Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi
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Ruminal fermentasyonun modifikasyonunda antibiyotiklerin alternatifi olarak bitki ekstraktları vesekonder bitki metabolitlerine genel bir bakış

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 65 Sayı: 2, 213 - 217, 01.06.2018

Ahu DEMİRTAŞ Hakan ÖZTÜRK İlksin PİŞKİN

https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849

Öz

İyonofor grubu antibiyotiklerin subterapötik dozları ruminal fermantasyonun verimliliğini artırmak için 1970’li yıllardan itibaren kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Fakat hayvansal ürünlerde kalıntı bırakma ve bakterilerde direnç oluşturma riskleri nedeniyle yem katkı maddesi olarak antibiyotiklerin kullanımı 2006 yılından itibaren Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de yasaklanmıştır. Bu yasak ruminal fermantasyonu değiştirerek ruminant verimliliğini yükseltmek amacıyla antibiyotiklere alternatif olabilecek bitki ekstraktları ve bunların sekonder metabolitleri gibi daha güvenli maddeler üzerine yoğun araştırmalar yapılmasına neden olmuştur. Bu derlemede, ruminal fermantasyonun modifikasyonunda kullanılan bitki ekstraktları ve ikincil bitki metabolitleri ile ilgili genel ve güncel bilgiler özetlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu maddelerin potansiyel faydaları ve olası dezavantajları da tartışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bitki ekstraktları, ikincil bitki metabolitleri, rumen fermentasyonu

