Öz
The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat sandwiches made with cheese (CS, n=80), with fermented Turkish sausage (soudjouk) (SS, n=80), and with both cheese and soudjouk with salad (Mix+, n=60) and without salad (Mix-, n=50) from five different street vendors located near school and hospitals. Samples were examined for total aerobic mesophilic counts (AMC), yeast and moulds (YM), coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), presumptive Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), coagulase positive staphylococci, Salmonella spp., and Listeria spp., especially Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The results of the microbiological examinations showed that 45 (56.25%) and 2 (2.5%) of the SS samples; 55 (68.75%) and 6 (7.5%) of the CS samples; 55 (91.6%) and 14 (23.3%) of the Mix+ samples, and 36 (72%) and 4 (8%) of the Mix- samples were unsuitable for consumption due to high levels of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and presumptive B. cereus, respectively. The results also showed that out of a total of 270 samples, 8 (2.96%) were found to be contaminated with Listeria species; L. monocytogenes (0.37%), Listeria ivanovii (1.85%), Listeria grayi (0.37%), Listeria seeligeri (0.37%). E. coli contamination was found in the CS and Mix- groups at incidences of 7.5% and 4.0%, respectively. Salmonella spp. were not detected in any of the sandwich samples investigated. The high numbers of coliforms and AMC (up to ≥106 cfu g-1) obtained from the examinations also indicated that hygienic conditions of the processed sandwiches were very poor. The results show that the sandwiches examined in this study were of great public health concern
Anahtar Kelimeler
Microbiological quality public health ready to eat food sandwich
Kaynakça
- Anonymous (1996): ISO 11290-1, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes. Part 1: Detection method.
- Anonymous (1997): Food Agriculture Organization FAO. Street foods. Report of an FAO technical meeting on street foods Calcutta, India, 6–9 November 1995. FAO Food Nutrit paper no:63, Rome.
- Anonymous (2001): COI Communications and Food Standards Agency. Consumer Attitudes to Food Standards. COI Ref: 4695. Taylor Nelson Sofres plc.
- Anonymous (2002): ISO 6579, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp.
- Anonymous (2004): ISO 7932, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the enumeration of presumptive Bacillus cereus. Colony-count technique at 30 degrees C.
- Anonymous (2005): ISO 7251, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of presumptive Escherichia coli. Most probable technique.
- Anonymous (2011): Turkish Food Codex Regulation, Notification of Microbiological Criteria.
- Aycicek H, Sarimehmetoglu B, Cakiroglu S (2004): Assessment of the microbiological quality of meals sampled at the meal serving units of a military hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Food Cont, 15, 379-384.
- Aycicek H, Cakiroglu S, Stevenson TH (2005): Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat meals from military cafeterias in Ankara, Turkey. Food Cont, 16, 531-534.
- Balzaretti CM, Marzano MA (2013): Prevention of travel-related foodborne diseases: Microbiological risk assessment of food handlers and ready-to-eat foods in northern Italy airport restaurants. Food Cont, 29, 202- 207.
- Bezerra ACD, Dos Reis RB, Bastos DHM (2010): Microbiological Quality of Hamburgers Sold in The Streets of Cuiabá - MT, Brazil and Vendor Hygiene- Awareness. Cienc Tecnol Aliment, 30, 520-524.
- Blatter S, Giezendanner N, Stephan R, Zweifel C (2010): Phenotypic and molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from the processing environment and products of a sandwich-producing plant. Food Cont, 21, 1519-1523.
- Bostan K, Cetin O, Ergun O (2005): The Presence Of Verotoxinogenic E. coli in Some Foods. Vet Glasnik, 59, 427-436.
- Bouayad L, Hamdi TM (2012): Prevalence of Listeria spp. in ready to eat foods (RTE) from Algiers (Algeria). Food Cont, 23, 397-399.
- Boxall NS, Adak GK, De Pinna E, Gillespie IA (2011): A Salmonella Typhimurium phage type (PT) U320 outbreak in England, 2008: continuation of a trend involving ready-to-eat products. Epidemiol Infect, 139, 1936-1944.
- Christison CA, Lindsay D, von Holy A (2008): Microbiological survey of ready-to-eat foods and associated preparation surfaces in retail delicatessens, Johannesburg, South Africa. Food Cont, 19, 727-733.
- Cho JI, Cheung CY, Lee SM, Ko SI, Kim KH, Hwang IS, Kim SH, Cho SY, Lim CJ, Lee KH, Kim KS, Ha SD (2011): Assessment of Microbial Contamination Levels of Street-Vended Foods in Korea. J Food Safety 31, 41-47.
- Dawson SJ, Evans MR, Willby D, Bardwell J, Chamberlain N, Lewis DA (2006): Listeria outbreak associated with sandwich consumption from a hospital retail shop, United Kingdom. Euro Surveillance, 11, 89-91.
