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Emerging details about COVID-19 and chronology of the pandemic in Turkey

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 3, 323 - 332, 03.06.2020

Muammer Göncüoğlu , Naim Ayaz , Görkem Cengiz , Bahar Onaran , Gizem Çufaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.730560
Cited By: 5

Öz

Coronaviruses are found in all mammalian and avian species. Due to its mild infection on upper respiratory tract, this virus was not considered as a serious human pathogen until the outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in 2002 and 2012, respectively. Recently the third and the biggest outbreak of coronavirus “COVID-19” or “SARS-CoV-2” has erupted and the world is now in a struggle to combat this disease. Although everything has not yet been fully clarified about this new type of virus, the data obtained from the studies conducted so far provides guidance on how to deal with SARS-CoV-2. In this context, this review provides information about pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, presence in animals, potential transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the detection methods used in the world and Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Coronavirus COVID-19 fecal-oral transmission gastrointestinal symptoms SARS-CoV-2 Turkey

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • 1. Anonymous (2020): A cat appears to have caught the coronavirus, but it’s complicated. Science News. Available at: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/cats-animals-pets-coronavirus-covid19 (Accessed April 28, 2020).
  • 2. Anonymous (2020): Pet dog tests positive for COVID-19 virus: The government of the Hong Kong Special administrative region-press release. Available at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202003/19/P2020031900606.htm (Accessed April 22, 2020).
  • 3. Bosch A, Gkogka E, Le Guyader FS, et al (2018): Foodborne viruses: Detection, risk assessment, and control options in food processing. Int J Food Microbiol, 285, 110-128.
  • 4. CDC (2020): 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR diagnostic panel; division of viral diseases. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 5. CDC (2020): Confirmation of COVID-19 in two pet cats in New York. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/s0422-covid-19-cats-NYC.html (Accessed April 24, 2020).
  • 6. Chan KH, Poon LL, Cheng VCC, et al (2004): Detection of SARS coronavirus in patients with suspected SARS. Emerging Infect Dis, 10, 294.
  • 7. Chau TN, Lee KC, Yao H, et al (2004): SARS‐associated viral hepatitis caused by a novel coronavirus: report of three cases. Hepatol, 39, 302-310.
  • 8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al (2020): Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 395, 507-513.
  • 9. Cheung KS, Hung IF, Chan PP, et al (2020): Gastrointestinal manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus load in fecal samples from the hong kong cohort and systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, In press, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.065.
  • 10. Choi WS, Kang CI, Kim Y, et al (2016): Clinical presentation and outcomes of Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Republic of Korea. Infect Chemother, 48, 118-126.
  • 11. D’Amico F, Baumgart DC, Danese S, et al (2020): Diarrhea during COVID-19 infection: pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, In press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.001.
  • 12. Drosten C, Günther S, Preiser W, et al (2003): Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med, 348, 1967-1976. 13. EFSA (2011): Scientific opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. EFSA J, 9, 2190.
  • 14. Feng Z, Wang Y, Qi, W (2020): The small intestine, an underestimated site of SARS-CoV-2 infection: from red queen effect to probiotics. Preprints 2020, 2020030161.
  • 15. Goncuoglu M, Onaran B, Cengiz G (2018): Kobuvirus, Torovirus ve Picobirnavirus. Turkiye Klinikleri J Food Hyg and Technol-Special Topics, 4, 37-44.
  • 16. Gu J, Han B, Wang J (2020): COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal–oral transmission. Gastroenterology, 158, 1518–1519.
  • 17. Gubbay JB, Al-Rezqi A, Hawkes M, et al (2012): The role of torovirus in nosocomial viral gastroenteritis at a large tertiary pediatric centre. Can J of Infect Dis Med, 23, 78-81.
  • 18. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al (2020): First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med, 382, 929–936.
  • 19. Hou T Zeng W, Yang M, et al (2020): Development and evaluation of a CRISPR-based diagnostic for 2019-novel coronavirus. MedRxiv, In press, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.22.20025460.
  • 20. Huang Y, Tu M, Wang S, et al (2020): Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: a retrospective single center analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis, 101606.
  • 21. Hung IF, Cheng VC, Wu AK, et al (2004): Viral loads in clinical specimens and SARS manifestations. Emerg Infect Dis, 10, 1550- 1557.
  • 22. Jamieson FB, Wang EE, Bain C, et al (1998): Human torovirus: a new nosocomial gastrointestinal pathogen. Infect Dis, 178, 1263-1269.
  • 23. Lee SH (2003): The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong. J Epidemiol Community Health, 57, 652-654.
  • 24. Leung WK, To KF, Chan PK, et al (2003): Enteric involvement of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. Gastroenterol, 125, 1011-1017.
  • 25. Liang W, Feng, Z, Rao, S, et al (2020): Diarrhoea may be underestimated: a missing link in 2019 novel coronavirus. Gut, 69, 1141-1143.
  • 26. Memish ZA, Assiri A, Alhakeem R, et al (2014): Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, MERS-CoV. conclusions from the 2nd scientific advisory board meeting of the WHO collaborating center for mass gathering medicine, Riyadh. Int J Infect Dis, 24, 51-53.
