac, G. C., & Becker, S. A. (1988). Experimental peste des petits ruminants (goat plague) in goats and sheep. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 52(1), 46.
  • Couacy-Hymann, E., Roger, F., Hurard, C., Guillou, J. P., Libeau, G., & Diallo, A. (2002). Rapid and sensitive detection of peste des petits ruminants virus by a polymerase chain reaction assay. Journal of Virological Methods, 100(1), 17-25.
  • Dhar, P., Sreenivasa, B. P., Barrett, T., Corteyn, M., Singh, R. P. & Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2002). Recent epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Veterinary Microbiology, 88(2), 153-159.
  • Diallo, A. (1990). Morbillivirus group: genome organisation and proteins. Veterinary Microbiology, 23(1-4), 155-163.
  • Diallo, A. (2006). Control of peste des petits ruminants and poverty alleviation?. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 53(1), 11-13.
  • Diallo, A., Libeau, G., Couacy-Hymann, E. & Barbron, M. (1995). Recent developments in the diagnosis of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants. Veterinary Microbiology, 44(2), 307-317.
  • Diop, M., Sarr, J. & Libeau, G. (2005). Evaluation of novel diagnostic tools for peste des petits ruminants virus in naturally infected goat herds. Epidemiology and Infection, 133(4), 711.
  • Dufour, L. (2010). The plague of small ruminants: Moroccan outbreak of 2008, a danger to Europe? PhD thesis. France. The Faculty of Medicine, Creteil, National Veterinary School of Alfort.
  • El Hag, A. B. & Taylor, W. P. (1984). Isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from the Sudan. Research in Veterinary Science, 36(1), 1-4.
  • Elsawalhy, A., Mariner, J. C., Chibeu, D., Wamway, H., Wakhusama, S., Olaho-Mukani, W., & Toye, P. G. (2010). Pan African strategy for the progressive control of Peste des petits ruminants (Pan African PPR strategy), Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 58, 185-193.
  • Ezeibe, M. C. O., Okoroafor, O. N., Ngene, A. A., Eze, J. I., Eze, I. C. & Ugonabo, J. A. C. (2008). Persistent detection of peste de petits ruminants antigen in the faeces of recovered goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 40(7), 517-519.
  • Forsyth, M. A. & Barrett, T. (1995). Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for the detection and characterisation of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses for epidemiological studies. Virus Research, 39(2-3), 151-163.
  • Gibbs, E. P. J. (1981). Virus Diseases of Food Animals: Disease monographs (Vol. 2). Academic Press, 401-425. ISBN-13: 978-0122822025
  • Gopilo, A. (2005). Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus in Ethiopia and molecular studies on virulence (Doctoral dissertation, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse).
  • Hamdy, F. M., Dardiri, A. H., Nduaka, O., Breese Jr, S. S., & Ihemelandu, E. C. (1976). Etiology of the stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex in Nigerian dwarf goats. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 40(3), 276–284.
  • Kahn, C. M., & Kahn, M. (2005). The Merck veterinary manual (No. V670 MER 9a. ed). 617.
  • Kihu, S. M., Gitao, G. C., Bebora, L. C., Njenga, M. J., Wairire, G. G., Maingi, N. & Lutomia, E. (2015). Detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in formalin-fixed tissues. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 47(1), 247-249.
  • Kinne, J., Kreutzer, R., Kreutzer, M., Wernery, U. & Wohlsein, P. (2010). Peste des petits ruminants in Arabian wildlife. Epidemiology and infection, 138(08), 1211-1214.
  • Lefèvre, P. C. & Diallo, A. (1990). Peste des petits ruminants. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 9(4), 935-981.
  • Libeau, G., Diallo, A. & Parida, S. (2014). Evolutionary genetics underlying the spread of peste des petits ruminants virus. Animal Frontiers, 4(1), 14-20.
  • Libeau, G., Prehaud, C., Lancelot, R., Colas, F., Guerre, L., Bishop, D. H. L. & Diallo, A. (1995). Development of a competitive ELISA for detecting antibodies to the peste des petits ruminants virus using a recombinant nucleobrotein. Research in Veterinary Science, 58(1), 50-55.
  • Luka, P. D., Erume, J., Mwiine, F. N. & Ayebazibwe, C. (2011). Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants antibodies in sheep and goats after vaccination in Karamoja, Uganda: implication on control. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3(1), 18-22.
  • Maina, S. M., Gitao, C. G. & Gathumbi, P. K. (2015). Clinico-pathological Observations in Sheep & Goats Exposed to Lineage III Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection in Kenya. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural  Sciences,  3, 72-80.
  • Merck Sharp, (2016). The Merck Veterinary Manual. A subsidiary of Merck Co., Inc. Whitehouse Station NJ, Dohme Corp., USA.
