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Changes in plasma levels of vitamin A and β-carotene in dogs with the nervous form of canine distemper

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 53 Sayı: 2, 85 - 90, 01.06.2006

Fatma Gül Yarım Buğrahan Bekir Yağcı

https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000000075

Öz

In this study, changes in plasma vitamin A and β-carotene levels were investigated in dogs with the nervous form of canine distemper virus infection. Totally 20 dogs were used in study. Ten dogs with clinically showed the distemper disorders and this diagnosis were strengthen with immunohistochemistry were used as trial group. Ten healthy dogs with no clinical signs were used as control group. Plasma vitamin A concentrations in infected and healthy dogs 1.74±0.45 µg/dL and 2.26±0.53 µg/dL, respectively, β-carotene concentrations 12.32±2.43 µg/dL and 15.80±3.66 µg/dL were found. Plasma vitamin A and β-carotene levels in infected dogs with canine distemper virus were lower (p

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beta-carotene canine distemper dog plasma vitamin A

Kaynakça

  • Alvarez JO, Salazar-Lindo E, Kohatsu J, Miranda P, Stephensen CB (1995): Urinary excretion of retinol in children with acute diarrhea. Am J Clin Nutr, 61, 1273- 1276.
  • Appel MJ, Shek WR, Summers BA (1982): Lymphocyte- mediated immune cytotoxicity in dogs infected with virulent canine distemper virus. Infect Immun, 37, 592- 600.
  • Astley SB, Hughes DA, Wright AJ, Elliott RM, Southon S (2004): DNA damage and susceptibility to oxidative damage in lymphocytes: effects of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. Br J Nutr, 91, 53-61.
  • Ballow M, Wang W, Xiang S (1996): Modulation of B- cell immunoglobulin synthesis by retinoic acid. Clin. Immunol Immunopathol, 80, 73-81.
  • Beşler HT, Çomoğlu S, Okçu Z (2002): Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in multiple sclerosis. Nutr Neurosci, 5, 215-220.
  • Bloem MW, Wedel M, Egger RJ, Speek AJ, Schrijver J, Saowakontha S, Schreurs WH (1990): Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern. Thailand Am J Epidemiol, 133, 319-321.
  • Butera ST, Krakowka S (1986): Assessment of lymphocyte function during vitamin A deficiency. Am J Vet Res, 47, 850-855.
  • Chew BP (1987): Symposium: Immune function. Relationship of nutrition and disease control. Vitamin A and β-carotene on host defence. J Dairy Sci, 70, 2732- 2743.
  • Chew BP, Park JS (2004): Carotenoid action on the immune response. J Nutr, 134, 257-261.
  • Cocco S, Diaz G, Stancampiano R, Diana A, Carta M, Curreli R, Sarais L, Fadda F (2002): Vitamin A deficiency produces spatial learning and memory impairment in rats. Neuroscience, 115, 475-482.
  • Collins AR (2001): Carotenoids and genomic stability. Mutat Res, 475, 21- 28.
  • Coutsoudis A, Bobat RA, Coovadia HM, Kuhn L, Tsai WY, Stein ZA (1995): The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV- infected women. Am J Public Health, 85, 1076-1081.
  • De Luca LM (1991): Retinoids and their receptors in differentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia. FASEB J, 5, 2924-2933.
  • Diplock A (1995): Safety of antioxidant vitamins and β- carotene. Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 1510-1516.
  • El Beitune P, Duarte G, de Morais EN, Quintana SM, Vannucchi H (2003): Vitamin A deficiency and clinical associations. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 53, 355-363.
  • Fawzi WW, Mbise RL, Hertzmark E, Fataki MR, Herrera MG, Ndossi G, Spiegelman D (1999): A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 18, 127-133.
  • Friedman A, Sklan D (1989): Impaired T lymphocyte immune response in vitamin A depleted rats and chicks. Br J Nutr, 62, 439-449.
  • Friedrich W (1988): Vitamins. Walter D. Gruther, New York, 65-140.
  • Garbe A, Buck J, Hammerling U (1992): Retinoids are important cofactors in T cell activation. J Exp Med, 176, 109-117.
  • Gentile MG, Manna GM, D'Amico G, Testolin G, Porrini M, Simonetti P (1988): Vitamin nutrition in patients with chronic renal failure and dietary manipulation. Contrib Nephrol, 65, 43-50.
  • Gillham B, Papachrisdoulou D, Thomas J (1997). Nutrition: Vitamins. In: Gillham B, Thomas J, ed. Will’s biochemical basis of medicine. Butterworth Heinemann. Oxford, UK, pp: 71-181.
  • Hussey GD, Klein M (1990): A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles. N Engl J Med, 323, 1774-1775.
  • Hussey GD, Hughes J, Potgieter S, Kessow G, Burgess J, Beatty D, Keraan M, Carelse E (1996): Vitamin A status and supplementation and its effects on immunity in children with AIDS. Abstracts of the XVII IVACG Meeting, Guetemala City, pp: 6.
  • Jason J, Archibald LK, Nwanyanwu OC, Sowell AL, Buchanan I, Larned J, Bell M, Kazembe PN, Dobbie H, Jarvis WR (2002): Vitamin A levels and immunity in humans. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 9, 616-621.
  • Jialal I, Norkus EP, Cristol L, Grundy SM (1991): Beta- carotene inhibits the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta, 15, 134-138.
  • Jones TC, Hunt RD, Smith HA (1983): Veterinary Pathology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
  • Kaneko JJ (1980): Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 3rd Ed., Academic Press, London.
  • Khoo C, Cunnick J, Friesen K, Gross KL, Wedekind K, Jewell DE (2005): The role of supplementary dietary antioxidants on immune response in puppies. Vet Ther, 6, 43-56.
  • Krakowka S, Higgins RJ, Koestner A (1980): Canine distemper virus: review of structural and functional modulations in lymphoid tissues. Am J Vet Res, 41, 284- 292.
  • Krakowka S (1982): Mechanisms of in vitro immunosuppression in canine distemper virus infection. J Clin Lab Immunol, 8, 187-196.