  • 27. Miller S, Chiu C, Rodino KG, et al (2020): Point- counterpoint: should we be performing metagenomic next- generation sequencing for infectious disease diagnosis in the clinical laboratory? J Clin Microbiol, 58, e01739-19.
  • 28. Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, et al (2020): Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol, 115, 766-773.
  • 29. Pan Y, Zhang D, Yang P, et al (2020): Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Lancet Infect Dis, 20, 411-412.
  • 30. Raj VS, Osterhaus A D, Fouchier RA, et al (2014): MERS: emergence of a novel human coronavirus. Curr Opin Virol, 5, 58-62.
  • 31. Stegenga J, Bell E, Matlow A (2002): The role of nurse understaffing in nosocomial viral gastrointestinal infections on a general pediatrics ward. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 23, 133-136.
  • 32. Sun H, Lan D, Lu L, et al (2014): Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the genome of porcine torovirus. Arch Virol, 159, 773-778.
  • 33. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020): COVID-19, Türkiye’deki güncel durum. Available at: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/. (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 34. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020): Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) rehberi (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması). Available at: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/Covid-19_Rehberi.pdf. (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 35. TÜBA (2020): COVID-19 Pandemi değerlendirme raporu. Available at: http://www.tuba.gov.tr/tr/yayinlar/suresiz-yayinlar/raporlar/covid-19-pandemi-degerlendirme-raporu (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 36. USDA (2020): USDA Statement on the confirmation of COVID-19 in a Tiger in New York. Available at: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/news/ (Accessed April 23, 2020).
  • 37. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, et al (2020): Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol, 94, e00127-20
  • 38. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al (2020): Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 323, 1061-1069.
  • 39. Wang K, Chen W, Zhou YS, et al (2020): SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein. bioRxiv, 988345.
  • 40. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, et al (2020): Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. Jama, 323, 1843-1844.
  • 41. Wang X, Xu W, Hu G, et al (2020): SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Cell Mol Immunol, In press, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0424-9.
  • 42. Wang XW, Li J, Guo T, et al (2005): Concentration and detection of SARS coronavirus in sewage from Xiao Tang Shan Hospital and the 309th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Water Sci Technol, 52, 213-221.
  • 43. Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, et al (2020): Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends, 14, 64-68.
  • 44. Wong E (2020): Detection method for COVID-19 and vaccine development progress. GenScript Webinar April 9th, 2020. Available at: https://www.genscript.com/webinars/detection-method-for-covid-19-and-vaccine-development-progress.html. (Accessed April 10, 2020).
  • 45. WHO (2003): Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/WHOconsensus.pdf. (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 46. WHO (2014): Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) summary and literature update as of 26 June 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_06_26_mers/en/. (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 47. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al (2020): A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 579, 265–269.
  • 48. Xiang J, Yan M, Li H, et al (2020): Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunoassay and colloidal gold-immunochromatographic assay kit for detection of novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) causing an outbreak of pneumonia (COVID-19). medRxiv, In press, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.27.20028787.
  • 49. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, et al (2020): Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology, 158, 1831-1833.
  • 50. Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, et al (2020): Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ, 368, m606.
  • 51. Yuen KS, Ye ZW, Fung SY, et al (2020): SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions. Cell Biosci, 10, 1-5.
  • 52. Zaki AM, Van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, et al (2012): Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med, 367, 1814-1820.
  • 53. Zeng Q, Li YZ, Huang G, et al (2020): Mortality of COVID-19 is associated with cellular immune funct2020ion compared to immune function in Chinese Han population. medRxiv, In press, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.08.20031229
  • 54. Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, et al (2020): Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect, 9, 386-389.
  • 55. Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhu S, et al (2020): Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a stool specimen of a laboratory-confirmed case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). China CDC Weekly, 2, 123-4.
  • 56. Zhang Y, Odiwuor N, Xiong J, et al (2020): Rapid molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus RNA using colorimetric LAMP, medRxiv, In press, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.20028373.
  • 57. Zheng M, Gao Y, Wang G, et al (2020): Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol, 17, 533-535.
  • 58. Zhou J, Li C, Zhao G, et al (2017): Human intestinal tract serves as an alternative infection route for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Sci Adv, 3, eaao4966.
  • 59. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al (2020): China novel coronavirus investigating and research team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 382, 727-733.