  • Munir, M., Zohari, S. & Berg, M. (2012). Molecular biology and pathogenesis of peste des petits ruminants virus. Springer Science Business Media.
  • Muse, E. A., Karimuribo, E. D., Gitao, G. C., Misinzo, G., Mellau, L. S., Msoffe, P. L. & Albano, M. O. (2012). Epidemiological investigation into the introduction and factors for spread of Peste des Petits Ruminants, southern Tanzania. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 79(2), 49-54.
  • Nanda, Y. P., Chatterjee, A., Purohit, A. K., Diallo, A., Innui, K., Sharma, R. N. & Anderson, J. (1996). The isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from Northern India. Veterinary Microbiology, 51(3-4), 207-216.
  • Ogunsanmi, A. O., Awe, E. O., Obi, T. U. & Taiwo, V. O. (2003). Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus antibodies in african grey duiker (sylvicapra grimmia). African Journal of Biomedical Research, 6(1), 6, 59-61.
  • Osman, N. A., Ali, A. S. & Fadol, M. A. (2009). Pathological, serological and virological findings in goats experimentally infected with Sudanese Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus isolates. Journal of General and Molecular Virology, 1(1), 001-006.
  • Ozkul, A., Akca, Y., Alkan, F., Barrett, T., Karaoglu, T., Dagalp, S. B. & Burgu, I. (2002). 'Prevalence, distribution and host range of peste des petits ruminants virus, Turkey. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8(7), 708-712.
  • Pugh, D. G., &Baird, N. N. (2012). Sheep goat medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  • Rajak, K. K., Sreenivasa, B. P., Hosamani, M., Singh, R. P., Singh, S. K., Singh, R. K. & Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2005). Experimental studies on immunosuppressive effects of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in goats. Comparative immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 28(4), 287-296.
  • Roeder, P. L., Abraham, G., Kenfe, G. & Barrett, T. (1994). Peste des petits ruminants in Ethiopian goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 26(2), 69-73.
  • Rossiter, P. B. & Taylor W. P. (1994). Peste des petits ruminants. In infectious diseases of livestock. Eds. Coezter JAW. ; 2: 758.
  • Sahinduran, S., Albay, M. K., Sezer, K., Ozmen, O., Mamak, N., Haligur, M. & Yildiz, R. (2012). Coagulation profile, haematological and biochemical changes in kids naturally infected with peste des petits ruminants. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44(3), 453-457.
  • Sarker, S. & Islam, M. H. (2011). Prevalence and risk factor assessment of Peste des petits ruminants in goats in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Veterinary World, 4(12), 546-549.
  • Shaila, M. S., Shamaki, D., Forsyth, M. A., Diallo, A., Goatley, L., Kitching, R. P. & Barrett, T. (1996). Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants viruses. Virus Research, 43(2), 149-153.
  • Singh, R. P., Saravanan, P., Sreenivasa, B. P., Singh, R. K. & Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2004). Prevalence and distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus infection in small ruminants in India. Revue Scientifique Et Technique, 23(3), 807-819.
  • Spickler, A. R. & Roth, J. A. (2006). Emerging and exotic diseases of animals. Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.
  • Swai, E. S., Kapaga, A., Kivaria, F., Tinuga, D., Joshua, G. & Sanka, P. (2009). Prevalence and distribution of Peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in various districts of Tanzania. Veterinary Research Communications, 33(8), 927-936.
  • Taylor, W. P. (1979a). Protection of goats against peste-des-petits-ruminants with attenuated rinderpest virus. Research in Veterinary Science, 27(3), 321.-324.
  • Taylor, W. P. (1979b). Serological studies with the virus of peste des petits ruminants in Nigeria. Research in Veterinary Science, 26(2), 236-242.
  • Taylor, W. P. (1984). The distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2(1), 157-166.
  • Taylor, W. P. & Abegunde, A. (1979). The isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from Nigerian sheep and goats. Research in Veterinary Science, 26(1), 94.
  • Thrusfield, M. (2013). Veterinary epidemiology. Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons Published.
  • Waret-Szkuta, A., Roger, F., Chavernac, D., Yigezu, L., Libeau, G., Pfeiffer, D. U. & Guitián, J. (2008). Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Ethiopia: Analysis of a national serological survey. BMC Veterinary Research, 4(1), 34.
  • Zohari, S., & Stalli, K. (2008). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Peste des Petits ruminants at various governmental livestock farms of Punjab, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Epidemiology, 1(2), 82-90.