- Evans MR, Sarvotham T, Thomas DR, Howard AJ (2006): gastrointestinal illness in a population health survey. Epidemiol Infect, 134, 686-693.
- Fang TJ, Chen CY, Kuo WY (1999): Microbiological quality and incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in vegetarian food products. Food Microbiol, 16, 385-391.
- Fang TJ, Wei QK, Liao CW, Hung MJ, Wang, TH (2003): Microbiological quality of 18°C ready-to-eat food products sold in Taiwan. Int J Food Microbiol, 80, 241- 250.
- Garcia TE, Saucedo CL, Ayala BZ, Thompson MR, Cogco LG, Martinez AM, Gutierrez AE (2004): Prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Street-Vended Food of Open Markets (Tianguis) and General Hygienic and Trading Practices in Mexico City. Epidemiol Infect, 132, 1181-1184.
- Hanashiro A, Morita M, Matt GR, Matt MH, Torres EAFS (2005): Microbiological quality of selected street foods from a restricted area of Sao Paulo city, Brazil. Food Cont, 16, 439-444.
- Little CL, Barrett NJ, Grant K, McLauchlin J (2008): Microbiological Safety of Sandwiches from Hospitals and Other Health Care Establishments in the United Kingdom with a Focus on Listeria monocytogenes and Other Listeria Species. J Food Protect, 71, 309-318.
- Little CL, Sagoo SK, Gillespie IA, Grant K, McLauchlin J (2009): Prevalence and level of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in selected retail ready-to-eat foods in the United Kingdom. J Food Protect, 72, 1869-1877.
- Lues JFR, Rasephei MR, Venter P, Theron MM (2006):Assessing food safety and associated food handling practices in street food vending. Int J Environ Health Res, 16, 319 - 328.
- Meldrum RJ, Smith RMM, Ellis P, Garside J (2006): Microbiological quality of randomly selected ready-to-eat foods sampled between 2003 and 2005 in Wales, UK. on behalf of the Welsh Food Microbiological Forum. Int J Food Microbiol, 108, 397-400.
- Meloni D, Galluzzo P, Mureddu A, Piras F, Griffiths M, Mazzette R (2009): Listeria monocytogenes in RTE foods marketed in Italy: prevalence and automated EcoRI ribotyping of the isolates.Int J Food Microbiol, 129, 166-173.
- Mosupye FM, von Holy A (1999): Microbiological quality and safety of ready-to-eat street-vended foods in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Food Protect, 62, 1278-1284.
- Pesavento G, Ducci B, Nieri D, Comodo N, Lo Nostro A (2010): Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria spp. isolated from raw meat and retail foods. Food Cont, 21, 708-713.
- Rodriguez M, Valero A, Carrasco E, Pérez-Rodríguez F, Posada GD, Zurera G (2011): Hygienic conditions and microbiological status of chilled Ready-to-Eat products served in Southern Spanish hospitals. Food Cont, 22, 874- 882.
- Sert S, Kapusuz F (2010): Street Foods: Research on Students’ Opinions and Reasons for Preferring. Electron J Food Technol, 5, 25-35.
- Shen Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Cripe J, Conway W, Meng J, Hall G, Bhagwat AA (2006): Isolation and Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates From Ready-To-Eat Foods in Florida. Appl Environ Microbiol, 72, 5073–5076.
- Shetty A, McLauchlin J, Grant K, O’Brien D, Howard T, Davies EM (2009): Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes in an oncology unit associated with sandwiches consumed in hospital. J Hosp Infect, 72, 332-336.
- Stringer M (2005): Summary report, Food safety objectives-role in microbiological food safety management. Food Cont, 16, 775-794.
- Şireli UT, Gücükoğlu A (2008): Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Listeria spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ankara. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 32, 131-135.
- Wilson IG (1996): Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in pre-packed retail sandwiches. Epidemiol Infect, 117, 89-93.
