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Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 61 Sayı: 3, 161 - 165, 01.09.2014

Elçin Günaydın Selçuk Pekkaya H. Kaan Müştak Bestami Dalkılıç

https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002623
Cited By: 2

Öz

This study was carried out on Kilis and Shamil goats to determine the different stages of Q fever-chronic and acute- in serum samples by indirect ELISA and in blood samples by touchdown-PCR, respectively. A total of 92 serum samples comprising 46 Kilis and 46 Shamil goats was examined and 7.60%, 4.34% and 10.8% seropositivity were determined for total serum samples, Kilis and Shamil goat serum samples, respectively. Of the examined 92 blood samples belonging to 46 Kilis and 46 Shamil goats, none of them yielded 687 bp PCR products by touchdown-PCR. The positive ELISA titers were thought to be the evidence of previous infection. The province of Kilis localized in South-East Anatolian Region of Turkey was decided to be a risky region for Q fever

Anahtar Kelimeler

Q fever goat ELISA touchdown-PCR

Kaynakça

  • Angelakis E. and Raoult D. (2010): Q Fever. Vet Microbiol, 140: 297-309.
  • Arricau-Bouvery N., Souriau A., Lechopier P. and Rodolakis A. (2003): Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection in pregnant goats: excretion routes. Vet Res, 34: 423–33.
  • Arserim N.B., Yesilmen S., Tel O.Y., Ozakinci T., Keskin O., Pulat H., and Vural A. (2011): Seroprevalance of Coxiellosis in cows, sheep, goats and humans in Diyarbakir region of Turkey. Afr J Microbiol Res, 5: 2041- 2043.
  • Babudieri B. (1959): Q fever: a zoonosis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med, 5: 82-154.
  • Berri M., Rousset E., Champion J.L., Arricau-Bouvery N., Russo P., Pepin M. and Rodolakıs A. (2003): Ovine manure used as a garden fertiliser as a suspected source of human Q fever. Vet Rec, 153: 269-270,.
  • Berri M., Rousset E., Champion J.L., Russo P. and Rodolakis A. (2007): Goats may experience reproductive failures and shed Coxiella burnetii at two successive parturitions after a Q fever infection. Res Vet Sci, 83: 47- 52.
  • Berri M., Rousset E., Hechard C., Champion J., Dufour P., Russo P., Rodolakis A. (2005): Progression of Q fever and Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk after an outbreak of enzootic abortion in a goat herd. Vet Rec, 156: 548–549,.
  • Berri M., Souriau A., Crosby M., Crochet D., Lechopier P. and Rodolakis A. (2001): Relationships between the shedding of Coxiella burnetii, clinical signs and serological responses of 34 sheep. Vet Rec, 148: 502- 505.
  • Bjorka A. And Anderson A. (2011): Notes from the field: Q fever outbreak associated with goat farms – Washington and Montana, 2011. CDC MMWR. 60:1393-94.
  • 10.Cetinkaya B., Ertas H.B., Muz A., Ongor H., Kalender H., Arslan N. and Gurcay M. (2000): Seroprevalence of coxiellosis in cattle, sheep and people in the east of Turkey. Vet Rec, 146: 131-136,.
  • Dogru A., Yildirim M., Unal N. and Gazyagci S. (2010): The relationship of Coxiella burnetii seropositivity between farm animals and their owners: A pilot study. J Anim Vet Adv, 9: 1625-1629.
  • EFSA PANEL on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) (2010). Scientific Opinion on Q fever. EFSA J, 8: 1595,.
  • Gazyagci S., Aktas M.S., Kilic S., Babur C., Celebi B. and Duru S.Y. (2011): Seroprevalence of Q fever in dairy cattle in the Konya province, Turkey. Revue Méd Vét, 162: 387-390.
  • Guatteo R., Seegers H., Taurel A.F., Joly A. and Beaudeau F. (2011.): Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review. Vet Microbiol, 149: 1-16,
  • Hoover T.A., Vodkin M.H. and Williams J.C. (1992): A Coxiella burnetti repeated DNA element resembling a bacterial insertion sequence. J Bacteriol, 174: 5540-5548.
  • Kalender H. (2001): The incidence of Coxiella burnetii infection in ewes in Elazig and neighboring provinces. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 25: 51-55.
  • Kampschreur L.M., Oosterheert J.J., Koop A.M., Wegdam-Blans M.C., Delsing C.E., Bleeker-Rovers C.P., De Jager-Leclercq M.G., Groot C.A., Sprong T., Nabuurs-Franssen M.H., Renders N.H., Van Kasteren M.E., Soethoudt Y., Blank S.N., Pronk M.J., Groenwold R.H., Hoepelman A.I. and Wever P.C. (2012): Microbiological challenges in the diagnosis of chronic Q fever. Clin. Vaccine Immunol, 19: 787-90.
  • Kennerman E., Rousset E., Golcu E. and Dufour P. (2010): Seroprevalence of Q fever (coxiellosis) in sheep from the Southern Marmara Region, Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 33: 37-45.
