Öz
Enterococci, which are found as commensal in animals and human, can cause infections in definite conditions. The improvement and increment of aquaculture cause to happen a big problem for not only the other bacterial infections but also enterococcal infections in fishes. Enterococci are interesting microorganisms owing the wide range of distribution in nature, high level of antimicrobial resistance, and high mortality rates in enterococcal infections. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance to vancomycin and other antimicrobials in fish isolates of enterococci. Twenty six Enterococcus faecalis strains which were isolated in sick and dead fishes were used in study. Ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, penicillin, and vancomycin susceptibility of E.faecalis strains were examined with agar disc diffusion techniques. The vancomycin resistance phenotype of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) was determined by agar dilution method. Ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, penicillin and vancomycin resistance of E.faecalis strains were found as 34.6%, 3.8%, 3.8%, 96.1%, 11.5%, 92.3%, 11.5%, and 3.8%, respectively. One of the 26 E.faecalis strains (3.8%) was found as vancomycin resistant (VRE) and the vancomycin resistance phenotype of this strain was determined as VanA. These findings showed that ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and gentamicin resistant E.faecalis strains were prevalent in fishes. Despite of the low proportion, the presence of a vancomycin resistant E.faecalis strain suggested that fishes must be considered as VRE source
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antimicrobial resistance Enterococcus faecalis fish vancomycin
Kaynakça
- Actis LA, Tolmasky ME, Crosa JH (1999): Enterococcus seriolicida and Streptococcus iniae.304-305. In: Fish Diseases and Disorders, R, Kusuda, F, Salati (Ed), CAB International, Oxfordshire.
- Cheng W, Chen JC (1998): Isolation and Characterization of an Enterococcus-like bacterium causing muscle necrosis and mortality in Makrobranchium rosenbergii in Taiwan. Dis Aquat Organ, 34, 93-101.
- Cetinkaya Y, Falk P, Mayhall CG (2000): Vancomycin- resistant enterococci. Clin Microbiol Rev, 13, 686–707.
- Devriese L A, Cruz-Colque JI, DE Herdt P, Haesebrouck F (1992): Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats. J Appl Bacteriol, 73, 421-425.
- Devriese LA, Hommez J, Leavens H, POT B, Vandamme P, Haesebrouck F (1999): Identification of aesculin-hydrolyzing streptococci, lactococci, aerococci and enterococci from subclinical intramammary infections in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol, 70, 87-94.
- Eldar A, Ghittino C, Asanta L, Bozzetta E, Goria M, Prearo M, Bercovier H (1996): Enterococcus seriolicida is a junior synonym of Lactococcus garviae, a causative agent of septicemia and meningoencephalitis in fish. Curr Microbiol, 32, 85-88.
- Eldar A, Gorıa M, Ghittino C, Zlotkin A, Bercovier H (1999): Biodiversity of Lactococcus garviae strains isolated from fish in Europe,Asia, and Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol, 65,1005-1008.
- Endtz HP, Van Den Braak N, Verbrugh HA, Van Belkum A (1999): Vancomycin resistance: status quo and quo vadis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 18, 683–690.
- Frick IM, Morgelin M, Bjorck L (2000): Virulent aggregates of Streptococcus pyogenes are generated by homophilic protein-protein interactions. Mol Microbiol, 37, 1232-1247.
- Harwood VJ, Brownell M, Perusek W, Whitlock JE (2001): Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater and chicken feces in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol, 67,4930-4933.
- Malathum K, Murray BE (1999):Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: recent advances in genetics, epidemiology and therapeutic options. Drug Resist Updates, 2, 224–243.
- Mundy LM, Sahm DF, Gilmore M (2000): Relationships between enterococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev, 13, 513–522.
- Pinto B , Pierotti R, Canale G, Reali D (1999): Characterization of faecal streptococci as indicators of faecal pollution and distribution in the environment. Lett Appl Microbiol, 29, 258–263.
- Peterson A, Dalsgaard A (2002): Species composition and antimicrobial resistance genes of Enterococcus spp., isolated from integrated and traditional fish farms in Thailand. Environ Microbiol, 5, 395-402.
- Peterson A, Andersen JS, Kaewmak T, Somsiri T, Dalsgaard A (2002): Impact of integrated fish farming on antimicrobial resistance in a pond environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 68, 6036-6042.
- Quednau M, Ahrne S, Petersson AC, Molin G (1998): Antibiotic resistant strains of Enterococcus isolated from Swedish and Danish retailed chicken and pork. J Appl Microbiol, 84, 1163-1170.
- Romalde JL, Magarinos B, Nunez S, Barja JL, Toranzo A E (1996): Host range susceptibility of Enterococcus sp. strains isolated from diseased turbot: possible routes of infection. Appl Environ Microbiol, 62, 607–611.
- Schouten MA, Voss A, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JAA, The European VRE Study Group (1999): Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enterococci causing infections in Europe. Antimicrob Agent Chemother, 43, 2542–2546.
