Derleme
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 41 Sayı: 4, 243 - 253, 01.12.2021
Öz
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and then spread rapidly all over the world. Although the main transmission route of the pandemic is through the transfer of respiratory droplets among people, it is known that the virus can survive for days on contact surfaces and is also transmitted from body parts and contaminated surfaces. Therefore, disinfectants have increasingly become a part of daily use. However, prolonged exposure to these chemical agents at high concentrations may cause significant toxic effects that threaten human health and the environment. Therefore, it is of great impor- tance to inform the public about the correct use of disinfectants and possible toxic effects. Informing the healthcare personnel and public about the toxic effects of disinfectants has of great importance for protecting public health. Precautions should be taken against the potential health hazards of disinfectants when used separately or in combination. In this review, the possible toxic effects of disinfectants that are frequently used during COVID-19 pandemic will be discussed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Han Q, Lin Q, Jin S, You L: Recent insights into 2019-nCoV: a brief but comprehensive review. J Infect 2020, 80:373-377.
- 2. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J: A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Eng J Med 2020, 382:727-733.
- 3. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C: Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020, 8:420-422.
- 4. Kannan S, Shaik Syed Ali P, Sheeza A, Hemalatha K: COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019) – recent trends. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020, 24(4):2006-2011.
- 5. Al-Sayah MH: Chemical disinfectants of COVID-19: an overview. J Water Health 2020, 18(5):843-848.
- 6. Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Chu C, Chan K, Tsoi H, Huamg Y, Wong BHL, Poon RWS, Chai JJ, Luk W, Poon LLM, Wong SSY, Guan Y, Peiris JSM, Yuen K: Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia. J Virol 2005, 79:884-895.
- 7. Rutala WA, Weber DJ: Best practices for disinfection of noncritical environmental surfaces and equipment in health care facilities: A bundle approach. Am J Infect Control 2019, 47:96-105. 8. Rabenau HF, Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Preiser W, Doerr HW: Stability and inactivation of SARS coronavirus. Med Microbiol Immunol 2005, 194:1-6.
- 9. Chin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA, Hui KPY, Yen HL, Chan MCW: Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. The Lancet Microbe 2020, 1(1):e10.
- 10. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN: Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 2020, 382:1564-1567.
- 11. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E: Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect 2020, 104(3):246-251.
- 12. Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA: Chemical disinfection of virus-contaminated surfaces. Crit Rev Environ Control 1990, 20(3):169-229.
- 13. Rutala W, Weber D, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee: Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008. Updated, 2019. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/disinfection-guidelines-H.pdf.
- 14. World Health Organization Web Site. (2020). Retrieved June 6, 2020, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332096/WHO-2019-nCoV
- 15. US Environmental Protection Agency Web site. (2020). Retrieved June 5, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2-covid-19
- 16. The International Pharmaceutical Federation Web site. (2020). Retrieved June 5, 2020, from https://www.fip.org/coronavirus
- 17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. (2020). Retrieved June 6, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/pharmacies.html
- 18. Casey ML, Hawley B, Edwards N, Cox-Ganser JM, Cummings KJ: Health problems and disinfectant product exposure among staff at a large multispecialty hospital. Am J Infect Control, 2017, 45(10):1133-1138.
- 19. Dumas O, Varraso R, Boggs KM, Quinot C, Zock JP, Henneberger PK, Speizer FE, Le Moual N, Camargo CAJr: Association of occupational exposure to disinfectants with incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among US female nurses. JAMA Netw Open 2019, 2(10):e1913563.
- 20. Weinmann T, Forster F, von Mutius E, Vogelberg C, Genuneit J, Windstetter D, Nowak D, Radon K, Gerlich J: Association between occupational exposure to disinfectants and asthma in young adults working in cleaning or health services: results from a cross-sectional analysis in Germany. J Occup Environ Med 2019, 61(9):754-759.
- 21. Institute of Medicine (US). (2000). Committee on the Assessment of Asthma and Indoor Air. Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 6, Indoor Chemical Exposures. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK224471/
- 22. Choi HY, Lee YH, Lim CH, Kim YS, Lee IS, Jo JM, Lee HY, Cha HG, Woo HJ, Seo DS: Assessment of respiratory and systemic toxicity of Benzalkonium chloride following a 14-day inhalation study in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020, 17(1):5.
