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Entomopathogens in control of urban pests

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 61 Sayı: 2, 155 - 160, 01.06.2014

Abdullah İnci Engin Kılıç Ramazan Canhilal

https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002622
Cited By: 1

Öz

Entomopathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rickettsia and nematodes are non-infective to vertebrates. There are lots of researches on their efficacy on urban pests. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) is effective in controlling mosquitos and black flies, B. thuringiensis kurstaki and B. thuringiensis entomocidus controls Lepidoptera caterpillars. B. thuringiensis tenebrionis controls some beetle species. Most of viruses kill immature stages of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Baculoviruses are specific to only a few pests of Lepidoptera and mosquitoes. Fungi have wide spectrum of hosts and the ability to enter via cuticle. They can infect many insects (Dictyoptera, Orthoptera, Dermoptera, Culicidae, Muscidae, Simulidae, Tabanidae, Cimicidae, Vespidae, Formicidae, Lepidoptera, Termitidae) and ticks (Ixodidae and Argasidae). The most common entomopathogenic fungus species are Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Protozoa are pathogenic for insect and some ticks. Nosema is the most common genus. However there is necessity to evaluate the potential of Nosema-Ixodidae and Nosema-Insect interactions for tick and insect bio-control. Rickettsias are obligatory intracellular organisms and some species affect ticks. Nematode species in the families of Steinernematidae (Steinernema spp., Neosteirnema spp.), Heterorhabditidae (Heterorhabditis spp.) and Mermithidae are effective on insects and ticks. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) carry the pathogenic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp.) in their intestines. These bacteria are able to kill the host within 24-48 hours. Some entomopathogens or microbial pathogens can be mass-produced, and suitable for commercial use. Current applications include control programs for agricultural, forest and urban pests. This review emphases on the potential of different entomopathogens for bio-control of urban pests and brief information about microbial control agents

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entomopathogens pest microbial control virus bacterium fungus protozoa rickettsia nematode insect tick