  • Krinsky NI (1989): Antioxidant functions of carotenoids. Free Radic Biol Med, 7, 617-635.
  • Leisewitz AL, Carter A, van Vuuren M, van Blerk L (2001): Canine distemper infections, with special reference to South Africa, with a review of the literature. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 72, 127-136.
  • Louw JA, Werbeck A, Louw ME, Kotze TJ, Cooper R, Labadarios D (1992): Blood vitamin concentrations during the acute-phase response. Crit Care Med, 20, 934- 941.
  • Lowe GM, Bilton RF, Davies IG, Ford TC, Billington D, Young AJ (1999): Carotenoid composition and antioxidant potential in subfractions of human low-density lipoprotein. Ann Clin Biochem, 36, 323-332.
  • Maden M, Holder N (1992): Retinoic acid and development of the central nervous system. Bioassays, 14, 431-438.
  • Maden M, Gale E, Zile M (1998): The role of vitamin A in the development of the central nervous system. J Nutr, 128, 471-475.
  • Markowitz LE, Nzilambi N, Driskell WJ, Sension MG, Rovira EZ, Nieburg P, Ryder RW (1989): Vitamin A levels and mortality among hospitalized measles patients, Kinshasa, Zaire. J Trop Pediatr, 35, 109-112.
  • Mitra AK, Alvarez JO, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Stephensen CB (1998): Predictors of serum retinol in children with shigellosis. Am J Clin Nutr, 68, 1088-1094.
  • Moscio DP, Murphy EM, Sies H (1991): Antioxidant defense systems: the role of carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols. Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 194-200.
  • Myers DL, Zurbriggen A, Lutz H, Pospischil A (1997): Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers. Clin Diag Lab Immunol, 4, 180-184.
  • Okita M, Yanai T, Ochikuboş F, Gemma T, Mori T, Maseki T, Yamanouchi K, Mikami T Kai C (1997): Histopathological features of canine distemper recently observed in Japan. J Comp Path, 116, 403-408.
  • Phillips RW (1982): Fat soluble vitamins. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeuetics. Fifth ed. By Nicholas H. Booth, Leslie, E. Mc.Donald, Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa.
  • Porrini M, Riso P (2000): Lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA protection from oxidative damage is increased in women after a short period of tomato consumption. J Nutr, 130, 189-192.
  • Rosales FJ, Ritter SJ, Zolfaghari R, Smith JE, Ross AC (1996): Effects of acute inflammation on plasma retinol, retinol-binding protein, and its mRNA in the liver and kidneys of vitamin A-sufficient rats. J Lipid Res, 37, 962- 971.
  • Ross AC (1996): Vitamin A deficiency and retinoid repletion regulate the antibody response to bacterial antigens and the maintenance of natural killer cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 80, 63-72.
  • Royal W, Vlahov D, Lyles C, Gajewski CD (2003): Retinoids and drugs of abuse: implications for neurological disease risk in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 427-432.
  • Semba RD (1994): Vitamin A, immunity, and infection. Clin Infect Dis, 19, 489-499.
  • Semba RD (1999): Vitamin A and immunity to viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. Proc Nutr Soc, 58, 719-727.
  • Sies H, Stahl W, Sundquist AR (1992): Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 669, 7-20.
  • Sies H, Krinsky N (1995): The present status of antioxidant vitamins and β-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 1299-1300.
  • Smith SM, Hayes CE (1987): Contrasting impairments in IgM and IgG responses of vitamin A-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 84, 5878-5882.
  • Smith EL, Hill R.L, Lehman IR, Leftkowitz RJ, Handler P, White A (1985): Principles of Biochemistry. Mammalian Biochem., Mc.Graw-Hill, International Editions, London.
  • Sommer A, Katz J, Tarwotjo I (1984): Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr, 40, 1090-1095.
  • Stephensen CB, Alvarez JO, Kohatsu J, Hardmeier R, Kennedy JI Jr, Gammon RB (1994): Vitamin A is excreted in the urine during acute infection. Am J Clin Nutr, 60, 388-932.
  • Summers BA, Appel, MJG (1994) Aspects of canine distemper virus and measles virus encephalomyelitis. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol, 20, 525-534.
  • Summers BA, Cummings JF, de Lahunta A (1995): Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. In: Veterinary Neuropathology, ed: Duncan, L., Mosby Year Book, USA, pp: 102-110.
  • Suzuki JP, Katoh NA (1990): A simple and cheap method for measuring serum vitamin A in cattle using only spec- trophotometer. Jpn J Vet Sci, 52, 1281-1283.
  • Sümbüloğlu K, Sümbüloğlu V (1993): Biyoistatistik. 4. baskı, Özdemir Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Thurnham DI, Singkamani R (1991): The acute phase response and vitamin A status in malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 85, 194-199.
  • Thurnham DI, Northrop-Clewes CA (1999): Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids. Proc Nutr Soc, 58, 449-457.
  • Tiftik AM (1990): Konya Bölgesinde Sağlıklı ve Hastalıklı Buzağı ve Sığırlarda Kan Plazması β-karotin ve Vitamin A (retinol) Düzeylerinin Tespiti ve Bu Düzeylerle Hastalıklar Arasındaki İlişkilerin Araştırılması. Doktora tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Vandevelde M, Zurbriggen A (2005): Demyelination in canine distemper virus infection:, Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 109, 56-68.
  • Wills ED (1985): Biochemical Basis of Medicine. John Write and Sons Ltd. Bristol, pp: 159-165.
  • Willumsen JF, Simmank K, Filteau SM, Wagstaff LA, Tomkins AM (1997): Toxic damage to the respiratory epithelium induces acute phase changes in vitamin A me- tabolism without depleting retinol stores of South African children. J Nutr, 127, 1339-1343. Geliş tarihi: 28.06.2005 / Kabul tarihi: 12.09.2005

