Araştırma Makalesi
Dietary supplementation of protexin and artichoke extract for modulating growth performance and oxidative stress in broilers
Öz
In this study, the effects of Protexin and artichoke extract (AE) were evaluated on the performance and oxidative stress of chickens. Totally, 300 chicks were divided into 4 groups that were fed a basal diet, a diet containing Protexin, AE, and Protexin plus AE all over the growing period. The growth indices were measured weekly and analyzed at 21 and 42 days of age. At 42 days of age, blood samples were collected from all chickens. The concentrations of liver enzymes, lipid profiles, and antioxidant status were measured in blood samples. Results showed that the weight gain (WG) was significantly higher and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly lower in chickens that received Protexin, or Protexin plus AE, in comparison with chickens that received AE and control chickens (P<0.05). Furthermore, the addition of AE plus Protexin can significantly increase the activity of blood Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant status (TAS) with respect to chickens that were fed Protexin and AE alone. The triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was lower and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were higher in chickens that received AE or Protexin plus AE, with a comparison of chickens fed Protexin and control chickens (P<0.05). The levels of aspartate transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) show a significant decrease in chickens that get Protexin plus AE. In conclusion, continuous utilization of Protexin along with artichoke extract in broiler diets can promote growth performance and modulate oxidative stress in broilers.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Teşekkür
The authors are grateful to the staff of IAU, Shahrekord Branch Research Farm for their assistance during the research work.
Kaynakça
- Abdo MA, Radwan NL, Selim NA (2007): The effect of artichoke leaves meal on the utilization of dietary energy for broiler chickens. Int J Poult Sci, 12, 973-982.
- Abdulrahim SM, Haddad MSY, Hashlamoun EAR, et al (1996): The influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacitracin on layer performance of chickens and cholesterol content of plasma and egg yolk. Br J Poult Sci, 37, 341-346.
- Allan WH, Gough RE (1976): A comparison between the haemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation tests for Newcastle disease. Res Vet Sci, 20, 101-103.
- Aluwong T, Kawu M, Raji M, et al (2013): Effect of Yeast Probiotic on Growth, Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Malondialdehyde Concentration of Broiler Chickens. Antioxidants, 2, 326-339.
- Amaretti A, Di Nunzio M, Pompei A, et al (2013): Antioxidant properties of potentially probiotic bacteria, in vitro and in vivo activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 97, 809-817.
- Amer MY, Khan SH (2012): A comparison between the effects of a probiotic and an antibiotic on the performance of Desi chickens. Vet World, 5, 160.
- Ashayerizadeh A, Dabiri N, Mirzadeh KH, et al (2011): Effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic and prebiotic on growth indices and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. J Cell Anim Biol, 5, 152-156.
- Awad WA, Ghareeb K, Abdel-Raheem SM, et al (2009): Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 88, 49-56.
- Bai WK, Zhang FJ, He TJ, et al (2016): Dietary Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Strain Increases Antioxidant Capacity and Oxidative Stability of Chicken Breast Meat during Storage. PLoS ONE, 11, e0167339.
- Bai K, Huang Q, Zhang J, et al (2017): Supplemental effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 96, 74–82.
- Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, et al (2008): Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food Chem Toxicol, 46, 446–475.
- Barton MD, Hart WS (2001): Public health risks: antibiotic resistance-review. Asian-Australs J Anim Sci, 14, 414-422.
- Ben Y, Fu C, Hu M, et al (2019): Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: a review. Environ Res, 169, 483-493.
- Bityutskyy V, Tsekhmistrenko S, Tsekhmistrenko O, et al (2019): Effects of Different Dietary Selenium Sources Including Probiotics Mixture on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization and Serum Biochemical Profile of Quails. 623-632. In: V Nadykto (Ed), Modern Development Paths of Agricultural Production. Springer, Cham.
- Boroumandnia Z, Mohammadzadeh S, Azizi M, et al (2014): The effect of adding artichoke extract to drinking water on performance, carcass characteristics and blood lipoprotein concentration in broiler chickens. Iranian J Appl Anim Sci, 3, 71–79.
- Cross ML (2002): Microbes versus microbes: immune signals generated by probiotic lactobacilli and their role in protection against microbial pathogens. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 34, 245-253.