Kaynakça

  • Al-Azawi B, Jabbr L (1989): The effects of different concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on house fly Musca domestica L. Bull End Dis, 30, 69-73.
  • Ali FS, Abdel Moneim AA, el Dahtory TA, Ssfwat MS, Abdallah AR (1986): Microbiological control of ticks. Zentralbl Microbiol, 141, 67-70.
  • Appel LF, Prout M, Abu-Shumays R, Hammonds A, Garbe JC, Fristrom D, Fristrom J (1993): The Drosophila stubble-stubbloid gene encodes an apparent transmembrane serine protease required for epithelial morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90, 4937-4941.
  • Balashovys YS (1971): Interrelationships between bloodsucking arthropods and rickettsia. Parasitologia, 5, 347-56.
  • Becnel JJ, White SE (2007): Mosquito pathogenic viruses - the Last 20 Years. J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 23, 36-49.
  • Belton P, Rutherford TA, Trotter DB, Webster JM (1987): Heterorhabditis heliothidis: A potential biological control agent of house flies in caged-layer poultry barns. J Nematol, 19, 263-266.
  • Bhattacharya PR (1998): Microbial control of mosquitoes with special emphasis on bacterial control. Indian J Malariol 35, 206-224.
  • Brown RS, Reichelderfer CF, Anderson WR (1970): An endemic disease among laboratory population of Dermasentor andersoni (D. venustus) (acarina:ixodidae). J Intertebr Pathol, 16,142-143.
  • Burgdofer W, Ormsbee RA (1968): Development of Rickettsia prowazeki in certain species of ixodid ticks. Acta Virol, 12, 36-40.
  • Cherepanova NP (1964): Fungi which are found on ticks. Bot Z Mosk, 49, l696-99.
  • Darwish E, Zayed A (2002): Pathogenicity of two entomopathogenic hyphomycetes, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, to the housefly Musca domestica L. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 32, 785-796.
  • Demirbag Z, Nalcacioglu R, Demir I, Sezen K, Erturk O (2008): Entomopatojenler ve biyolojik mucadele. ISBN: 978-975-93278-2-8, Esen offset mattbacilik, Trabzon.
  • Federici BA, Tsao PW, Lucarotti CJ (1985): Coelomomyces (Fungi). 75-86. In: Chapman HC (Ed), Biological control of Mosquitoes, Bull No 6, Amer Mosq Contr Assoc.
  • Friedhoff KT (1970): Microorganisms in engorged females of the tick Rhipicephalus bursa. Int Congr Parasitol, 56, 111.
  • Garcia-Maruniak A, Maruniak JE, Farmerie W, Boucias DG (2008): Sequence analysis of a non-classified, nonoccluded DNA virus that causes salivary gland hypertrophy of Musca domestica, MdSGHV. Virology, 377, 184-186.
  • Geden CJ, Lietze VU, Boucias DG (2008): Seasonal prevalence and transmission of salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol, 45, 42-51.
  • Georgis R, Mullens BA, Meyer JA (1987): Survival and movement of insect parasitic nematodes in poultry manure and their infectivity against Musca domestica. J Nematol, 19, 292-295.
  • Hayes SF, Burgdofer W (1979): Ultra structure of Rickettsia rhipicephali a new member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae in tissues of the host vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus. J Bacteriol, 137, 605-13.
  • Hendry DA, Rechav Y (1981): Acaricidal bacteria infecting laboratory colonies of the tick Boophilus decoloratus (Acarina: Ixodidae). J Invertbr Pathol, 38,149-151.
  • Honzakova E, Olejnicek J, Cerny V, Daniel M, Dusbabek F (1975): Relationship between number of eggs deposited and body weight of engorged Ixodes ricinus female. Folia Parasitol, 22, 37-43.
  • Inci A, Yazar S, Tuncbilek AS, Canhilal R, Doganay M, Aydin L, Aktas M, Vatansever Z, Ozdarendeli A, Ozbel Y, Yıldırım A, Duzlu O (2013): Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases in Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 60, 281- 296.
  • İnci A, Yıldırım A, Düzlü O (2013): Orta Kızılırmak Havzası’nda sorun oluşturan karasinek (Diptera: Simulidae) türlerinin moleküler klasifikasyonu ve vektörlük potansiyellerinin Real Time PCR ile araştırılması. In: TÜBİTAK 111O426 Numaralı Araştırma Projesi, 2. Gelişme Raporu.
  • İnci A, Düzlü Ö (2009): Vektörler ve vektörlerle bulaşan hastalıklar. ERÜ Vet Fak Derg, 6, 53-63.
  • Kalsbeek V, Fransen F, Steenberg T (1995): Entomopathogenic fungi associated with Ixodes ricinus. Exp Appl Acarol, 19, 45-51.
  • Kalsbeek V, Pell JK, Steenberg T (2001): Sporulation by Entomophthora schizophorae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) from housefly cadavers and the persistence of primary conidia at constant temperatures and relative humidities. J Invertebr Pathol, 77, 149-157.
  • Koehler PG, Patterson RS, Martin WR (1992): Susceptibility of cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae, Blattidae) to infection by Steinernema carpocapsae. J Econ Entomol, 85, 1184-1187.
  • Kramer JP (1964): Parasites in Laboratory Colonies of Mosquitoes. Bull World Health Organ, 31, 475-478.
  • Krinsky WL (1977): Nosema parkeri sp.n., a microsporidian from the argasid tick Orinithodoros parkeri Cooly. J Protozool, 24, 52-56.
  • Krynski S, Machel M (1972): Infection a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis chez les tiques Ornithodorus moubata Murray. I. infection dans le coelome des tiques adultes. Extr Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis, 49, 43-48.
  • Kuramoto H Shimazu M (1992): Pathogenicity of some entomogenous fungi of the adult housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Jpn J Appl Entomol Z, 36, 202-203.
  • Lecouna RE, Turica M, Tarocco F, Crespo DC (2005): Microbial control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Musciadae) with selected strains of Beauveria bassiana. J Med Entomol, 42, 332-336.
  • Lietze VU, Geden CJ, Blackburn P, Boucias DG (2007): Effects of salivary gland hypertrophy virus on the reproductive behavior of the housefly, Musca domestica. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73, 6811-6818.
  • Lietze VU, Sims KR, Salem TZ, Geden CJ, Boucias DG (2009): Transmission of MdSGHV among adult house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), occurs via salivary secretions and excreta. J Invertebr Pathol, 101, 49-55.
  • Lietze VU, Geden CJ, Doyle MA, Boucias DG (2012): Disease dynamics and persistence of MdSGHV infections in laboratory house fly (Musca domestica) populations. Appl Environ Microbiol, 78, 311-317.
  • Lipa JJ, Eilenberg J, Bresciani J, Frandsen F (1997): Some observations on a newly recorded mermitid parasite of Ixodes ricinus L. (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acta Parasitol, 42,109-114.
  • Lonc E, Lachowic TM, Jedryka U (1991): Insecticidal activity of some Bacillus strains against house fly larvae of Musca domestica. Wiad Parazytol, 37, 357-365.
  • Lysyk TJ, Kalischuk-Tymensen LD, Rochon K, Selinger LB (2010): Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against immature horn fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol, 103, 1019-1029.
  • Madelin MF (1965): Further laboratory studies on a species of Coelomomyces which infects Anopheles gambiae Giles. In. World Health Organization, Geneva, p WHO/EBL/52.65
  • Mauleon H. Bare N, Panoma S (1993): Pathogenity of 17 isolates of entomophagous nematodes (Steirnematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for the ticks Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricus), Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) and Boophilus annulatus (Say). Exp Appl Acarol, 17, 831-838.
  • Megaw MW (1978): Virus-like particles pathogenic to salivary glands of the tick Boophlilus microplus. Natura 271, 483-484.
  • Mullens BA, Meyer JA, Georgis R (1987): Field tests on insect-parasitic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) against larvae of manure-breeding flies (Diptera: Muxidae) on caged-layer poultry facilities. J Econ Entomol, 80, 438-442.
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  • Renn N (1995): Mortality of immature houseflies (Musca domestica L.) in artificial diet and chicken manure after exposure to encapsulated entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Biocontrol Sci Techn, 5, 349-359.
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Kent zararlılarının kontrolünde entomopatojenler