- 23. Goh CF, Ming LC, Wong LC: Dermatologic reactions to disinfectant use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Dermatol 2020. Doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.09.005
- 24. Chang A, Schnall AH, Law R, Bronstein AC, Marraffa JM, Spiller HA, Hays HL, Funk AR, Mercurio-Zappala M, Calello DP: Cleaning and disinfectant chemical exposures and temporal associations with COVID-19 – National Poison Data System, United States, January 1, 2020–March 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020, 69(16):496-.498.
- 25. Medina-Ramon M, Zock JP, Kogevinas M, Sunyer J, Torralba Y, Borrell A, Burgos F, Anto JM: Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and exposure to irritant agents in occupational domestic cleaning: a nested case-control study. Occup Environ Med 2005, 62(9), 598-606.
- 26. Cohle SD, Thompson W, Eisenga BH, Cottingham SL: Unexpected death due to chloramine toxicity in a woman with a brain tumor. Forensic Sci Int 2001, 124(2–3):137-139.
- 27. Bracco D, Dubois MJ, Bouali R: Intoxication by bleach ingestion. Can J Anaesth 2005, 52(1):118-119.
- 28. National Research Council (NRC). (2004). Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10902
- 29. CDC. (2020). Cleaning and disinfection for households. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cleaning-disinfection.html
- 30. Rahmani AR, Azarian G, Poormohammadi A: Health Impacts of Long-term Exposure to Disinfectants During SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic. Avicenna J Environ Health Eng 2020, 7(1):53-54.
- 31. McDonnell G, Russell AD: Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999, 12(1):147-179.
- 32. Dellanno C, Vega Q, Boesenberg D: The antiviral action of common household disinfectants and antiseptics against murine hepatitis virus, a potential surrogate for SARS coronavirus. Am J Infect Control 2009, 37(8):649-652.
- 33. Dong F, Chen J, Li C, Ma X, Jiang J, Lin Q, Lin C, Diao H: Evidence-based analysis on the toxicity of disinfection byproducts in vivo and in vitro for disinfection selection. Water Res 2019, 165:114976.
- 34. Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Horzinek M, Hosie M, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi M, Radford A, Thiry E, Truyen U, Möstl K, European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases: Disinfectant choices in veterinary practices, shelters and households ABCD guidelines on safe and effective disinfection for feline environments. J Feline Med Surg 2015, 17(7):594-605.
- 35. Melin VE, Melin TE, Dessify BJ, Nguyen CT, Shea CS, Hrubec TC: Quaternary ammonium disinfectants cause subfertility in mice by targeting both male and female reproductive processes. Reprod Toxicol 2016, 59:159-166.
- 36. Hauptmann M, Stewart PA, Lubin JH, Beane Freeman LE, Hornung RW, Herrick RF, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JFJr, Blair A, Hayes RB: (2009). Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies and brain cancer among embalmers exposed to formaldehyde. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101(24):1696-1708.
- 37. Hauptmann M, Lubin JH, Stewart PA, Hayes RB, Blair A: Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers in formaldehyde industries. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003, 95(21):1615-1623.
- 38. Beane Freeman L, Blair A, Lubin JH, Stewart PA, Hayes RB, Hoover RN, Hauptmann M: Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers in formaldehyde industries: The National Cancer Institute Cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101(10):751-761.
- 39. Tarka P, Kanecki K, Tomasiewicz K: Evaluation of chemical agents intended for surface disinfection with the use of carrier methods. Bactericidal, yeasticidal and sporocidal activity. Postep Mikrobiol 2016, 55(1):99-104.
- 40. Eggers M, Eickmann M, Zorn J: Rapid and effective virucidal activity of povidone-iodine products against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). Infect Dis Ther, 2015, 4(4):491-501.