Köpek gençlik hastalığının sinirsel formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında vitamin A ve beta-karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 53 Sayı: 2, 85 - 90, 01.06.2006

Fatma Gül Yarım Buğrahan Bekir Yağcı

https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000000075

Öz

Bu çalışmada, köpek gençlik hastalığının (distemper) sinirsel formundaki köpeklerde plazma vitamin A ve beta-karotin (β-karotin) düzeylerindeki değişiklikler araştırıldı. Çalışmada toplam 20 adet köpek kullanıldı. Klinik muayene sonucunda köpek gençlik hastalığının sinirsel formu bulgularını gösteren ve histopatolojik ve immunohistokimyasal olarak sinirsel formda olduğu doğrulanan 10 adet köpek çalışmanın deneme grubunu oluşturdu. Herhangi bir klinik şikayeti olmayan sağlıklı 10 adet köpek ise kontrol grubuna alındı. Hastalıklı ve sağlıklı köpeklerde plazma vitamin A derişimleri sırası ile 1.74±0.45 µg/dL ve 2.26±0.53 µg/dL, β-karotin derişimleri ise 12.32±2.43 µg/dL ve 15.80±3.66 µg/dL bulundu. Köpek Gençlik Hastalığı virusu ile enfekte köpeklerin plazma vitamin A ve β-karotin düzeylerinin, sağlıklı köpeklere göre istatistik olarak daha düşük olduğu belirlendi (p