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 3, 323 - 332, 03.06.2020

Muammer Göncüoğlu , Naim Ayaz , Görkem Cengiz , Bahar Onaran , Gizem Çufaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.730560
Cited By: 5

Öz

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • 1. Anonymous (2020): A cat appears to have caught the coronavirus, but it’s complicated. Science News. Available at: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/cats-animals-pets-coronavirus-covid19 (Accessed April 28, 2020).
  • 2. Anonymous (2020): Pet dog tests positive for COVID-19 virus: The government of the Hong Kong Special administrative region-press release. Available at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202003/19/P2020031900606.htm (Accessed April 22, 2020).
  • 3. Bosch A, Gkogka E, Le Guyader FS, et al (2018): Foodborne viruses: Detection, risk assessment, and control options in food processing. Int J Food Microbiol, 285, 110-128.
  • 4. CDC (2020): 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR diagnostic panel; division of viral diseases. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 5. CDC (2020): Confirmation of COVID-19 in two pet cats in New York. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/s0422-covid-19-cats-NYC.html (Accessed April 24, 2020).
  • 6. Chan KH, Poon LL, Cheng VCC, et al (2004): Detection of SARS coronavirus in patients with suspected SARS. Emerging Infect Dis, 10, 294.
  • 7. Chau TN, Lee KC, Yao H, et al (2004): SARS‐associated viral hepatitis caused by a novel coronavirus: report of three cases. Hepatol, 39, 302-310.
  • 8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al (2020): Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 395, 507-513.
  • 9. Cheung KS, Hung IF, Chan PP, et al (2020): Gastrointestinal manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus load in fecal samples from the hong kong cohort and systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, In press, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.065.
  • 10. Choi WS, Kang CI, Kim Y, et al (2016): Clinical presentation and outcomes of Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Republic of Korea. Infect Chemother, 48, 118-126.
  • 11. D’Amico F, Baumgart DC, Danese S, et al (2020): Diarrhea during COVID-19 infection: pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, In press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.001.
  • 12. Drosten C, Günther S, Preiser W, et al (2003): Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med, 348, 1967-1976. 13. EFSA (2011): Scientific opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. EFSA J, 9, 2190.
  • 14. Feng Z, Wang Y, Qi, W (2020): The small intestine, an underestimated site of SARS-CoV-2 infection: from red queen effect to probiotics. Preprints 2020, 2020030161.
  • 15. Goncuoglu M, Onaran B, Cengiz G (2018): Kobuvirus, Torovirus ve Picobirnavirus. Turkiye Klinikleri J Food Hyg and Technol-Special Topics, 4, 37-44.
  • 16. Gu J, Han B, Wang J (2020): COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal–oral transmission. Gastroenterology, 158, 1518–1519.
  • 17. Gubbay JB, Al-Rezqi A, Hawkes M, et al (2012): The role of torovirus in nosocomial viral gastroenteritis at a large tertiary pediatric centre. Can J of Infect Dis Med, 23, 78-81.
  • 18. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al (2020): First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med, 382, 929–936.
  • 19. Hou T Zeng W, Yang M, et al (2020): Development and evaluation of a CRISPR-based diagnostic for 2019-novel coronavirus. MedRxiv, In press, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.22.20025460.
  • 20. Huang Y, Tu M, Wang S, et al (2020): Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: a retrospective single center analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis, 101606.
  • 21. Hung IF, Cheng VC, Wu AK, et al (2004): Viral loads in clinical specimens and SARS manifestations. Emerg Infect Dis, 10, 1550- 1557.
  • 22. Jamieson FB, Wang EE, Bain C, et al (1998): Human torovirus: a new nosocomial gastrointestinal pathogen. Infect Dis, 178, 1263-1269.
  • 23. Lee SH (2003): The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong. J Epidemiol Community Health, 57, 652-654.
  • 24. Leung WK, To KF, Chan PK, et al (2003): Enteric involvement of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. Gastroenterol, 125, 1011-1017.
  • 25. Liang W, Feng, Z, Rao, S, et al (2020): Diarrhoea may be underestimated: a missing link in 2019 novel coronavirus. Gut, 69, 1141-1143.
  • 26. Memish ZA, Assiri A, Alhakeem R, et al (2014): Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, MERS-CoV. conclusions from the 2nd scientific advisory board meeting of the WHO collaborating center for mass gathering medicine, Riyadh. Int J Infect Dis, 24, 51-53.
  • 27. Miller S, Chiu C, Rodino KG, et al (2020): Point- counterpoint: should we be performing metagenomic next- generation sequencing for infectious disease diagnosis in the clinical laboratory? J Clin Microbiol, 58, e01739-19.
  • 28. Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, et al (2020): Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol, 115, 766-773.
  • 29. Pan Y, Zhang D, Yang P, et al (2020): Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Lancet Infect Dis, 20, 411-412.
  • 30. Raj VS, Osterhaus A D, Fouchier RA, et al (2014): MERS: emergence of a novel human coronavirus. Curr Opin Virol, 5, 58-62.