- Yoon Y, Kim SR, Kang DH, Shim WB, Seo E, Chung DH (2008): Microbial assessment in the school foodservices and recommendations for food safety improvement. J Food Sci, 73, 304-313. Geliş tarihi: 15.05.2013 / Kabul tarihi: 07.03.2014 Address for correspondence: Assist. Prof. Sadık Buyukyoruk, PhD, DVM Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, 09016, Işıklı, Aydın,TURKEY. e-mail: sbuyukyoruk@adu.edu.tr
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, hastane ve okullar bölgesi etrafında bulunan beş farklı kafeteryadan temin edilen tüketime hazır peynirli sandviç (PS, n=80), sucuklu sandviç (SS, n=80), peynirli ve sucuklu karışık (yeşillikli, Kar+ n=60), ve peynirli ve sucuklu karışık (yeşilliksiz, Kar- n=50) sandviçlerin mikrobiyolojik kalitelerini değerlendirmektir. Örnekler, aerobik mezofilik canlı (AMC), küf ve maya (KM), koliformlar, Escherichia coli (E. coli), olası Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), koagülaz pozitif stafilokoklar, Salmonella spp., ve Listeria spp. özellikle Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) bakımından incelendi. Mikrobiyolojik incelemelerin sonuçları SS örneklerinin 45 (%56.25) ve 2 (%2.5)'sinin, PS örneklerinin 55 (%68.75) ve 6 (%7.5)'sının, Kar+örneklerinin 55 (%91.6) ve 14 (%23.3)'ünün ile Kar- örneklerinin 36 (%72) ve 4 (%8)'inin sırasıyla Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ve olası B. cereus'un yüksek düzeylerinden dolayı tüketime uygun olmadığını gösterdi. Aynı zamanda sonuçlar, toplam 270 örneğin 8 (%2.96)'inin Listeria türleri ile; L. monocytogenes (%0.37), Listeria ivanovii (%1.85), Listeria grayi (%0.37), Listeria seeligeri (%0.37) ile kontamine olduğunu göstermiştir. E. coli kontaminasyonu, PS ve Kar- gruplarında sırası ile %7.5 ve %4 oranında tespit edilmiştir. Salmonella spp. incelenen sandviç örneklerinin hiçbirinde tespit edilmemiştir. Bunun yanı sıra incelemelerden elde edilen koliformların ve AMC ( ≥106 kob g-1)'nın yüksek sayıları da işlenmiş sıcak sandviçlerin hijyenik durumlarının oldukça kötü olduğunu gösterdi. Sonuçlar, bu çalışmada incelenen sıcak sandviçlerin büyük halk sağlığı endişesi yarattığını göstermektedir
Anahtar Kelimeler
Halk sağlığı mikrobiyolojik kalite sandviç tüketime hazır gıda
Kaynakça
- Anonymous (1996): ISO 11290-1, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes. Part 1: Detection method.
- Anonymous (1997): Food Agriculture Organization FAO. Street foods. Report of an FAO technical meeting on street foods Calcutta, India, 6–9 November 1995. FAO Food Nutrit paper no:63, Rome.
- Anonymous (2001): COI Communications and Food Standards Agency. Consumer Attitudes to Food Standards. COI Ref: 4695. Taylor Nelson Sofres plc.
- Anonymous (2002): ISO 6579, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp.
- Anonymous (2004): ISO 7932, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the enumeration of presumptive Bacillus cereus. Colony-count technique at 30 degrees C.
- Anonymous (2005): ISO 7251, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of presumptive Escherichia coli. Most probable technique.
- Anonymous (2011): Turkish Food Codex Regulation, Notification of Microbiological Criteria.
- Aycicek H, Sarimehmetoglu B, Cakiroglu S (2004): Assessment of the microbiological quality of meals sampled at the meal serving units of a military hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Food Cont, 15, 379-384.
- Aycicek H, Cakiroglu S, Stevenson TH (2005): Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat meals from military cafeterias in Ankara, Turkey. Food Cont, 16, 531-534.
- Balzaretti CM, Marzano MA (2013): Prevention of travel-related foodborne diseases: Microbiological risk assessment of food handlers and ready-to-eat foods in northern Italy airport restaurants. Food Cont, 29, 202- 207.
- Bezerra ACD, Dos Reis RB, Bastos DHM (2010): Microbiological Quality of Hamburgers Sold in The Streets of Cuiabá - MT, Brazil and Vendor Hygiene- Awareness. Cienc Tecnol Aliment, 30, 520-524.
- Blatter S, Giezendanner N, Stephan R, Zweifel C (2010): Phenotypic and molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from the processing environment and products of a sandwich-producing plant. Food Cont, 21, 1519-1523.
- Bostan K, Cetin O, Ergun O (2005): The Presence Of Verotoxinogenic E. coli in Some Foods. Vet Glasnik, 59, 427-436.
- Bouayad L, Hamdi TM (2012): Prevalence of Listeria spp. in ready to eat foods (RTE) from Algiers (Algeria). Food Cont, 23, 397-399.
- Boxall NS, Adak GK, De Pinna E, Gillespie IA (2011): A Salmonella Typhimurium phage type (PT) U320 outbreak in England, 2008: continuation of a trend involving ready-to-eat products. Epidemiol Infect, 139, 1936-1944.
- Christison CA, Lindsay D, von Holy A (2008): Microbiological survey of ready-to-eat foods and associated preparation surfaces in retail delicatessens, Johannesburg, South Africa. Food Cont, 19, 727-733.
- Cho JI, Cheung CY, Lee SM, Ko SI, Kim KH, Hwang IS, Kim SH, Cho SY, Lim CJ, Lee KH, Kim KS, Ha SD (2011): Assessment of Microbial Contamination Levels of Street-Vended Foods in Korea. J Food Safety 31, 41-47.