  • Khalili M. and Sakhaee E. (2009): An update on a serologic survey of q fever in domestic animals in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 80: 1031-1032.
  • Kilic S., Pasa S., Babur C. and Ozlem M.B. (2005): Investigation of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in sheep in Aydin region, Turkey. Revue Méd Vét, 156: 336-340.
  • Musso D. and Raoult D. (1995): Coxiella burnetii blood cultures from acute and chronic Q-fever patients. J Clin Microbiol, 33: 3129–3132.
  • Ozdemir, H., Can R., Sezen I.Y., Gulcu H.B., Kalender H. and Basbug O. (1999): Prevalence of Q fever in sheep in Elazig province and its treatment. Firat Univ J Health Sci, 13: 143-149.
  • Payzin S. (1953): Epidemiological investigations on Q fever in Turkey. Bull. Org. Mond. Sante Bull. Wort Health Org, 9: 553-558.
  • Porter R.S., Czaplicki G., Mainil J., Guatt´Eo R. and Saegerman C. (2011): Q Fever: Current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis. Int J of Microbiol Article ID 248418, doi:10.1155/2011/248418.
  • Reichel R., Mearns R., Brunton L., Jones R., Horigan M., Vipond R., Vincent G. and Evans S. (2012): Description of a Coxiella burnetii abortion outbreak in a dairy goat herd, and associated serology, PCR and genotyping results. Res Vet Sci, 93: 1217-1224.
  • Rodolakis A. (2006): Q fever, state of art: epidemiology, diagnosis and prophylaxis. Small Ruminant Res, 62:121– 124.
  • Roest H.I., Tilburg J.J., Van Der Hoek W., Vellema P., Van Zijderveld F.G., Klaassen C.H. and Raoult D. (2011): The Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands: history, onset, response and reflection. Epidemiol Infect, 139: 1- 12.
  • Rousset E., Berri M., Durand B., Dufour P., Prigent M.Y.R., Delcroix T., Touratier A. and Rodolakis A. (2009): Coxiella burnetii shedding routes and antibody response after outbreaks of q fever-induced abortion in dairy goat herds. Appl Environ Microbiol, 75: 428–433.
  • Rousset, E., Durand B., Berri M., Dufour P., Prigent M., Russo P., Delcroix T., Touratier A., Rodolakis A. and Aubert M. (2007): Comparative diagnostic potential of three serological tests for abortive Q fever in goat herds. Vet Microbiol, 124: 286–297.
  • Salinas-Melédez J.A., Avalos-Ramirez R., Riojas- Valdez V., Kawas-Garza J., Fimbres-Durazo H. and Hernández-Vidal G. (2002): Serologic survey in animals of 'Q' fever in Nuevo Leon. Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 44: 75-78.
  • Schelling E., Diguimbaye C., Daoud S., Nicolet J., Boerlin P., Tanner M. and Zinsstag J. (2003): Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Prev Vet Med, 61: 279-93.
  • Seyitoglu S., Ozkurt Z., Dinler U. and Okumus B. (2006): The seroprevalence of coxiellosis in farmers and cattle in Erzurum district in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 30: 71-75.
  • Vaidya V.M., Malik S.V., Bhilegaonkar K.N., Rathore R.S., Kaur S. and Barbuddhe S.B. (2010): Prevalence of Q fever in domestic animals with reproductive disorders. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 33: 307-21.
  • Vaidya V.M., Malik S.V.S., Kaur S., Kumar S. and Barbuddhe S.B. (2008): immunofluorescence assay, and pathogen isolation for diagnosis of Q fever in humans with spontaneous abortions. J Clin Microbiol, 46: 2038–2044.
  • Van Den Brom R., Moll L., Van Schaık G. and Vellema P. (2013): Demography of Q fever seroprevalence in sheep and goats in the Netherland in 2008. Prev Vet Med, 109: 76-82.
  • Van Der Hoek W., Hunink J., Vellema P., Droogers P. (2011): Q fever in the Netherlands: the role of local environmental conditions. Int J Environ Health Res, 21: 441-51.
  • Wegdam-Blans M.C.A., Ter Woorst J.F., Klompenhouwer E.G. and Teijink J.A. (2012): David procedure during a reoperation for ongoing chronic Q fever infection of an ascending aortic prosthesis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1–2, doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezs217.
  • Woldehıwet Z. (2004): Q fever (coxiellosis): Epidemiology and pathogenesis. Res Vet Sci, 77: 93–100.
  • Yurtalan S. (2003): Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection in cattle in Marmara Region. J Pendik Vet Microbiol, 34: 41-49. Geliş tarihi: 04.11.2013 / Kabul tarihi: 26.02.2014 Address for correspondence: Dr. Elçin Günaydın Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, Breeding Disease Laboratory, Etlik, Ankara, TURKEY. e-mail: elcin_gunaydin@hotmail.com