- Czech A, Kowalczuk E, Grela ER (2009): The effect of an herbal extract used in pig fattening on the animal performance and blood components. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska, 27, 25–33.
- Edwards SE, da Costa Rocha I, Williamson EM, et al (2015): Phytopharmacy: An evidence-based guide to herbal medicinal products. John Wiley and Sons, London.
- Erdoğan Z, Erdoğan S, Aslantaş Ö, et al (2010): Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics and phytobiotics on performance, caecal coliform population and some oxidant/antioxidant parameters of broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nut, 94, e40-e48.
- Fallah R, Kiani A, Azarfar A (2013): Effect of artichoke leaves meal and mentha extract (Mentha piperita) on immune cells and blood biochemical parameters of broilers. Global Vet, 10, 99–102.
- FAO/WHO (2001): Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. FAO/WHO Publishing, Cordoba.
- Gebhardt R (1998): Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 286, 1122–1128.
- Gholami-Ahangaran M, Rangsaz N, Azizi S (2016): Evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) effect on biochemical and pathological parameters of liver and kidney in chicken aflatoxicosis. Pharm Biol, 5, 780-787.
- Gholami-Ahangaran M, Peimani N, Dastgerdi AA (2019): The effect of thyme (Thymus daenensis) supplement on growth and hygienic parameters of broilers meat. Iraqi J Vet Sci, 33, 87-92.
- Gholami-Ahangaran M, Ahmadi-Dastgerdi A, Karimi-Dehkordi M (2020): Thymol and carvacrol, as antibiotic alternative in green healthy poultry production. Plant Biotechnol Persa, 2, 22-25.
- Gilliland SE, Nelson CR, Maxwell C (1985): Assimilation of cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol, 49, 377-381.
- Gunal M, Yayli G, Kaya O, et al (2006): The effects of antibiotic growth promoter, probiotic or organic acid supplementation on performance, intestinal microflora and tissue of broilers. Int J Poult Sci, 5, 149-155.
- Jimene-Escrig A, Dragsted LO, Daneshvar B, et al (2003): In vitro antioxidant activities of edible artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and effect on biomarkers of antioxidant in rats. J Agric Food Chem, 51, 5540–5545.
- Khoramshahi M, Samadi F, Ganji F, et al (2015): The effect of artichoke leaf powder on performance, internal organs weight and some blood parameters of Japanese quail poisoned with carbon tetrachloride. Anim Sci Res, 25, 57–67.
- Khosravi A, Boldaji F, Dastar B, et al (2010): Immune response and performance of broiler chicks fed protexin and propionic acid. Int J Poult Sci, 9, 188-191.
- Kumar M, Kumar V, Roy D, et al (2014): Application of herbal feed additives in animal nutrition-a review. Int J Lives Res, 4, 1-8.
- Lertpatarakomo R, Jaipeng P, Sirimongkolworaku S, et al (2015): Effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extract supplementation in drinking water on growth performance of broiler chickens. 220-222. In: Proceeding of 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Berlin, Germany.
- Makled MN, Abouelezz KFM, Gad-Elkareem AEG, et al (2019): Comparative influence of dietary probiotic, yoghurt, and sodium butyrate on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, blood hematology, and immune response of meat-type chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod, 51, 2333-2342.
- Markowiak P, Śliżewska K, Nowak A, et al (2019): Probiotic microorganisms detoxify ochratoxin A in both a chicken liver cell line and chickens. J Sci Food Agricult, 99, 4309-4318.
- Miller JK, Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E, Madsen FC (1993): Oxidative stress, antioxidants and animal function. J Dairy Sci, 76, 2812–2823.
- Mirderikvandi M, Kiani A, Khaldari M, et al (2016): Effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extract on antioxidant status in chicken thigh meat. Iranian J Vet Med, 10, 73-81.
- Mohan B, Kadrivel R, Natarajan A, et al (1996): Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, itrogen utilization and serum cholesterol in broilers. Br Poult Sci, 37, 395-401.
- Murry AC, Hinton Jr A, Buhr RJ (2006): Effect of botanical probiotic containing lactobacilli on growth performance and populations of bacteria in the ceca, cloaca, and carcass rinse of broiler chickens. Int J Poult Sci, 5, 344-350.