- Thal LA, Chow JW, Mahayni R, Bonilla HB, Perri MB, Donabedian SA, Silverman J, Taber S, Zervos MJ (1995): Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci of animal origin. Antimicrob Agent Chemother, 39, 2112–2115. Geliş tarihi: 28.09.2007 / Kabul tarihi: 01.10.2007
Öz
İnsan ve hayvanlarda komensal olarak bulunan enterokoklar, belirli koşullarda hastalıklara neden olabilirler. Kültür balıkçılığının gelişmesi ve artması ile balıklarda diğer bakteriyel infeksiyonlarla birlikte enterokokkal infeksiyonlar da büyük bir problem olmaya başlamışlardır. Enterokoklar, doğadaki geniş dağılımları, yüksek düzeyde antibiyotik dirençlilikleri ve neden oldukları infeksiyonlardaki yüksek mortaliteleri ile ilgi çeken mikroorganizmalardır. Bu çalışmada, balıklardan izole edilen Enterokokların vankomisin ve diğer antibiyotiklere karşı dirençliliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmamızda Ege Bölgesinde hasta ve ölü balıklardan izole edilen 26 Enterococcus faecalis suşu kullanıldı. E. faecalis suşlarının siprofloksasin, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, streptomisin, ampisilin, gentamisin, penisilin ve vankomisin duyarlılıkları agar-disk difüzyon tekniği ile incelendi. Vankomisin dirençli enterokokların (VRE) vankomisin direnç fenotipleri agar dilusyon yöntemi ile belirlendi. İncelenen E. faecalis suşları, siprofloksasin, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, streptomisin, ampisilin, gentamisin, penisilin ve vankomisine sırasıyla %34.6, %3.8, %3.8, %96.1, %11.5, %92.3, %11.5 ve %3.8 oranında dirençli bulundu. İncelenen 26 suştan 1’inin (%3.8) vankomisine dirençli olduğu saptandı. Bu suşun vankomisin direnç fenotipinin vanA olduğu belirlendi. Bu bulgular, balıklarda streptomisin, gentamisin ve siprofloksasine dirençli suşların yaygın olarak bulunduğunu; düşük oranda da olsa vankomisine dirençli suş bulunması, balıkların VRE kaynağı olarak dikkate alınması gerektiğini gösterdi
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antibiyotik dirençlilik balık Enterococcus faecalis vankomisin
Kaynakça
- Actis LA, Tolmasky ME, Crosa JH (1999): Enterococcus seriolicida and Streptococcus iniae.304-305. In: Fish Diseases and Disorders, R, Kusuda, F, Salati (Ed), CAB International, Oxfordshire.
- Cheng W, Chen JC (1998): Isolation and Characterization of an Enterococcus-like bacterium causing muscle necrosis and mortality in Makrobranchium rosenbergii in Taiwan. Dis Aquat Organ, 34, 93-101.
- Cetinkaya Y, Falk P, Mayhall CG (2000): Vancomycin- resistant enterococci. Clin Microbiol Rev, 13, 686–707.
- Devriese L A, Cruz-Colque JI, DE Herdt P, Haesebrouck F (1992): Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats. J Appl Bacteriol, 73, 421-425.
- Devriese LA, Hommez J, Leavens H, POT B, Vandamme P, Haesebrouck F (1999): Identification of aesculin-hydrolyzing streptococci, lactococci, aerococci and enterococci from subclinical intramammary infections in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol, 70, 87-94.
- Eldar A, Ghittino C, Asanta L, Bozzetta E, Goria M, Prearo M, Bercovier H (1996): Enterococcus seriolicida is a junior synonym of Lactococcus garviae, a causative agent of septicemia and meningoencephalitis in fish. Curr Microbiol, 32, 85-88.
- Eldar A, Gorıa M, Ghittino C, Zlotkin A, Bercovier H (1999): Biodiversity of Lactococcus garviae strains isolated from fish in Europe,Asia, and Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol, 65,1005-1008.
- Endtz HP, Van Den Braak N, Verbrugh HA, Van Belkum A (1999): Vancomycin resistance: status quo and quo vadis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 18, 683–690.
- Frick IM, Morgelin M, Bjorck L (2000): Virulent aggregates of Streptococcus pyogenes are generated by homophilic protein-protein interactions. Mol Microbiol, 37, 1232-1247.
- Harwood VJ, Brownell M, Perusek W, Whitlock JE (2001): Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater and chicken feces in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol, 67,4930-4933.
- Malathum K, Murray BE (1999):Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: recent advances in genetics, epidemiology and therapeutic options. Drug Resist Updates, 2, 224–243.
- Mundy LM, Sahm DF, Gilmore M (2000): Relationships between enterococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev, 13, 513–522.
- Pinto B , Pierotti R, Canale G, Reali D (1999): Characterization of faecal streptococci as indicators of faecal pollution and distribution in the environment. Lett Appl Microbiol, 29, 258–263.
- Peterson A, Dalsgaard A (2002): Species composition and antimicrobial resistance genes of Enterococcus spp., isolated from integrated and traditional fish farms in Thailand. Environ Microbiol, 5, 395-402.
- Peterson A, Andersen JS, Kaewmak T, Somsiri T, Dalsgaard A (2002): Impact of integrated fish farming on antimicrobial resistance in a pond environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 68, 6036-6042.
- Quednau M, Ahrne S, Petersson AC, Molin G (1998): Antibiotic resistant strains of Enterococcus isolated from Swedish and Danish retailed chicken and pork. J Appl Microbiol, 84, 1163-1170.
- Romalde JL, Magarinos B, Nunez S, Barja JL, Toranzo A E (1996): Host range susceptibility of Enterococcus sp. strains isolated from diseased turbot: possible routes of infection. Appl Environ Microbiol, 62, 607–611.
- Schouten MA, Voss A, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JAA, The European VRE Study Group (1999): Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enterococci causing infections in Europe. Antimicrob Agent Chemother, 43, 2542–2546.
- Thal LA, Chow JW, Mahayni R, Bonilla HB, Perri MB, Donabedian SA, Silverman J, Taber S, Zervos MJ (1995): Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci of animal origin. Antimicrob Agent Chemother, 39, 2112–2115. Geliş tarihi: 28.09.2007 / Kabul tarihi: 01.10.2007
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Eylül 2008 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2008Cilt: 55 Sayı: 2 |