Kilis ve Halep keçilerinde ELISA ve Touchdown-PCR ile Q Humması’nın araştırılması

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 61 Sayı: 3, 161 - 165, 01.09.2014

Elçin Günaydın Selçuk Pekkaya H. Kaan Müştak Bestami Dalkılıç

https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002623
Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu çalışma, Kilis ve Halep keçilerinde, Q Humması’nın farklı dönemlerini -kronik ve akut- sırasıyla; serum örneklerinde indirek ELISA, kan örneklerinde touchdown-PCR ile ortaya koymak için planlanmıştır. Kırkaltı Kilis ve 46 Halep keçisinden oluşan toplam 92 serum örneği incelendi ve toplam serum örnekleri, Kilis ve Halep keçi serumlarında seropoziflik sırasıyla, 7.60%, 4.34% ve 10.8% bulundu. Kırkaltı Kilis ve 46 Halep keçisine ait toplam 92 kan örneğinin, hiçbirinde touchdown-PCR ile 687 bp’lık PCR ürünü tespit edilmedi. Pozitif ELISA titrelerinin daha once geçirilen infeksiyona kanıt olduğu düşünüldü. Türkiye’de Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde lokalize olan Kilis ilinin Q fever yönünden riskli bir bölge olduğuna karar verildi

Anahtar Kelimeler

Q humması keçi ELISA touchdown-PCR

Kaynakça

  • Angelakis E. and Raoult D. (2010): Q Fever. Vet Microbiol, 140: 297-309.
  • Arricau-Bouvery N., Souriau A., Lechopier P. and Rodolakis A. (2003): Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection in pregnant goats: excretion routes. Vet Res, 34: 423–33.
  • Arserim N.B., Yesilmen S., Tel O.Y., Ozakinci T., Keskin O., Pulat H., and Vural A. (2011): Seroprevalance of Coxiellosis in cows, sheep, goats and humans in Diyarbakir region of Turkey. Afr J Microbiol Res, 5: 2041- 2043.
  • Babudieri B. (1959): Q fever: a zoonosis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med, 5: 82-154.
  • Berri M., Rousset E., Champion J.L., Arricau-Bouvery N., Russo P., Pepin M. and Rodolakıs A. (2003): Ovine manure used as a garden fertiliser as a suspected source of human Q fever. Vet Rec, 153: 269-270,.
  • Berri M., Rousset E., Champion J.L., Russo P. and Rodolakis A. (2007): Goats may experience reproductive failures and shed Coxiella burnetii at two successive parturitions after a Q fever infection. Res Vet Sci, 83: 47- 52.
  • Berri M., Rousset E., Hechard C., Champion J., Dufour P., Russo P., Rodolakis A. (2005): Progression of Q fever and Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk after an outbreak of enzootic abortion in a goat herd. Vet Rec, 156: 548–549,.
  • Berri M., Souriau A., Crosby M., Crochet D., Lechopier P. and Rodolakis A. (2001): Relationships between the shedding of Coxiella burnetii, clinical signs and serological responses of 34 sheep. Vet Rec, 148: 502- 505.
  • Bjorka A. And Anderson A. (2011): Notes from the field: Q fever outbreak associated with goat farms – Washington and Montana, 2011. CDC MMWR. 60:1393-94.
  • 10.Cetinkaya B., Ertas H.B., Muz A., Ongor H., Kalender H., Arslan N. and Gurcay M. (2000): Seroprevalence of coxiellosis in cattle, sheep and people in the east of Turkey. Vet Rec, 146: 131-136,.
  • Dogru A., Yildirim M., Unal N. and Gazyagci S. (2010): The relationship of Coxiella burnetii seropositivity between farm animals and their owners: A pilot study. J Anim Vet Adv, 9: 1625-1629.
  • EFSA PANEL on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) (2010). Scientific Opinion on Q fever. EFSA J, 8: 1595,.
  • Gazyagci S., Aktas M.S., Kilic S., Babur C., Celebi B. and Duru S.Y. (2011): Seroprevalence of Q fever in dairy cattle in the Konya province, Turkey. Revue Méd Vét, 162: 387-390.
  • Guatteo R., Seegers H., Taurel A.F., Joly A. and Beaudeau F. (2011.): Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review. Vet Microbiol, 149: 1-16,
  • Hoover T.A., Vodkin M.H. and Williams J.C. (1992): A Coxiella burnetti repeated DNA element resembling a bacterial insertion sequence. J Bacteriol, 174: 5540-5548.
  • Kalender H. (2001): The incidence of Coxiella burnetii infection in ewes in Elazig and neighboring provinces. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 25: 51-55.
  • Kampschreur L.M., Oosterheert J.J., Koop A.M., Wegdam-Blans M.C., Delsing C.E., Bleeker-Rovers C.P., De Jager-Leclercq M.G., Groot C.A., Sprong T., Nabuurs-Franssen M.H., Renders N.H., Van Kasteren M.E., Soethoudt Y., Blank S.N., Pronk M.J., Groenwold R.H., Hoepelman A.I. and Wever P.C. (2012): Microbiological challenges in the diagnosis of chronic Q fever. Clin. Vaccine Immunol, 19: 787-90.
  • Kennerman E., Rousset E., Golcu E. and Dufour P. (2010): Seroprevalence of Q fever (coxiellosis) in sheep from the Southern Marmara Region, Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 33: 37-45.