  • 31. Stegenga J, Bell E, Matlow A (2002): The role of nurse understaffing in nosocomial viral gastrointestinal infections on a general pediatrics ward. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 23, 133-136.
  • 32. Sun H, Lan D, Lu L, et al (2014): Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the genome of porcine torovirus. Arch Virol, 159, 773-778.
  • 33. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020): COVID-19, Türkiye’deki güncel durum. Available at: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/. (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 34. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020): Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) rehberi (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması). Available at: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/Covid-19_Rehberi.pdf. (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 35. TÜBA (2020): COVID-19 Pandemi değerlendirme raporu. Available at: http://www.tuba.gov.tr/tr/yayinlar/suresiz-yayinlar/raporlar/covid-19-pandemi-degerlendirme-raporu (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 36. USDA (2020): USDA Statement on the confirmation of COVID-19 in a Tiger in New York. Available at: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/news/ (Accessed April 23, 2020).
  • 37. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, et al (2020): Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol, 94, e00127-20
  • 38. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al (2020): Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 323, 1061-1069.
  • 39. Wang K, Chen W, Zhou YS, et al (2020): SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein. bioRxiv, 988345.
  • 40. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, et al (2020): Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. Jama, 323, 1843-1844.
  • 41. Wang X, Xu W, Hu G, et al (2020): SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Cell Mol Immunol, In press, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0424-9.
  • 42. Wang XW, Li J, Guo T, et al (2005): Concentration and detection of SARS coronavirus in sewage from Xiao Tang Shan Hospital and the 309th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Water Sci Technol, 52, 213-221.
  • 43. Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, et al (2020): Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends, 14, 64-68.
  • 44. Wong E (2020): Detection method for COVID-19 and vaccine development progress. GenScript Webinar April 9th, 2020. Available at: https://www.genscript.com/webinars/detection-method-for-covid-19-and-vaccine-development-progress.html. (Accessed April 10, 2020).
  • 45. WHO (2003): Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/WHOconsensus.pdf. (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 46. WHO (2014): Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) summary and literature update as of 26 June 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_06_26_mers/en/. (Accessed April 15, 2020).
  • 47. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al (2020): A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 579, 265–269.
  • 48. Xiang J, Yan M, Li H, et al (2020): Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunoassay and colloidal gold-immunochromatographic assay kit for detection of novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) causing an outbreak of pneumonia (COVID-19). medRxiv, In press, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.27.20028787.
  • 49. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, et al (2020): Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology, 158, 1831-1833.
  • 50. Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, et al (2020): Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ, 368, m606.
  • 51. Yuen KS, Ye ZW, Fung SY, et al (2020): SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions. Cell Biosci, 10, 1-5.
  • 52. Zaki AM, Van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, et al (2012): Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med, 367, 1814-1820.
  • 53. Zeng Q, Li YZ, Huang G, et al (2020): Mortality of COVID-19 is associated with cellular immune funct2020ion compared to immune function in Chinese Han population. medRxiv, In press, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.08.20031229
  • 54. Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, et al (2020): Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect, 9, 386-389.
  • 55. Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhu S, et al (2020): Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a stool specimen of a laboratory-confirmed case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). China CDC Weekly, 2, 123-4.
  • 56. Zhang Y, Odiwuor N, Xiong J, et al (2020): Rapid molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus RNA using colorimetric LAMP, medRxiv, In press, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.20028373.
  • 57. Zheng M, Gao Y, Wang G, et al (2020): Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol, 17, 533-535.
  • 58. Zhou J, Li C, Zhao G, et al (2017): Human intestinal tract serves as an alternative infection route for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Sci Adv, 3, eaao4966.
  • 59. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al (2020): China novel coronavirus investigating and research team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 382, 727-733.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Muammer Göncüoğlu 0000-0001-7245-1941