Peste Des Petit Ruminants

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 47 - 56, 25.08.2017
https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.319937

Öz

Peste des petit ruminants [PPR] is a highly contagious viral disease which is characterized with acute or sub-acute hyperthermia, extremely contagious and mostly pernicious disease of sheep as well as goats and wild small ruminants. In this review, detailed information on etiology, transmission, clinical findings, diagnosis of method, control and elimination pathological, and epizootiological findings of Peste des petits ruminants was given.



 

Kaynakça

  • Abdalla, A. S., Majok, A. A., El Malik, K. H. & Ali, A. S. (2012). Sero-prevalence of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in small ruminants in Blue Nile, Gadaref and North Kordofan States of Sudan. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 4(3), 59-64.
  • Abubakar, M., Jamal, S. M., Arshed, M. J., Hussain, M. & Ali, Q. (2009). Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection; its association with species, seasonal variations and geography. Tropical animal health and production, 41(7), 1197-1202.
  • Adombi, C. M., Lelenta, M., Lamien, C. E., Shamaki, D., Koffi, Y. M., Traoré, A. & Luckins, A. G. (2011). Monkey CV1 cell line expressing the sheep–goat SLAM protein: a highly sensitive cell line for the isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from pathological specimens. Journal of Virological Methods, 173(2), 306-313.
  • Banyard, A. C., Parida, S., Batten, C., Oura, C., Kwiatek, O. & Libeau, G. (2010). Global distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus and prospects for improved diagnosis and control. Journal of General Virology, 91(12), 2885-2897.
  • Blood, D. C., Radostits, O. M., & Henderson, J. A. (1983). Veterinary Medicine. 6th. Ed. UK. Baillière Tindall. Braide, V. B. (1981). Peste des petits ruminants. A review. World Animal Review, 39, 25-28.
  • Bundza, A., Afshar, A., Dukes, T. W., Myers, D. J., Dulac, G. C., & Becker, S. A. (1988). Experimental peste des petits ruminants (goat plague) in goats and sheep. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 52(1), 46.
  • Couacy-Hymann, E., Roger, F., Hurard, C., Guillou, J. P., Libeau, G., & Diallo, A. (2002). Rapid and sensitive detection of peste des petits ruminants virus by a polymerase chain reaction assay. Journal of Virological Methods, 100(1), 17-25.
  • Dhar, P., Sreenivasa, B. P., Barrett, T., Corteyn, M., Singh, R. P. & Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2002). Recent epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Veterinary Microbiology, 88(2), 153-159.
  • Diallo, A. (1990). Morbillivirus group: genome organisation and proteins. Veterinary Microbiology, 23(1-4), 155-163.
  • Diallo, A. (2006). Control of peste des petits ruminants and poverty alleviation?. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 53(1), 11-13.
  • Diallo, A., Libeau, G., Couacy-Hymann, E. & Barbron, M. (1995). Recent developments in the diagnosis of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants. Veterinary Microbiology, 44(2), 307-317.
  • Diop, M., Sarr, J. & Libeau, G. (2005). Evaluation of novel diagnostic tools for peste des petits ruminants virus in naturally infected goat herds. Epidemiology and Infection, 133(4), 711.
  • Dufour, L. (2010). The plague of small ruminants: Moroccan outbreak of 2008, a danger to Europe? PhD thesis. France. The Faculty of Medicine, Creteil, National Veterinary School of Alfort.
  • El Hag, A. B. & Taylor, W. P. (1984). Isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from the Sudan. Research in Veterinary Science, 36(1), 1-4.
  • Elsawalhy, A., Mariner, J. C., Chibeu, D., Wamway, H., Wakhusama, S., Olaho-Mukani, W., & Toye, P. G. (2010). Pan African strategy for the progressive control of Peste des petits ruminants (Pan African PPR strategy), Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 58, 185-193.