  • Khalili M. and Sakhaee E. (2009): An update on a serologic survey of q fever in domestic animals in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 80: 1031-1032.
  • Kilic S., Pasa S., Babur C. and Ozlem M.B. (2005): Investigation of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in sheep in Aydin region, Turkey. Revue Méd Vét, 156: 336-340.
  • Musso D. and Raoult D. (1995): Coxiella burnetii blood cultures from acute and chronic Q-fever patients. J Clin Microbiol, 33: 3129–3132.
  • Ozdemir, H., Can R., Sezen I.Y., Gulcu H.B., Kalender H. and Basbug O. (1999): Prevalence of Q fever in sheep in Elazig province and its treatment. Firat Univ J Health Sci, 13: 143-149.
  • Payzin S. (1953): Epidemiological investigations on Q fever in Turkey. Bull. Org. Mond. Sante Bull. Wort Health Org, 9: 553-558.
  • Porter R.S., Czaplicki G., Mainil J., Guatt´Eo R. and Saegerman C. (2011): Q Fever: Current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis. Int J of Microbiol Article ID 248418, doi:10.1155/2011/248418.
  • Reichel R., Mearns R., Brunton L., Jones R., Horigan M., Vipond R., Vincent G. and Evans S. (2012): Description of a Coxiella burnetii abortion outbreak in a dairy goat herd, and associated serology, PCR and genotyping results. Res Vet Sci, 93: 1217-1224.
  • Rodolakis A. (2006): Q fever, state of art: epidemiology, diagnosis and prophylaxis. Small Ruminant Res, 62:121– 124.
  • Roest H.I., Tilburg J.J., Van Der Hoek W., Vellema P., Van Zijderveld F.G., Klaassen C.H. and Raoult D. (2011): The Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands: history, onset, response and reflection. Epidemiol Infect, 139: 1- 12.
  • Rousset E., Berri M., Durand B., Dufour P., Prigent M.Y.R., Delcroix T., Touratier A. and Rodolakis A. (2009): Coxiella burnetii shedding routes and antibody response after outbreaks of q fever-induced abortion in dairy goat herds. Appl Environ Microbiol, 75: 428–433.
  • Rousset, E., Durand B., Berri M., Dufour P., Prigent M., Russo P., Delcroix T., Touratier A., Rodolakis A. and Aubert M. (2007): Comparative diagnostic potential of three serological tests for abortive Q fever in goat herds. Vet Microbiol, 124: 286–297.
  • Salinas-Melédez J.A., Avalos-Ramirez R., Riojas- Valdez V., Kawas-Garza J., Fimbres-Durazo H. and Hernández-Vidal G. (2002): Serologic survey in animals of 'Q' fever in Nuevo Leon. Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 44: 75-78.
  • Schelling E., Diguimbaye C., Daoud S., Nicolet J., Boerlin P., Tanner M. and Zinsstag J. (2003): Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Prev Vet Med, 61: 279-93.
  • Seyitoglu S., Ozkurt Z., Dinler U. and Okumus B. (2006): The seroprevalence of coxiellosis in farmers and cattle in Erzurum district in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 30: 71-75.
  • Vaidya V.M., Malik S.V., Bhilegaonkar K.N., Rathore R.S., Kaur S. and Barbuddhe S.B. (2010): Prevalence of Q fever in domestic animals with reproductive disorders. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 33: 307-21.
  • Vaidya V.M., Malik S.V.S., Kaur S., Kumar S. and Barbuddhe S.B. (2008): immunofluorescence assay, and pathogen isolation for diagnosis of Q fever in humans with spontaneous abortions. J Clin Microbiol, 46: 2038–2044.
  • Van Den Brom R., Moll L., Van Schaık G. and Vellema P. (2013): Demography of Q fever seroprevalence in sheep and goats in the Netherland in 2008. Prev Vet Med, 109: 76-82.
  • Van Der Hoek W., Hunink J., Vellema P., Droogers P. (2011): Q fever in the Netherlands: the role of local environmental conditions. Int J Environ Health Res, 21: 441-51.
  • Wegdam-Blans M.C.A., Ter Woorst J.F., Klompenhouwer E.G. and Teijink J.A. (2012): David procedure during a reoperation for ongoing chronic Q fever infection of an ascending aortic prosthesis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1–2, doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezs217.
  • Woldehıwet Z. (2004): Q fever (coxiellosis): Epidemiology and pathogenesis. Res Vet Sci, 77: 93–100.
  • Yurtalan S. (2003): Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection in cattle in Marmara Region. J Pendik Vet Microbiol, 34: 41-49. Geliş tarihi: 04.11.2013 / Kabul tarihi: 26.02.2014 Address for correspondence: Dr. Elçin Günaydın Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, Breeding Disease Laboratory, Etlik, Ankara, TURKEY. e-mail: elcin_gunaydin@hotmail.com
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Diğer ID JA54JT78HG
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Elçin Günaydın