Kaynakça

  • Aguerre MJ, Capozzolo MC, Lencioni P, et al. (2016): Effect of quebracho-chestnut tannin extracts at 2 dietary crude protein levels on performance, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen partitioning in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 99, 1- 11.
  • Atiku A, Oladipo OO, Forcados GE, et al. (2016): Anti- nutritional and phytochemical profile of some plants grazed upon by ruminants in North Central Nigeria during the dry season (January to April). Int J Livest Prod, 7, 19-23.
  • Aura AM (2008): Microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds in the colon. Phytochem Rev, 7, 407- 429.
  • Belanche A, Pinloche E, Preskett D, et al. (2016): Effects and mode of action of chitosan and ivy fruit saponins on the microbiome, fermentation and methanogenesis in the rumen simulation technique. Fems Microbiol Ecol, 92, fiv160.
  • Bodas R, Prieto N, García-González R, et al. (2012): Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane production with plant secondary metabolites. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 176, 78-93.
  • Broudiscou LP, Papon Y, Broudiscou AF (2000): Effects of dry plant extracts on fermentation and methanogenesis in continuous culture of rumen microbes. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 87, 263-277.
  • Broudiscou LP, Papon Y, Broudiscou AF (2002): Effects of dry plant extracts on feed degradation and the production of rumen microbial biomass in a dual outflow fermenter. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 101, 183-189.
  • Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo PW, et al. (2007): Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J Dairy Sci, 90, 2580-2595.
  • Chen D, Chen X, Tu Y, et al. (2015): Effects of mulberry leaf flavonoid and resveratrol on methane emission and nutrient digestion in sheep. Animal Nutrition, 1, 362-367.
  • Chesson A, Colin SS, Wallace RJ (1982): Influence of plant phenolic acids on growth and cellulolytic activity of rumen bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol, 44, 597-603.
  • Cobellis G, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Marcotullioc MC, et al. (2016): Evaluation of different essential oils in modulating methane and ammonia production, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacteria in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 215, 25-36.
  • Cobellis G, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Yu Z (2016): Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: A review. Sci Total Environ, 545, 556-568.
  • Demirtaş A, Pişkin İ (2015): Effects of Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla and Vitex agnus-castus extracts on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation (RUSITEC) in normal and acidosis conditions. 14. BOKU-Symposium Tierernährung, 09 April 2015, Wien.
  • Demirtaş A, Öztürk H, Pişkin İ, et al. (2011): Effects of rosemary and sage extracts on ruminal fermentation using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). J Fac Vet Med Istanbul Univ, 37, 127-134.
  • Greathead H (2003): Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity. P Nutr Soc, 62, 279-290.
  • Griffin SG, Wyllie SG, Markham JL, et al. (1999): The role of structure and molecular properties of terpenoids in determining their antimicrobial activity. Flavour Frag J, 14, 322-332.
  • Jayanegara A, Ridla M, Laconi EB, et al. (2014): Can plant saponins lower methane emissions without hampering the nutrient digestibility of ruminants. Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II. 10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
  • Jouany JP, Morgavi DP (2007): Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal, 1, 1443-1466.
  • Kaçar D (2008): Screening of some plant species for their total antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Thesis of master degree. Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir.
  • Kang J, Zeng B, Tang S, et al. (2016): Effects of Momordica charantia saponins on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial population. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 29, 500-508.
  • Kim ET, Guan LL, Lee SJ, et al. (2015): Effects of flavonoid-rich plant extracts on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis, microbial populations and fermentation characteristics. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 28, 530-537.
  • Marriott BM (2000): Functional foods: An ecologic perspective. Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 1728-1734.
  • Mirzoeva OK, Grishanin RN, Calder PC (1997): Antimicrobial action of propolis and some of its components: The effects on growth, membrane potential and motility of bacteria. Microbiol Res, 152, 239-246.
  • Newbold CJ, El Hassan SM, Wang J, et al. (1997): Influence of foliage from African multipurpose trees on activity of rumen protozoa and bacteria. Brit J Nutr, 78, 237-249.
  • Odenyo AA, Osuji PO, Karanfil O (1997): Effect of multipurpose tree (MPT) supplements on ruminal ciliate protozoa. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 67, 169-180.
  • Turkish Republic Official Gazette (2006): Communiqué from Ministry of Agriculture and Welfare Pertaining to the Amendment of the Communiqué on the Production, Import, Export, Sale and Use of Feed Additives and Premixes. Jan 21, 2006. Number: 26056, Communiqué No: 2006/1 Turkish Republic Official Gazette.
  • OJEU (Official Journal of European Union) (2003): OJEU Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 September 2003 on Additives for Use in Animal Nutrition. Official Journal of European Union. Page L268/36 in OJEU of 18/10/2003 (2003).
  • Öztürk H, Demirtaş A, Salgırlı Y, et al. (2012): Effects of olive leaf extract on rumen microbial fermentation in in vitro semi continuous culture system (RUSITEC). Vet J Ankara Univ, 59, 17-21.
  • Patra AK (2012): Enteric methane mitigation technologies for ruminant livestock: A synthesis of current research and future directions. Environ Monit Assess, 184, 1929-1952.
  • Patra AK, Saxena J (2009): The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production. Nutr Res Rev, 22, 204-219.
  • Patra AK, Yu Z (2012): Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by, and abundance and diversity of, rumen microbial populations. Appl Environ Microb, 78, 4271-4280.
  • Patra AK, Yu Z (2014): Effects of vanillin, quillaja saponin, and essential oils on in vitro fermentation and protein-degrading microorganisms of the rumen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 98, 897-905.
  • Paula EM, Samensari RB, Machado E, et al. (2016): Effects of phenolic compounds on ruminal protozoa population, ruminal fermentation, and digestion in water buffaloes. Livest Sci, 185, 136-141.
  • Pawar MM, Kamra DN, Agarwal N, et al. (2014): Effects of essential oils on in vitro methanogenesis and feed fermentation with buffalo rumen liquor. Agric Res, 3, 67-74.
  • Ramírez-Restrepo CA, Tan C, O’Neill CJ, et al. (2016): Methane production, fermentation characteristics, and microbial profiles in the rumen of tropical cattle fed tea seed saponin supplementation. Anim Feed Sci Techol, 216, 58-67.
  • Russell JB, Strobel HJ (1989): Mini-Review: The effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. Appl Environ Microb, 55, 1-6.
  • Scehovic J (1999): Evaluation in vitro de l’activité de la population microbienne du rumen en présence d’extraits végétaux. Rev Suisse Agric, 31, 89-93.
  • Szumacher-Strabel M, Cieślak A (2010): Potential of phytofactors to mitigate rumen ammonia and methane production. J Anim Feed Sci, 19, 319-337.
  • Wallace RJ (2004): Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites: Symposium on ‘Plants as animal foods: a case of catch 22?’ P Nutr Soc, 63, 621-629.
  • Watanabe Y, Suzuki R, Koike S, et al. (2010): In vitro evaluation of cashew nut shell liquid as a methane- inhibiting and propionate-enhancing agent for ruminants. J Dairy Sci, 93, 5258-5267.
  • Wink M (1988): Plant breeding: Importance of plant secondary metabolites for protection against pathogens and herbivores. Theor Appl Genet, 75, 225-233.
  • Yang K, Wei C, Zhao GY, et al. (2017): Effects of dietary supplementing tannic acid in the ration of beef cattle on rumen fermentation, methane emission, microbial flora and nutrient digestibility. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 101, 302- 310.

Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 65 Sayı: 2, 213 - 217, 01.06.2018

Ahu DEMİRTAŞ Hakan ÖZTÜRK İlksin PİŞKİN

https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849

Öz

Ionophore antibiotics in sub-therapeutic doses have been used since 1970s to improve ruminal fermentation. But use of antibiotics as feed additives was banned in the European Union and Turkey in 2006 since they leave residues in animal products and develop resistance in bacteria. This has shifted the focus of the studies to safer alternatives such as plant extracts and their secondary metabolites to alter ruminal fermentation in order to improve ruminant productivity. In this review, general and recent knowledge about plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as modifiers of ruminal fermentation are summarized. Furthermore, potential efficacies and possible disadvantages of these substances are also discussed

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plant extracts, plant secondary metabolites, rumen fermentation

Kaynakça

  • Aguerre MJ, Capozzolo MC, Lencioni P, et al. (2016): Effect of quebracho-chestnut tannin extracts at 2 dietary crude protein levels on performance, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen partitioning in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 99, 1- 11.
  • Atiku A, Oladipo OO, Forcados GE, et al. (2016): Anti- nutritional and phytochemical profile of some plants grazed upon by ruminants in North Central Nigeria during the dry season (January to April). Int J Livest Prod, 7, 19-23.
  • Aura AM (2008): Microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds in the colon. Phytochem Rev, 7, 407- 429.
  • Belanche A, Pinloche E, Preskett D, et al. (2016): Effects and mode of action of chitosan and ivy fruit saponins on the microbiome, fermentation and methanogenesis in the rumen simulation technique. Fems Microbiol Ecol, 92, fiv160.
  • Bodas R, Prieto N, García-González R, et al. (2012): Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane production with plant secondary metabolites. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 176, 78-93.
  • Broudiscou LP, Papon Y, Broudiscou AF (2000): Effects of dry plant extracts on fermentation and methanogenesis in continuous culture of rumen microbes. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 87, 263-277.
  • Broudiscou LP, Papon Y, Broudiscou AF (2002): Effects of dry plant extracts on feed degradation and the production of rumen microbial biomass in a dual outflow fermenter. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 101, 183-189.
  • Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo PW, et al. (2007): Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J Dairy Sci, 90, 2580-2595.
  • Chen D, Chen X, Tu Y, et al. (2015): Effects of mulberry leaf flavonoid and resveratrol on methane emission and nutrient digestion in sheep. Animal Nutrition, 1, 362-367.
  • Chesson A, Colin SS, Wallace RJ (1982): Influence of plant phenolic acids on growth and cellulolytic activity of rumen bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol, 44, 597-603.
  • Cobellis G, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Marcotullioc MC, et al. (2016): Evaluation of different essential oils in modulating methane and ammonia production, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacteria in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 215, 25-36.
  • Cobellis G, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Yu Z (2016): Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: A review. Sci Total Environ, 545, 556-568.
  • Demirtaş A, Pişkin İ (2015): Effects of Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla and Vitex agnus-castus extracts on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation (RUSITEC) in normal and acidosis conditions. 14. BOKU-Symposium Tierernährung, 09 April 2015, Wien.
  • Demirtaş A, Öztürk H, Pişkin İ, et al. (2011): Effects of rosemary and sage extracts on ruminal fermentation using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). J Fac Vet Med Istanbul Univ, 37, 127-134.
  • Greathead H (2003): Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity. P Nutr Soc, 62, 279-290.
  • Griffin SG, Wyllie SG, Markham JL, et al. (1999): The role of structure and molecular properties of terpenoids in determining their antimicrobial activity. Flavour Frag J, 14, 322-332.
  • Jayanegara A, Ridla M, Laconi EB, et al. (2014): Can plant saponins lower methane emissions without hampering the nutrient digestibility of ruminants. Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II. 10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
  • Jouany JP, Morgavi DP (2007): Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal, 1, 1443-1466.