  • Ezeibe, M. C. O., Okoroafor, O. N., Ngene, A. A., Eze, J. I., Eze, I. C. & Ugonabo, J. A. C. (2008). Persistent detection of peste de petits ruminants antigen in the faeces of recovered goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 40(7), 517-519.
  • Forsyth, M. A. & Barrett, T. (1995). Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for the detection and characterisation of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses for epidemiological studies. Virus Research, 39(2-3), 151-163.
  • Gibbs, E. P. J. (1981). Virus Diseases of Food Animals: Disease monographs (Vol. 2). Academic Press, 401-425. ISBN-13: 978-0122822025
  • Gopilo, A. (2005). Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus in Ethiopia and molecular studies on virulence (Doctoral dissertation, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse).
  • Hamdy, F. M., Dardiri, A. H., Nduaka, O., Breese Jr, S. S., & Ihemelandu, E. C. (1976). Etiology of the stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex in Nigerian dwarf goats. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 40(3), 276–284.
  • Kahn, C. M., & Kahn, M. (2005). The Merck veterinary manual (No. V670 MER 9a. ed). 617.
  • Kihu, S. M., Gitao, G. C., Bebora, L. C., Njenga, M. J., Wairire, G. G., Maingi, N. & Lutomia, E. (2015). Detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in formalin-fixed tissues. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 47(1), 247-249.
  • Kinne, J., Kreutzer, R., Kreutzer, M., Wernery, U. & Wohlsein, P. (2010). Peste des petits ruminants in Arabian wildlife. Epidemiology and infection, 138(08), 1211-1214.
  • Lefèvre, P. C. & Diallo, A. (1990). Peste des petits ruminants. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 9(4), 935-981.
  • Libeau, G., Diallo, A. & Parida, S. (2014). Evolutionary genetics underlying the spread of peste des petits ruminants virus. Animal Frontiers, 4(1), 14-20.
  • Libeau, G., Prehaud, C., Lancelot, R., Colas, F., Guerre, L., Bishop, D. H. L. & Diallo, A. (1995). Development of a competitive ELISA for detecting antibodies to the peste des petits ruminants virus using a recombinant nucleobrotein. Research in Veterinary Science, 58(1), 50-55.
  • Luka, P. D., Erume, J., Mwiine, F. N. & Ayebazibwe, C. (2011). Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants antibodies in sheep and goats after vaccination in Karamoja, Uganda: implication on control. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3(1), 18-22.
  • Maina, S. M., Gitao, C. G. & Gathumbi, P. K. (2015). Clinico-pathological Observations in Sheep & Goats Exposed to Lineage III Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection in Kenya. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural  Sciences,  3, 72-80.
  • Merck Sharp, (2016). The Merck Veterinary Manual. A subsidiary of Merck Co., Inc. Whitehouse Station NJ, Dohme Corp., USA.
  • Munir, M., Zohari, S. & Berg, M. (2012). Molecular biology and pathogenesis of peste des petits ruminants virus. Springer Science Business Media.
  • Muse, E. A., Karimuribo, E. D., Gitao, G. C., Misinzo, G., Mellau, L. S., Msoffe, P. L. & Albano, M. O. (2012). Epidemiological investigation into the introduction and factors for spread of Peste des Petits Ruminants, southern Tanzania. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 79(2), 49-54.
  • Nanda, Y. P., Chatterjee, A., Purohit, A. K., Diallo, A., Innui, K., Sharma, R. N. & Anderson, J. (1996). The isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from Northern India. Veterinary Microbiology, 51(3-4), 207-216.
  • Ogunsanmi, A. O., Awe, E. O., Obi, T. U. & Taiwo, V. O. (2003). Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus antibodies in african grey duiker (sylvicapra grimmia). African Journal of Biomedical Research, 6(1), 6, 59-61.
  • Osman, N. A., Ali, A. S. & Fadol, M. A. (2009). Pathological, serological and virological findings in goats experimentally infected with Sudanese Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus isolates. Journal of General and Molecular Virology, 1(1), 001-006.