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beta-karotin köpek köpek gençlik hastalığı plazma vitamin A

Kaynakça

  • Alvarez JO, Salazar-Lindo E, Kohatsu J, Miranda P, Stephensen CB (1995): Urinary excretion of retinol in children with acute diarrhea. Am J Clin Nutr, 61, 1273- 1276.
  • Appel MJ, Shek WR, Summers BA (1982): Lymphocyte- mediated immune cytotoxicity in dogs infected with virulent canine distemper virus. Infect Immun, 37, 592- 600.
  • Astley SB, Hughes DA, Wright AJ, Elliott RM, Southon S (2004): DNA damage and susceptibility to oxidative damage in lymphocytes: effects of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. Br J Nutr, 91, 53-61.
  • Ballow M, Wang W, Xiang S (1996): Modulation of B- cell immunoglobulin synthesis by retinoic acid. Clin. Immunol Immunopathol, 80, 73-81.
  • Beşler HT, Çomoğlu S, Okçu Z (2002): Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in multiple sclerosis. Nutr Neurosci, 5, 215-220.
  • Bloem MW, Wedel M, Egger RJ, Speek AJ, Schrijver J, Saowakontha S, Schreurs WH (1990): Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern. Thailand Am J Epidemiol, 133, 319-321.
  • Butera ST, Krakowka S (1986): Assessment of lymphocyte function during vitamin A deficiency. Am J Vet Res, 47, 850-855.
  • Chew BP (1987): Symposium: Immune function. Relationship of nutrition and disease control. Vitamin A and β-carotene on host defence. J Dairy Sci, 70, 2732- 2743.
  • Chew BP, Park JS (2004): Carotenoid action on the immune response. J Nutr, 134, 257-261.
  • Cocco S, Diaz G, Stancampiano R, Diana A, Carta M, Curreli R, Sarais L, Fadda F (2002): Vitamin A deficiency produces spatial learning and memory impairment in rats. Neuroscience, 115, 475-482.
  • Collins AR (2001): Carotenoids and genomic stability. Mutat Res, 475, 21- 28.
  • Coutsoudis A, Bobat RA, Coovadia HM, Kuhn L, Tsai WY, Stein ZA (1995): The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV- infected women. Am J Public Health, 85, 1076-1081.
  • De Luca LM (1991): Retinoids and their receptors in differentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia. FASEB J, 5, 2924-2933.
  • Diplock A (1995): Safety of antioxidant vitamins and β- carotene. Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 1510-1516.
  • El Beitune P, Duarte G, de Morais EN, Quintana SM, Vannucchi H (2003): Vitamin A deficiency and clinical associations. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 53, 355-363.
  • Fawzi WW, Mbise RL, Hertzmark E, Fataki MR, Herrera MG, Ndossi G, Spiegelman D (1999): A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 18, 127-133.
  • Friedman A, Sklan D (1989): Impaired T lymphocyte immune response in vitamin A depleted rats and chicks. Br J Nutr, 62, 439-449.
  • Friedrich W (1988): Vitamins. Walter D. Gruther, New York, 65-140.
  • Garbe A, Buck J, Hammerling U (1992): Retinoids are important cofactors in T cell activation. J Exp Med, 176, 109-117.
  • Gentile MG, Manna GM, D'Amico G, Testolin G, Porrini M, Simonetti P (1988): Vitamin nutrition in patients with chronic renal failure and dietary manipulation. Contrib Nephrol, 65, 43-50.
  • Gillham B, Papachrisdoulou D, Thomas J (1997). Nutrition: Vitamins. In: Gillham B, Thomas J, ed. Will’s biochemical basis of medicine. Butterworth Heinemann. Oxford, UK, pp: 71-181.
  • Hussey GD, Klein M (1990): A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles. N Engl J Med, 323, 1774-1775.
  • Hussey GD, Hughes J, Potgieter S, Kessow G, Burgess J, Beatty D, Keraan M, Carelse E (1996): Vitamin A status and supplementation and its effects on immunity in children with AIDS. Abstracts of the XVII IVACG Meeting, Guetemala City, pp: 6.
  • Jason J, Archibald LK, Nwanyanwu OC, Sowell AL, Buchanan I, Larned J, Bell M, Kazembe PN, Dobbie H, Jarvis WR (2002): Vitamin A levels and immunity in humans. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 9, 616-621.
  • Jialal I, Norkus EP, Cristol L, Grundy SM (1991): Beta- carotene inhibits the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta, 15, 134-138.
  • Jones TC, Hunt RD, Smith HA (1983): Veterinary Pathology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
  • Kaneko JJ (1980): Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 3rd Ed., Academic Press, London.
  • Khoo C, Cunnick J, Friesen K, Gross KL, Wedekind K, Jewell DE (2005): The role of supplementary dietary antioxidants on immune response in puppies. Vet Ther, 6, 43-56.
  • Krakowka S, Higgins RJ, Koestner A (1980): Canine distemper virus: review of structural and functional modulations in lymphoid tissues. Am J Vet Res, 41, 284- 292.
  • Krakowka S (1982): Mechanisms of in vitro immunosuppression in canine distemper virus infection. J Clin Lab Immunol, 8, 187-196.
  • Krinsky NI (1989): Antioxidant functions of carotenoids. Free Radic Biol Med, 7, 617-635.
  • Leisewitz AL, Carter A, van Vuuren M, van Blerk L (2001): Canine distemper infections, with special reference to South Africa, with a review of the literature. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 72, 127-136.
  • Louw JA, Werbeck A, Louw ME, Kotze TJ, Cooper R, Labadarios D (1992): Blood vitamin concentrations during the acute-phase response. Crit Care Med, 20, 934- 941.