  • Kaçar D (2008): Screening of some plant species for their total antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Thesis of master degree. Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir.
  • Kang J, Zeng B, Tang S, et al. (2016): Effects of Momordica charantia saponins on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial population. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 29, 500-508.
  • Kim ET, Guan LL, Lee SJ, et al. (2015): Effects of flavonoid-rich plant extracts on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis, microbial populations and fermentation characteristics. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 28, 530-537.
  • Marriott BM (2000): Functional foods: An ecologic perspective. Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 1728-1734.
  • Mirzoeva OK, Grishanin RN, Calder PC (1997): Antimicrobial action of propolis and some of its components: The effects on growth, membrane potential and motility of bacteria. Microbiol Res, 152, 239-246.
  • Newbold CJ, El Hassan SM, Wang J, et al. (1997): Influence of foliage from African multipurpose trees on activity of rumen protozoa and bacteria. Brit J Nutr, 78, 237-249.
  • Odenyo AA, Osuji PO, Karanfil O (1997): Effect of multipurpose tree (MPT) supplements on ruminal ciliate protozoa. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 67, 169-180.
  • Turkish Republic Official Gazette (2006): Communiqué from Ministry of Agriculture and Welfare Pertaining to the Amendment of the Communiqué on the Production, Import, Export, Sale and Use of Feed Additives and Premixes. Jan 21, 2006. Number: 26056, Communiqué No: 2006/1 Turkish Republic Official Gazette.
  • OJEU (Official Journal of European Union) (2003): OJEU Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 September 2003 on Additives for Use in Animal Nutrition. Official Journal of European Union. Page L268/36 in OJEU of 18/10/2003 (2003).
  • Öztürk H, Demirtaş A, Salgırlı Y, et al. (2012): Effects of olive leaf extract on rumen microbial fermentation in in vitro semi continuous culture system (RUSITEC). Vet J Ankara Univ, 59, 17-21.
  • Patra AK (2012): Enteric methane mitigation technologies for ruminant livestock: A synthesis of current research and future directions. Environ Monit Assess, 184, 1929-1952.
  • Patra AK, Saxena J (2009): The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production. Nutr Res Rev, 22, 204-219.
  • Patra AK, Yu Z (2012): Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by, and abundance and diversity of, rumen microbial populations. Appl Environ Microb, 78, 4271-4280.
  • Patra AK, Yu Z (2014): Effects of vanillin, quillaja saponin, and essential oils on in vitro fermentation and protein-degrading microorganisms of the rumen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 98, 897-905.
  • Paula EM, Samensari RB, Machado E, et al. (2016): Effects of phenolic compounds on ruminal protozoa population, ruminal fermentation, and digestion in water buffaloes. Livest Sci, 185, 136-141.
  • Pawar MM, Kamra DN, Agarwal N, et al. (2014): Effects of essential oils on in vitro methanogenesis and feed fermentation with buffalo rumen liquor. Agric Res, 3, 67-74.
  • Ramírez-Restrepo CA, Tan C, O’Neill CJ, et al. (2016): Methane production, fermentation characteristics, and microbial profiles in the rumen of tropical cattle fed tea seed saponin supplementation. Anim Feed Sci Techol, 216, 58-67.
  • Russell JB, Strobel HJ (1989): Mini-Review: The effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. Appl Environ Microb, 55, 1-6.
  • Scehovic J (1999): Evaluation in vitro de l’activité de la population microbienne du rumen en présence d’extraits végétaux. Rev Suisse Agric, 31, 89-93.
  • Szumacher-Strabel M, Cieślak A (2010): Potential of phytofactors to mitigate rumen ammonia and methane production. J Anim Feed Sci, 19, 319-337.
  • Wallace RJ (2004): Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites: Symposium on ‘Plants as animal foods: a case of catch 22?’ P Nutr Soc, 63, 621-629.
  • Watanabe Y, Suzuki R, Koike S, et al. (2010): In vitro evaluation of cashew nut shell liquid as a methane- inhibiting and propionate-enhancing agent for ruminants. J Dairy Sci, 93, 5258-5267.
  • Wink M (1988): Plant breeding: Importance of plant secondary metabolites for protection against pathogens and herbivores. Theor Appl Genet, 75, 225-233.
  • Yang K, Wei C, Zhao GY, et al. (2017): Effects of dietary supplementing tannic acid in the ration of beef cattle on rumen fermentation, methane emission, microbial flora and nutrient digestibility. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 101, 302- 310.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Diğer ID JA55PB38JP
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ahu DEMİRTAŞ