Selçuk Pekkaya

H. Kaan Müştak

Bestami Dalkılıç

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014Cilt: 61 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Günaydın, E., Pekkaya, S., Müştak, H. K., Dalkılıç, B. (2014). Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 61(3), 161-165. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002623
AMA Günaydın E, Pekkaya S, Müştak HK, Dalkılıç B. Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. Eylül 2014;61(3):161-165. doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000002623
Chicago Günaydın, Elçin, Selçuk Pekkaya, H. Kaan Müştak, ve Bestami Dalkılıç. “Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil Goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 61, sy. 3 (Eylül 2014): 161-65. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002623.
EndNote Günaydın E, Pekkaya S, Müştak HK, Dalkılıç B (01 Eylül 2014) Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 61 3 161–165.
IEEE E. Günaydın, S. Pekkaya, H. K. Müştak, ve B. Dalkılıç, “Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, c. 61, sy. 3, ss. 161–165, 2014, doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002623.
ISNAD Günaydın, Elçin vd. “Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil Goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 61/3 (Eylül 2014), 161-165. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002623.
JAMA Günaydın E, Pekkaya S, Müştak HK, Dalkılıç B. Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2014;61:161–165.
MLA Günaydın, Elçin vd. “Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil Goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 61, sy. 3, 2014, ss. 161-5, doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000002623.
Vancouver Günaydın E, Pekkaya S, Müştak HK, Dalkılıç B. Investigation of Q Fever in Kilis and Shamil goats by ELISA and Touchdown-PCR. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2014;61(3):161-5.

Cited By

Serological Investigation of Q Fever in Anatolian Buffaloes
Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.579953
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii Antibodies in Dairy Cattle Associated with Abortions and Reproductive Disorders
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-021-01226-1