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 61 Sayı: 2, 155 - 160, 01.06.2014

Abdullah İnci Engin Kılıç Ramazan Canhilal

https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002622
Cited By: 1

Öz

Virüsleri, bakterileri, fungusları, protozoaları, riketsiyaları ve nematodları içeren entomopatojenler omurgalı canlılar için enfektif değildir. Kent zararlılarına entomopatojenlerin etkinlikleri konusunda birçok çalışma vardır. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) sivrisineklerin ve simuliidlerin mücadelesinde etkilidir. B. thuringiensis kurstaki ve B. thuringiensis entomocidus lepidopter zararlıları, B. thuringiensis tenebrionis ise bazı coleopter zararlıları kontrol eder. Virüslerin birçoğu lepidopter ve hymenopter larvalarını öldürür. Bakulovirüsler, lepidopter zararlıların ve sivrisineklerin sadece bir kaç tanesine özelleşmiştir. Funguslar, geniş bir konakçı aralığına sahiptir ve kütikuladan giriş yapabilirler. Birçok böceğe saldıran entomopatojen fungusların en yaygını Beauveria bassiana ve Metarhizium anisopliae’dir. Protozoalar böcekler ve bazı keneler için patojeniktir. Nosema protozoaların en yaygın cinsidir. Ancak protozoalar ile biyolojik böcek ve kene mücadelesi için, Nosema-Ixodidae ve Nosema-insekt etkileşim potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Riketsiyalar, obligat intraselüler organizmalardır ve bazı türleri keneleri etkiler. Steinernematidae (Steinernema spp., Neosteirnema spp.), Heterorhabditidae (Heterorhabditis spp.) ve Mermithidae familyalarındaki nematod türleri böcekler ve keneler üzerinde etkilidir. Entomopatojenik nematodlar (Steinernematidae ve Heterorhabditidae) bağırsaklarında patojenik bakteriler (Xenorhabdus spp. ve Photorhabdus spp.) taşırlar. Bu bakteriler konakçısını 24-48 saat içerisinde öldürme yeteneğindedirler. Bazı entomopatojenler veya mikrobiyal patojenler kitle halinde üretilebilirler ve ticari kullanım için uygundurlar. Mevcut uygulamalar, tarımsal, orman ve kent zararlılarının mücadelelerini içermektedir. Bu derlemede, farklı entomopatojenlerin kent zararlıları ile biyolojik mücadeledeki potansiyelleri ve mikrobiyal mücadele ajanları hakkında kısa bilgi verilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entomopatojenler pest mikrobiyal mücadele virüs bakteri fungus protozoa riketsiya nematod böcek kene