  • Lowe GM, Bilton RF, Davies IG, Ford TC, Billington D, Young AJ (1999): Carotenoid composition and antioxidant potential in subfractions of human low-density lipoprotein. Ann Clin Biochem, 36, 323-332.
  • Maden M, Holder N (1992): Retinoic acid and development of the central nervous system. Bioassays, 14, 431-438.
  • Maden M, Gale E, Zile M (1998): The role of vitamin A in the development of the central nervous system. J Nutr, 128, 471-475.
  • Markowitz LE, Nzilambi N, Driskell WJ, Sension MG, Rovira EZ, Nieburg P, Ryder RW (1989): Vitamin A levels and mortality among hospitalized measles patients, Kinshasa, Zaire. J Trop Pediatr, 35, 109-112.
  • Mitra AK, Alvarez JO, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Stephensen CB (1998): Predictors of serum retinol in children with shigellosis. Am J Clin Nutr, 68, 1088-1094.
  • Moscio DP, Murphy EM, Sies H (1991): Antioxidant defense systems: the role of carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols. Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 194-200.
  • Myers DL, Zurbriggen A, Lutz H, Pospischil A (1997): Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers. Clin Diag Lab Immunol, 4, 180-184.
  • Okita M, Yanai T, Ochikuboş F, Gemma T, Mori T, Maseki T, Yamanouchi K, Mikami T Kai C (1997): Histopathological features of canine distemper recently observed in Japan. J Comp Path, 116, 403-408.
  • Phillips RW (1982): Fat soluble vitamins. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeuetics. Fifth ed. By Nicholas H. Booth, Leslie, E. Mc.Donald, Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa.
  • Porrini M, Riso P (2000): Lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA protection from oxidative damage is increased in women after a short period of tomato consumption. J Nutr, 130, 189-192.
  • Rosales FJ, Ritter SJ, Zolfaghari R, Smith JE, Ross AC (1996): Effects of acute inflammation on plasma retinol, retinol-binding protein, and its mRNA in the liver and kidneys of vitamin A-sufficient rats. J Lipid Res, 37, 962- 971.
  • Ross AC (1996): Vitamin A deficiency and retinoid repletion regulate the antibody response to bacterial antigens and the maintenance of natural killer cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 80, 63-72.
  • Royal W, Vlahov D, Lyles C, Gajewski CD (2003): Retinoids and drugs of abuse: implications for neurological disease risk in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 427-432.
  • Semba RD (1994): Vitamin A, immunity, and infection. Clin Infect Dis, 19, 489-499.
  • Semba RD (1999): Vitamin A and immunity to viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. Proc Nutr Soc, 58, 719-727.
  • Sies H, Stahl W, Sundquist AR (1992): Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 669, 7-20.
  • Sies H, Krinsky N (1995): The present status of antioxidant vitamins and β-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 1299-1300.
  • Smith SM, Hayes CE (1987): Contrasting impairments in IgM and IgG responses of vitamin A-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 84, 5878-5882.
  • Smith EL, Hill R.L, Lehman IR, Leftkowitz RJ, Handler P, White A (1985): Principles of Biochemistry. Mammalian Biochem., Mc.Graw-Hill, International Editions, London.
  • Sommer A, Katz J, Tarwotjo I (1984): Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr, 40, 1090-1095.
  • Stephensen CB, Alvarez JO, Kohatsu J, Hardmeier R, Kennedy JI Jr, Gammon RB (1994): Vitamin A is excreted in the urine during acute infection. Am J Clin Nutr, 60, 388-932.
  • Summers BA, Appel, MJG (1994) Aspects of canine distemper virus and measles virus encephalomyelitis. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol, 20, 525-534.
  • Summers BA, Cummings JF, de Lahunta A (1995): Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. In: Veterinary Neuropathology, ed: Duncan, L., Mosby Year Book, USA, pp: 102-110.
  • Suzuki JP, Katoh NA (1990): A simple and cheap method for measuring serum vitamin A in cattle using only spec- trophotometer. Jpn J Vet Sci, 52, 1281-1283.
  • Sümbüloğlu K, Sümbüloğlu V (1993): Biyoistatistik. 4. baskı, Özdemir Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Thurnham DI, Singkamani R (1991): The acute phase response and vitamin A status in malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 85, 194-199.
  • Thurnham DI, Northrop-Clewes CA (1999): Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids. Proc Nutr Soc, 58, 449-457.
  • Tiftik AM (1990): Konya Bölgesinde Sağlıklı ve Hastalıklı Buzağı ve Sığırlarda Kan Plazması β-karotin ve Vitamin A (retinol) Düzeylerinin Tespiti ve Bu Düzeylerle Hastalıklar Arasındaki İlişkilerin Araştırılması. Doktora tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Vandevelde M, Zurbriggen A (2005): Demyelination in canine distemper virus infection:, Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 109, 56-68.
  • Wills ED (1985): Biochemical Basis of Medicine. John Write and Sons Ltd. Bristol, pp: 159-165.
  • Willumsen JF, Simmank K, Filteau SM, Wagstaff LA, Tomkins AM (1997): Toxic damage to the respiratory epithelium induces acute phase changes in vitamin A me- tabolism without depleting retinol stores of South African children. J Nutr, 127, 1339-1343. Geliş tarihi: 28.06.2005 / Kabul tarihi: 12.09.2005
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fatma Gül Yarım