Naim Ayaz 0000-0003-2219-2368

Görkem Cengiz 0000-0001-9853-565X

Bahar Onaran 0000-0002-3515-7548

Gizem Çufaoğlu 0000-0001-8639-532X

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020Cilt: 67 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Göncüoğlu, M., Ayaz, N., Cengiz, G., Onaran, B., vd. (2020). Emerging details about COVID-19 and chronology of the pandemic in Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 67(3), 323-332. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.730560
AMA Göncüoğlu M, Ayaz N, Cengiz G, Onaran B, Çufaoğlu G. Emerging details about COVID-19 and chronology of the pandemic in Turkey. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. Haziran 2020;67(3):323-332. doi:10.33988/auvfd.730560
Chicago Göncüoğlu, Muammer, Naim Ayaz, Görkem Cengiz, Bahar Onaran, ve Gizem Çufaoğlu. “Emerging Details about COVID-19 and Chronology of the Pandemic in Turkey”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 67, sy. 3 (Haziran 2020): 323-32. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.730560.
EndNote Göncüoğlu M, Ayaz N, Cengiz G, Onaran B, Çufaoğlu G (01 Haziran 2020) Emerging details about COVID-19 and chronology of the pandemic in Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 67 3 323–332.
IEEE M. Göncüoğlu, N. Ayaz, G. Cengiz, B. Onaran, ve G. Çufaoğlu, “Emerging details about COVID-19 and chronology of the pandemic in Turkey”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, c. 67, sy. 3, ss. 323–332, 2020, doi: 10.33988/auvfd.730560.
ISNAD Göncüoğlu, Muammer vd. “Emerging Details about COVID-19 and Chronology of the Pandemic in Turkey”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 67/3 (Haziran 2020), 323-332. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.730560.
JAMA Göncüoğlu M, Ayaz N, Cengiz G, Onaran B, Çufaoğlu G. Emerging details about COVID-19 and chronology of the pandemic in Turkey. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2020;67:323–332.
MLA Göncüoğlu, Muammer vd. “Emerging Details about COVID-19 and Chronology of the Pandemic in Turkey”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 67, sy. 3, 2020, ss. 323-32, doi:10.33988/auvfd.730560.
Vancouver Göncüoğlu M, Ayaz N, Cengiz G, Onaran B, Çufaoğlu G. Emerging details about COVID-19 and chronology of the pandemic in Turkey. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2020;67(3):323-32.

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