  • Ozkul, A., Akca, Y., Alkan, F., Barrett, T., Karaoglu, T., Dagalp, S. B. & Burgu, I. (2002). 'Prevalence, distribution and host range of peste des petits ruminants virus, Turkey. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8(7), 708-712.
  • Pugh, D. G., &Baird, N. N. (2012). Sheep goat medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  • Rajak, K. K., Sreenivasa, B. P., Hosamani, M., Singh, R. P., Singh, S. K., Singh, R. K. & Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2005). Experimental studies on immunosuppressive effects of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in goats. Comparative immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 28(4), 287-296.
  • Roeder, P. L., Abraham, G., Kenfe, G. & Barrett, T. (1994). Peste des petits ruminants in Ethiopian goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 26(2), 69-73.
  • Rossiter, P. B. & Taylor W. P. (1994). Peste des petits ruminants. In infectious diseases of livestock. Eds. Coezter JAW. ; 2: 758.
  • Sahinduran, S., Albay, M. K., Sezer, K., Ozmen, O., Mamak, N., Haligur, M. & Yildiz, R. (2012). Coagulation profile, haematological and biochemical changes in kids naturally infected with peste des petits ruminants. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44(3), 453-457.
  • Sarker, S. & Islam, M. H. (2011). Prevalence and risk factor assessment of Peste des petits ruminants in goats in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Veterinary World, 4(12), 546-549.
  • Shaila, M. S., Shamaki, D., Forsyth, M. A., Diallo, A., Goatley, L., Kitching, R. P. & Barrett, T. (1996). Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants viruses. Virus Research, 43(2), 149-153.
  • Singh, R. P., Saravanan, P., Sreenivasa, B. P., Singh, R. K. & Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2004). Prevalence and distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus infection in small ruminants in India. Revue Scientifique Et Technique, 23(3), 807-819.
  • Spickler, A. R. & Roth, J. A. (2006). Emerging and exotic diseases of animals. Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.
  • Swai, E. S., Kapaga, A., Kivaria, F., Tinuga, D., Joshua, G. & Sanka, P. (2009). Prevalence and distribution of Peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in various districts of Tanzania. Veterinary Research Communications, 33(8), 927-936.
  • Taylor, W. P. (1979a). Protection of goats against peste-des-petits-ruminants with attenuated rinderpest virus. Research in Veterinary Science, 27(3), 321.-324.
  • Taylor, W. P. (1979b). Serological studies with the virus of peste des petits ruminants in Nigeria. Research in Veterinary Science, 26(2), 236-242.
  • Taylor, W. P. (1984). The distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2(1), 157-166.
  • Taylor, W. P. & Abegunde, A. (1979). The isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from Nigerian sheep and goats. Research in Veterinary Science, 26(1), 94.
  • Thrusfield, M. (2013). Veterinary epidemiology. Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons Published.
  • Waret-Szkuta, A., Roger, F., Chavernac, D., Yigezu, L., Libeau, G., Pfeiffer, D. U. & Guitián, J. (2008). Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Ethiopia: Analysis of a national serological survey. BMC Veterinary Research, 4(1), 34.
  • Zohari, S., & Stalli, K. (2008). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Peste des Petits ruminants at various governmental livestock farms of Punjab, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Epidemiology, 1(2), 82-90.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Süleyman Kozat

Ehsan Sepehrizadeh Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kozat, S., & Sepehrizadeh, E. (2017). Peste Des Petit Ruminants. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 1(2), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.319937

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