Buğrahan Bekir Yağcı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2006
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2006Cilt: 53 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yarım, F. G., & Yağcı, B. B. (2006). Köpek gençlik hastalığının sinirsel formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında vitamin A ve beta-karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 53(2), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000000075
AMA Yarım FG, Yağcı BB. Köpek gençlik hastalığının sinirsel formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında vitamin A ve beta-karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. Haziran 2006;53(2):85-90. doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000000075
Chicago Yarım, Fatma Gül, ve Buğrahan Bekir Yağcı. “Köpek gençlik hastalığının Sinirsel Formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında Vitamin A Ve Beta-Karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 53, sy. 2 (Haziran 2006): 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000000075.
EndNote Yarım FG, Yağcı BB (01 Haziran 2006) Köpek gençlik hastalığının sinirsel formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında vitamin A ve beta-karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 53 2 85–90.
IEEE F. G. Yarım ve B. B. Yağcı, “Köpek gençlik hastalığının sinirsel formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında vitamin A ve beta-karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, c. 53, sy. 2, ss. 85–90, 2006, doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000000075.
ISNAD Yarım, Fatma Gül - Yağcı, Buğrahan Bekir. “Köpek gençlik hastalığının Sinirsel Formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında Vitamin A Ve Beta-Karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 53/2 (Haziran 2006), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000000075.
JAMA Yarım FG, Yağcı BB. Köpek gençlik hastalığının sinirsel formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında vitamin A ve beta-karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2006;53:85–90.
MLA Yarım, Fatma Gül ve Buğrahan Bekir Yağcı. “Köpek gençlik hastalığının Sinirsel Formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında Vitamin A Ve Beta-Karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 53, sy. 2, 2006, ss. 85-90, doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000000075.
Vancouver Yarım FG, Yağcı BB. Köpek gençlik hastalığının sinirsel formundaki köpeklerin plazmasında vitamin A ve beta-karotin düzeylerindeki değişiklikler. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2006;53(2):85-90.