Kaynakça

  • Al-Azawi B, Jabbr L (1989): The effects of different concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on house fly Musca domestica L. Bull End Dis, 30, 69-73.
  • Ali FS, Abdel Moneim AA, el Dahtory TA, Ssfwat MS, Abdallah AR (1986): Microbiological control of ticks. Zentralbl Microbiol, 141, 67-70.
  • Appel LF, Prout M, Abu-Shumays R, Hammonds A, Garbe JC, Fristrom D, Fristrom J (1993): The Drosophila stubble-stubbloid gene encodes an apparent transmembrane serine protease required for epithelial morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90, 4937-4941.
  • Balashovys YS (1971): Interrelationships between bloodsucking arthropods and rickettsia. Parasitologia, 5, 347-56.
  • Becnel JJ, White SE (2007): Mosquito pathogenic viruses - the Last 20 Years. J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 23, 36-49.
  • Belton P, Rutherford TA, Trotter DB, Webster JM (1987): Heterorhabditis heliothidis: A potential biological control agent of house flies in caged-layer poultry barns. J Nematol, 19, 263-266.
  • Bhattacharya PR (1998): Microbial control of mosquitoes with special emphasis on bacterial control. Indian J Malariol 35, 206-224.
  • Brown RS, Reichelderfer CF, Anderson WR (1970): An endemic disease among laboratory population of Dermasentor andersoni (D. venustus) (acarina:ixodidae). J Intertebr Pathol, 16,142-143.
  • Burgdofer W, Ormsbee RA (1968): Development of Rickettsia prowazeki in certain species of ixodid ticks. Acta Virol, 12, 36-40.
  • Cherepanova NP (1964): Fungi which are found on ticks. Bot Z Mosk, 49, l696-99.
  • Darwish E, Zayed A (2002): Pathogenicity of two entomopathogenic hyphomycetes, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, to the housefly Musca domestica L. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 32, 785-796.
  • Demirbag Z, Nalcacioglu R, Demir I, Sezen K, Erturk O (2008): Entomopatojenler ve biyolojik mucadele. ISBN: 978-975-93278-2-8, Esen offset mattbacilik, Trabzon.
  • Federici BA, Tsao PW, Lucarotti CJ (1985): Coelomomyces (Fungi). 75-86. In: Chapman HC (Ed), Biological control of Mosquitoes, Bull No 6, Amer Mosq Contr Assoc.
  • Friedhoff KT (1970): Microorganisms in engorged females of the tick Rhipicephalus bursa. Int Congr Parasitol, 56, 111.
  • Garcia-Maruniak A, Maruniak JE, Farmerie W, Boucias DG (2008): Sequence analysis of a non-classified, nonoccluded DNA virus that causes salivary gland hypertrophy of Musca domestica, MdSGHV. Virology, 377, 184-186.
  • Geden CJ, Lietze VU, Boucias DG (2008): Seasonal prevalence and transmission of salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol, 45, 42-51.
  • Georgis R, Mullens BA, Meyer JA (1987): Survival and movement of insect parasitic nematodes in poultry manure and their infectivity against Musca domestica. J Nematol, 19, 292-295.
  • Hayes SF, Burgdofer W (1979): Ultra structure of Rickettsia rhipicephali a new member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae in tissues of the host vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus. J Bacteriol, 137, 605-13.
  • Hendry DA, Rechav Y (1981): Acaricidal bacteria infecting laboratory colonies of the tick Boophilus decoloratus (Acarina: Ixodidae). J Invertbr Pathol, 38,149-151.
  • Honzakova E, Olejnicek J, Cerny V, Daniel M, Dusbabek F (1975): Relationship between number of eggs deposited and body weight of engorged Ixodes ricinus female. Folia Parasitol, 22, 37-43.
  • Inci A, Yazar S, Tuncbilek AS, Canhilal R, Doganay M, Aydin L, Aktas M, Vatansever Z, Ozdarendeli A, Ozbel Y, Yıldırım A, Duzlu O (2013): Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases in Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 60, 281- 296.
  • İnci A, Yıldırım A, Düzlü O (2013): Orta Kızılırmak Havzası’nda sorun oluşturan karasinek (Diptera: Simulidae) türlerinin moleküler klasifikasyonu ve vektörlük potansiyellerinin Real Time PCR ile araştırılması. In: TÜBİTAK 111O426 Numaralı Araştırma Projesi, 2. Gelişme Raporu.
  • İnci A, Düzlü Ö (2009): Vektörler ve vektörlerle bulaşan hastalıklar. ERÜ Vet Fak Derg, 6, 53-63.
  • Kalsbeek V, Fransen F, Steenberg T (1995): Entomopathogenic fungi associated with Ixodes ricinus. Exp Appl Acarol, 19, 45-51.
  • Kalsbeek V, Pell JK, Steenberg T (2001): Sporulation by Entomophthora schizophorae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) from housefly cadavers and the persistence of primary conidia at constant temperatures and relative humidities. J Invertebr Pathol, 77, 149-157.
  • Koehler PG, Patterson RS, Martin WR (1992): Susceptibility of cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae, Blattidae) to infection by Steinernema carpocapsae. J Econ Entomol, 85, 1184-1187.
  • Kramer JP (1964): Parasites in Laboratory Colonies of Mosquitoes. Bull World Health Organ, 31, 475-478.
  • Krinsky WL (1977): Nosema parkeri sp.n., a microsporidian from the argasid tick Orinithodoros parkeri Cooly. J Protozool, 24, 52-56.
  • Krynski S, Machel M (1972): Infection a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis chez les tiques Ornithodorus moubata Murray. I. infection dans le coelome des tiques adultes. Extr Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis, 49, 43-48.
  • Kuramoto H Shimazu M (1992): Pathogenicity of some entomogenous fungi of the adult housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Jpn J Appl Entomol Z, 36, 202-203.
  • Lecouna RE, Turica M, Tarocco F, Crespo DC (2005): Microbial control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Musciadae) with selected strains of Beauveria bassiana. J Med Entomol, 42, 332-336.
  • Lietze VU, Geden CJ, Blackburn P, Boucias DG (2007): Effects of salivary gland hypertrophy virus on the reproductive behavior of the housefly, Musca domestica. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73, 6811-6818.
  • Lietze VU, Sims KR, Salem TZ, Geden CJ, Boucias DG (2009): Transmission of MdSGHV among adult house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), occurs via salivary secretions and excreta. J Invertebr Pathol, 101, 49-55.