- Dawson SJ, Evans MR, Willby D, Bardwell J, Chamberlain N, Lewis DA (2006): Listeria outbreak associated with sandwich consumption from a hospital retail shop, United Kingdom. Euro Surveillance, 11, 89-91.
- Evans MR, Sarvotham T, Thomas DR, Howard AJ (2006): gastrointestinal illness in a population health survey. Epidemiol Infect, 134, 686-693.
- Fang TJ, Chen CY, Kuo WY (1999): Microbiological quality and incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in vegetarian food products. Food Microbiol, 16, 385-391.
- Fang TJ, Wei QK, Liao CW, Hung MJ, Wang, TH (2003): Microbiological quality of 18°C ready-to-eat food products sold in Taiwan. Int J Food Microbiol, 80, 241- 250.
- Garcia TE, Saucedo CL, Ayala BZ, Thompson MR, Cogco LG, Martinez AM, Gutierrez AE (2004): Prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Street-Vended Food of Open Markets (Tianguis) and General Hygienic and Trading Practices in Mexico City. Epidemiol Infect, 132, 1181-1184.
- Hanashiro A, Morita M, Matt GR, Matt MH, Torres EAFS (2005): Microbiological quality of selected street foods from a restricted area of Sao Paulo city, Brazil. Food Cont, 16, 439-444.
- Little CL, Barrett NJ, Grant K, McLauchlin J (2008): Microbiological Safety of Sandwiches from Hospitals and Other Health Care Establishments in the United Kingdom with a Focus on Listeria monocytogenes and Other Listeria Species. J Food Protect, 71, 309-318.
- Little CL, Sagoo SK, Gillespie IA, Grant K, McLauchlin J (2009): Prevalence and level of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in selected retail ready-to-eat foods in the United Kingdom. J Food Protect, 72, 1869-1877.
- Lues JFR, Rasephei MR, Venter P, Theron MM (2006):Assessing food safety and associated food handling practices in street food vending. Int J Environ Health Res, 16, 319 - 328.
- Meldrum RJ, Smith RMM, Ellis P, Garside J (2006): Microbiological quality of randomly selected ready-to-eat foods sampled between 2003 and 2005 in Wales, UK. on behalf of the Welsh Food Microbiological Forum. Int J Food Microbiol, 108, 397-400.
- Meloni D, Galluzzo P, Mureddu A, Piras F, Griffiths M, Mazzette R (2009): Listeria monocytogenes in RTE foods marketed in Italy: prevalence and automated EcoRI ribotyping of the isolates.Int J Food Microbiol, 129, 166-173.
- Mosupye FM, von Holy A (1999): Microbiological quality and safety of ready-to-eat street-vended foods in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Food Protect, 62, 1278-1284.
- Pesavento G, Ducci B, Nieri D, Comodo N, Lo Nostro A (2010): Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria spp. isolated from raw meat and retail foods. Food Cont, 21, 708-713.
- Rodriguez M, Valero A, Carrasco E, Pérez-Rodríguez F, Posada GD, Zurera G (2011): Hygienic conditions and microbiological status of chilled Ready-to-Eat products served in Southern Spanish hospitals. Food Cont, 22, 874- 882.
- Sert S, Kapusuz F (2010): Street Foods: Research on Students’ Opinions and Reasons for Preferring. Electron J Food Technol, 5, 25-35.
- Shen Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Cripe J, Conway W, Meng J, Hall G, Bhagwat AA (2006): Isolation and Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates From Ready-To-Eat Foods in Florida. Appl Environ Microbiol, 72, 5073–5076.
- Shetty A, McLauchlin J, Grant K, O’Brien D, Howard T, Davies EM (2009): Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes in an oncology unit associated with sandwiches consumed in hospital. J Hosp Infect, 72, 332-336.
- Stringer M (2005): Summary report, Food safety objectives-role in microbiological food safety management. Food Cont, 16, 775-794.
- Şireli UT, Gücükoğlu A (2008): Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Listeria spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ankara. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 32, 131-135.
- Wilson IG (1996): Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in pre-packed retail sandwiches. Epidemiol Infect, 117, 89-93.
- Yoon Y, Kim SR, Kang DH, Shim WB, Seo E, Chung DH (2008): Microbial assessment in the school foodservices and recommendations for food safety improvement. J Food Sci, 73, 304-313. Geliş tarihi: 15.05.2013 / Kabul tarihi: 07.03.2014 Address for correspondence: Assist. Prof. Sadık Buyukyoruk, PhD, DVM Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, 09016, Işıklı, Aydın,TURKEY. e-mail: sbuyukyoruk@adu.edu.tr
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Diğer ID | JA74ER53ND |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Eylül 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014Cilt: 61 Sayı: 3 |