Hakan ÖZTÜRK

İlksin PİŞKİN

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2018
Yayınlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018Cilt: 65 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Bibtex @editöre mektup { auvfd524580, journal = {Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi}, issn = {1300-0861}, eissn = {1308-2817}, address = {}, publisher = {Ankara Üniversitesi}, year = {2018}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {213 - 217}, doi = {10.1501/Vetfak\_0000002849}, title = {Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation}, key = {cite}, author = {Demirtaş, Ahu and Öztürk, Hakan and Pişkin, İlksin} }
APA Demirtaş, A. , Öztürk, H. & Pişkin, İ. (2018). Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation . Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi , 65 (2) , 213-217 . DOI: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849
MLA Demirtaş, A. , Öztürk, H. , Pişkin, İ. "Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation" . Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 65 (2018 ): 213-217 <http://vetjournal.ankara.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/43217/524580>
Chicago Demirtaş, A. , Öztürk, H. , Pişkin, İ. "Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation". Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 65 (2018 ): 213-217
RIS TY - JOUR T1 - Ruminal fermentasyonun modifikasyonunda antibiyotiklerin alternatifi olarak bitki ekstraktları vesekonder bitki metabolitlerine genel bir bakış AU - AhuDemirtaş, HakanÖztürk, İlksinPişkin Y1 - 2018 PY - 2018 N1 - doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849 DO - 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849 T2 - Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 213 EP - 217 VL - 65 IS - 2 SN - 1300-0861-1308-2817 M3 - doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849 UR - https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849 Y2 - 2023 ER -
EndNote %0 Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation %A Ahu Demirtaş , Hakan Öztürk , İlksin Pişkin %T Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation %D 2018 %J Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi %P 1300-0861-1308-2817 %V 65 %N 2 %R doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849 %U 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849
ISNAD Demirtaş, Ahu , Öztürk, Hakan , Pişkin, İlksin . "Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation". Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 65 / 2 (Haziran 2018): 213-217 . https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849
AMA Demirtaş A. , Öztürk H. , Pişkin İ. Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2018; 65(2): 213-217.
Vancouver Demirtaş A. , Öztürk H. , Pişkin İ. Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018; 65(2): 213-217.
IEEE A. Demirtaş , H. Öztürk ve İ. Pişkin , "Overview of plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as alternatives to antibiotics for modification of ruminal fermentation", Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 65, sayı. 2, ss. 213-217, Haz. 2018, doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000002849