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 41 Sayı: 4, 243 - 253, 01.12.2021
Öz
Çin’in Wuhan şehrinde 2019 yılının Aralık ayında “Koronavirüs Hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19)” ortaya çıkmıştır ve ardından tüm dünyaya hızla yayılmıştır. Salgının ana bulaşma yolu solunum yolu damlacıklarının kişiler arası bulaşı nedeniyle olsa da virüsün temas ettiği yüzeylerde günlerce canlı kalabildiği ve kontamine vücut bölümlerinden ve yüzeylerden de bulaştığı bilindiğinden, dezenfektanlar hızla artan bir şekilde günlük kullanımın bir parçası olmuştur. Ancak, dezenfektanların içerdiği kimyasal ajanlara uzun süreli ve yüksek konsantrasyonlarda maruziyet insan sağlığı ve çevreyi tehdit eden önemli toksik etkiler ortaya çıkmasına neden olabilir. Bu nedenle, dezenfektanların doğru kullanılması ve olası toksik etkilerle ilgili olarak sağlık personelinin ve toplumun bilgilendirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu derlemede COVID-19 ile mücadelede sık kullanılan dezenfektanlar ve toksik etkileri hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Dezenfektanların toksik etkileri hakkında sağlık personeli ve toplumu bilgilendirmek halk sağlığını korumak açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Dezenfektanların yüksek konsantrasyonlarda ayrı ayrı veya birlikte kullanıldıklarında oluşabilecek potansiyel sağlık tehlikelerine karşı önlemler alınmasını gerekmektedir. Bu derlemede, COVID-19 pandemisi esnasında sıklıkla kullanılan dezenfektanların olası toksisiteleri hakkında bilgi aktarılacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Han Q, Lin Q, Jin S, You L: Recent insights into 2019-nCoV: a brief but comprehensive review. J Infect 2020, 80:373-377.
- 2. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J: A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Eng J Med 2020, 382:727-733.
- 3. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C: Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020, 8:420-422.
- 4. Kannan S, Shaik Syed Ali P, Sheeza A, Hemalatha K: COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019) – recent trends. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020, 24(4):2006-2011.
- 5. Al-Sayah MH: Chemical disinfectants of COVID-19: an overview. J Water Health 2020, 18(5):843-848.
- 6. Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Chu C, Chan K, Tsoi H, Huamg Y, Wong BHL, Poon RWS, Chai JJ, Luk W, Poon LLM, Wong SSY, Guan Y, Peiris JSM, Yuen K: Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia. J Virol 2005, 79:884-895.
- 7. Rutala WA, Weber DJ: Best practices for disinfection of noncritical environmental surfaces and equipment in health care facilities: A bundle approach. Am J Infect Control 2019, 47:96-105. 8. Rabenau HF, Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Preiser W, Doerr HW: Stability and inactivation of SARS coronavirus. Med Microbiol Immunol 2005, 194:1-6.
- 9. Chin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA, Hui KPY, Yen HL, Chan MCW: Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. The Lancet Microbe 2020, 1(1):e10.
- 10. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN: Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 2020, 382:1564-1567.
- 11. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E: Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect 2020, 104(3):246-251.
- 12. Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA: Chemical disinfection of virus-contaminated surfaces. Crit Rev Environ Control 1990, 20(3):169-229.
- 13. Rutala W, Weber D, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee: Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008. Updated, 2019. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/disinfection-guidelines-H.pdf.
- 14. World Health Organization Web Site. (2020). Retrieved June 6, 2020, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332096/WHO-2019-nCoV
- 15. US Environmental Protection Agency Web site. (2020). Retrieved June 5, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2-covid-19
- 16. The International Pharmaceutical Federation Web site. (2020). Retrieved June 5, 2020, from https://www.fip.org/coronavirus
- 17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. (2020). Retrieved June 6, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/pharmacies.html
- 18. Casey ML, Hawley B, Edwards N, Cox-Ganser JM, Cummings KJ: Health problems and disinfectant product exposure among staff at a large multispecialty hospital. Am J Infect Control, 2017, 45(10):1133-1138.
- 19. Dumas O, Varraso R, Boggs KM, Quinot C, Zock JP, Henneberger PK, Speizer FE, Le Moual N, Camargo CAJr: Association of occupational exposure to disinfectants with incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among US female nurses. JAMA Netw Open 2019, 2(10):e1913563.
- 20. Weinmann T, Forster F, von Mutius E, Vogelberg C, Genuneit J, Windstetter D, Nowak D, Radon K, Gerlich J: Association between occupational exposure to disinfectants and asthma in young adults working in cleaning or health services: results from a cross-sectional analysis in Germany. J Occup Environ Med 2019, 61(9):754-759.