  • Lietze VU, Geden CJ, Doyle MA, Boucias DG (2012): Disease dynamics and persistence of MdSGHV infections in laboratory house fly (Musca domestica) populations. Appl Environ Microbiol, 78, 311-317.
  • Lipa JJ, Eilenberg J, Bresciani J, Frandsen F (1997): Some observations on a newly recorded mermitid parasite of Ixodes ricinus L. (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acta Parasitol, 42,109-114.
  • Lonc E, Lachowic TM, Jedryka U (1991): Insecticidal activity of some Bacillus strains against house fly larvae of Musca domestica. Wiad Parazytol, 37, 357-365.
  • Lysyk TJ, Kalischuk-Tymensen LD, Rochon K, Selinger LB (2010): Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against immature horn fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol, 103, 1019-1029.
  • Madelin MF (1965): Further laboratory studies on a species of Coelomomyces which infects Anopheles gambiae Giles. In. World Health Organization, Geneva, p WHO/EBL/52.65
  • Mauleon H. Bare N, Panoma S (1993): Pathogenity of 17 isolates of entomophagous nematodes (Steirnematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for the ticks Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricus), Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) and Boophilus annulatus (Say). Exp Appl Acarol, 17, 831-838.
  • Megaw MW (1978): Virus-like particles pathogenic to salivary glands of the tick Boophlilus microplus. Natura 271, 483-484.
  • Mullens BA, Meyer JA, Georgis R (1987): Field tests on insect-parasitic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) against larvae of manure-breeding flies (Diptera: Muxidae) on caged-layer poultry facilities. J Econ Entomol, 80, 438-442.
  • Oğurlu İ (2000): Biyolojik Mücadele. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 1, SDÜ Yayın No: 8, Isparta.
  • Öncüer C (1995): Tarımsal Zararlılarla Savaş Yöntemleri ve İlaçlar. Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Renn N, Barson G, Richardson PN (1985): Preliminary laboratory tests with two species of entomophilic nematodes for control of Musca domestica in intensive animal units. Ann Appl Biol, 106, 229-233.
  • Renn N (1995): Mortality of immature houseflies (Musca domestica L.) in artificial diet and chicken manure after exposure to encapsulated entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Biocontrol Sci Techn, 5, 349-359.
  • Roberts DW, Wraight SP (1986): Current status on the use of insect pathogens as biological agents in agriculture: Fungi. 510-513. In: Samson RA, Valk JM, Peters D (Eds), Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Invertebrata Pathology. Proceeding of 4thInternational Colloquium of Invertebrata Pathology, Veldhoven, the Netharlands, August 18-22.
  • Robinson WH (2005): Handbook of urban insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 ‘RU, UK.
  • Roth LM, Willis ER (1960): The biotic association5 of cockroaches. Smithson Misc Coil, 141, I 470.
  • Scholte EJ, Knols BGJ, Samson RA, Takken W (2004): Entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: A review. J Insect Sci, 4, 1-24.
  • Sims SR (1997): Host activity spectrum of the CryIIA Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki protein. Effects on Lepidoptera, Diptera, and non-target arthropods. Southwest Entomol, 22, 395-404.
  • Six DL, Mullens BA (1996): Seasonal prevalence of Entomophthora muscae and introduction of Entomophthora schizophorae (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) in Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) populations on California dairies. Biol Control, 6, 315-323.
  • Steenberg T, Vagn-Jensen KM, Jensen KMV, Smits PH (1998): Entomopathogenic fungi for control of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) and other synanthropic cockroaches. Insect pathogens and insect parasitic nematodes. Bulletin-OILB-SROP. 21, 145-150.
  • Suiter DR (1997): Biological suppression of synanthropic cockroaches. J Agric Entomol, 14, 259-270.
  • Tanada Y, Kaya HK (1993): Insect Pathology. San Diego, Academic Press.
  • Taylor DB, Szalanski AL, Adams BJ, Peterson RD II (1998): Susceptibility of house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae to entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae). Environ Entomol, 27, 1514-1519.
  • Tsai SF, Liu BL, Liao JW, Wang JS, Hwang JS, Wang SC, Tzeng YM, Ho SP (2003): Pulmonary toxicity of thuringiensin administered intratracheally in Sprague- Dawley rats. Toxicology, 186, 205-216.
  • Van Lenteren JC, Martin AN (1999): Biological control of white flies. 205-207. In: Gerling D, Mayer RT, (Eds), Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse.
  • Weiser J, Rehacek J (1975): Nosema slovaca sp. n.: a second microsporidian of the tick Ixodes ricinus. J Invertbr Pathol, 26, 411.
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  • Yılmaz A, İnci A, Tunçbilek A, Yeşilöz H, Koçak O, Şirin Ü, İça A, Yildirim A, Demircioğlu A, Düzlü Ö (2007): (Simulium(Wilhelmia) Lineatum) (Diptera: Simuliidae) İstilası. ERU Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 4, 91-95.
  • Yilmaz A, Yesiloz H, Demircioglu A (2012): Control Programs of the Simulium Species in the Center Kizilirmak Basin of Turkey. 65-67. In: Proceedings of 1st National Symposium on Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases with International Participation, 9-10 September, Avanos, Cappadocia, Nevsehir, Turkey.
  • Zhioua E, Lebrun RA, Ginsberg HS, Aeschlimann A (1995): Pathogenicity of Steirnema carpocapsea and S. glaseri (Nematoda: Steirnematidae) to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol, 32, 900-905.
  • Zukowski K, Bajan C (1996): Studies of the usefulness of Beauveria bassiana for eradication of cockroaches (Blattella germanica). Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 47, 343-349.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Diğer ID JA59VU39VJ
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Abdullah İnci