- 21. Institute of Medicine (US). (2000). Committee on the Assessment of Asthma and Indoor Air. Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 6, Indoor Chemical Exposures. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK224471/
- 22. Choi HY, Lee YH, Lim CH, Kim YS, Lee IS, Jo JM, Lee HY, Cha HG, Woo HJ, Seo DS: Assessment of respiratory and systemic toxicity of Benzalkonium chloride following a 14-day inhalation study in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020, 17(1):5.
- 23. Goh CF, Ming LC, Wong LC: Dermatologic reactions to disinfectant use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Dermatol 2020. Doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.09.005
- 24. Chang A, Schnall AH, Law R, Bronstein AC, Marraffa JM, Spiller HA, Hays HL, Funk AR, Mercurio-Zappala M, Calello DP: Cleaning and disinfectant chemical exposures and temporal associations with COVID-19 – National Poison Data System, United States, January 1, 2020–March 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020, 69(16):496-.498.
- 25. Medina-Ramon M, Zock JP, Kogevinas M, Sunyer J, Torralba Y, Borrell A, Burgos F, Anto JM: Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and exposure to irritant agents in occupational domestic cleaning: a nested case-control study. Occup Environ Med 2005, 62(9), 598-606.
- 26. Cohle SD, Thompson W, Eisenga BH, Cottingham SL: Unexpected death due to chloramine toxicity in a woman with a brain tumor. Forensic Sci Int 2001, 124(2–3):137-139.
- 27. Bracco D, Dubois MJ, Bouali R: Intoxication by bleach ingestion. Can J Anaesth 2005, 52(1):118-119.
- 28. National Research Council (NRC). (2004). Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10902
- 29. CDC. (2020). Cleaning and disinfection for households. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cleaning-disinfection.html
- 30. Rahmani AR, Azarian G, Poormohammadi A: Health Impacts of Long-term Exposure to Disinfectants During SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic. Avicenna J Environ Health Eng 2020, 7(1):53-54.
- 31. McDonnell G, Russell AD: Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999, 12(1):147-179.
- 32. Dellanno C, Vega Q, Boesenberg D: The antiviral action of common household disinfectants and antiseptics against murine hepatitis virus, a potential surrogate for SARS coronavirus. Am J Infect Control 2009, 37(8):649-652.
- 33. Dong F, Chen J, Li C, Ma X, Jiang J, Lin Q, Lin C, Diao H: Evidence-based analysis on the toxicity of disinfection byproducts in vivo and in vitro for disinfection selection. Water Res 2019, 165:114976.
- 34. Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Horzinek M, Hosie M, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi M, Radford A, Thiry E, Truyen U, Möstl K, European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases: Disinfectant choices in veterinary practices, shelters and households ABCD guidelines on safe and effective disinfection for feline environments. J Feline Med Surg 2015, 17(7):594-605.
- 35. Melin VE, Melin TE, Dessify BJ, Nguyen CT, Shea CS, Hrubec TC: Quaternary ammonium disinfectants cause subfertility in mice by targeting both male and female reproductive processes. Reprod Toxicol 2016, 59:159-166.
- 36. Hauptmann M, Stewart PA, Lubin JH, Beane Freeman LE, Hornung RW, Herrick RF, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JFJr, Blair A, Hayes RB: (2009). Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies and brain cancer among embalmers exposed to formaldehyde. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101(24):1696-1708.
- 37. Hauptmann M, Lubin JH, Stewart PA, Hayes RB, Blair A: Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers in formaldehyde industries. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003, 95(21):1615-1623.
- 38. Beane Freeman L, Blair A, Lubin JH, Stewart PA, Hayes RB, Hoover RN, Hauptmann M: Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers in formaldehyde industries: The National Cancer Institute Cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101(10):751-761.
- 39. Tarka P, Kanecki K, Tomasiewicz K: Evaluation of chemical agents intended for surface disinfection with the use of carrier methods. Bactericidal, yeasticidal and sporocidal activity. Postep Mikrobiol 2016, 55(1):99-104.
- 40. Eggers M, Eickmann M, Zorn J: Rapid and effective virucidal activity of povidone-iodine products against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). Infect Dis Ther, 2015, 4(4):491-501.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | Review Articles |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Aralık 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 5 Temmuz 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 4 |