Engin Kılıç

Ramazan Canhilal

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014Cilt: 61 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İnci, A., Kılıç, E., & Canhilal, R. (2014). Entomopathogens in control of urban pests. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 61(2), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002622
AMA İnci A, Kılıç E, Canhilal R. Entomopathogens in control of urban pests. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. Haziran 2014;61(2):155-160. doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000002622
Chicago İnci, Abdullah, Engin Kılıç, ve Ramazan Canhilal. “Entomopathogens in Control of Urban Pests”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 61, sy. 2 (Haziran 2014): 155-60. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002622.
EndNote İnci A, Kılıç E, Canhilal R (01 Haziran 2014) Entomopathogens in control of urban pests. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 61 2 155–160.
IEEE A. İnci, E. Kılıç, ve R. Canhilal, “Entomopathogens in control of urban pests”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, c. 61, sy. 2, ss. 155–160, 2014, doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002622.
ISNAD İnci, Abdullah vd. “Entomopathogens in Control of Urban Pests”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 61/2 (Haziran 2014), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002622.
JAMA İnci A, Kılıç E, Canhilal R. Entomopathogens in control of urban pests. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2014;61:155–160.
MLA İnci, Abdullah vd. “Entomopathogens in Control of Urban Pests”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 61, sy. 2, 2014, ss. 155-60, doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000002622.
Vancouver İnci A, Kılıç E, Canhilal R. Entomopathogens in control of urban pests. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2014;61(2):155-60.

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