- Nadia LR, Zeinab M, Abdo A, et al (2007): Effect of feeding artichoke leaves meal on productive and reproductive performance of Mandarah hens. Int J Poult Sci, 6, 826–834.
- Nateghi R, Samadi F, Ganji F, et al (2013): Hepatoprotective effects of Cynara scolymus L. extract on CCl4 induced liver injury in broiler chickens. Int J Agricult Sci Res, 3, 678–688.
- Paglia DE, Valentine WN (1967): Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med, 70, 158-169.
- Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil BV (2015): Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics-a review. J Food Sci Technol, 52, 7577-7587.
- Rai S, Wahile A, Mukherjee K, et al (2006): Antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) seeds. J Ethnopharm, 104, 322-327.
- Ross (2019): Nutrition Specification. Aviagan, US.
- Rouzmehr F, Mohit A, KoshSekeh M, et al (2014): The effect of the additive containing artichoke extract (APC) on growth, blood cholesterol level, carcass characteristics and immune system of broiler chickens. Iranian J Vet Clin Pathol, 8, 357–366.
- Sato Y, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, et al (2011): In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Int J Pharm, 403, 136-138.
- Sekhon BS, Jairath S (2010): Prebiotics probiotics and synbiotics: an overview. J Pharm Edu Res, 1, 13.
- Shargh MS, Dastar B, Zerehdaran B, et al (2012): Effects of using plant extracts and a probiotic on performance, intestinal morphology, and microflora population in broilers. J Appl Poult Res, 21, 201-208.
- Shokri A, Akbari Gharaei M, Varmaghani S, et al (2018): Effect of Cynara scolymus powder on performance and ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. J Anim Prod, 20, 55–67.
- Tajodini M, Samadi F, Hasani S, et al (2015): Influence of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Leaf Powder on Growth Performance; Carcass Traits and Blood Parameters in Broiler Chickens. Iranian J Appl Anim Sci, 5, 141-146.
- Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, et al (2017): Antioxidant properties of probiotic bacteria. Nutrients, 9, 521.
- Windisch W, Schedle K, Plitzner C, et al (2008): Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J Anim Sci, 86, 140–148.
- Woolliams JA, Wiener G, Anderson PH, et al (1983): Variation in the activities of glutathioneperoxidase and superoxide-dismutase and in the concentration of copper in the blood in various breed crosses of heep. Resp J Vet Sci, 34, 253-256.
- Yan FF, Murugesan GR, Cheng HW (2019): Effects of probiotic supplementation on performance traits, bone mineralization, cecal microbial composition, cytokines and corticosterone in laying hens. Animal; In Int J Anim Biosci, 13, 33.
- Yildiz G, Sacakli P, Gungor T (2006): The effect of dietary Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) on performance, egg quality characteristics and egg cholesterol content in laying hens. Czech J Anim Sci, 51, 349–354.
- Zheng W, Dawei Z, Wenjun Y, et al (2019): Probiotic Cocktails Alleviate Heat-induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens. Anim Husb Feed Sci, 11, 107-114.
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 69 Sayı: 3, 281 - 288, 30.06.2022
Öz
Kaynakça
- Abdo MA, Radwan NL, Selim NA (2007): The effect of artichoke leaves meal on the utilization of dietary energy for broiler chickens. Int J Poult Sci, 12, 973-982.
- Abdulrahim SM, Haddad MSY, Hashlamoun EAR, et al (1996): The influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacitracin on layer performance of chickens and cholesterol content of plasma and egg yolk. Br J Poult Sci, 37, 341-346.
- Allan WH, Gough RE (1976): A comparison between the haemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation tests for Newcastle disease. Res Vet Sci, 20, 101-103.
- Aluwong T, Kawu M, Raji M, et al (2013): Effect of Yeast Probiotic on Growth, Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Malondialdehyde Concentration of Broiler Chickens. Antioxidants, 2, 326-339.
- Amaretti A, Di Nunzio M, Pompei A, et al (2013): Antioxidant properties of potentially probiotic bacteria, in vitro and in vivo activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 97, 809-817.
- Amer MY, Khan SH (2012): A comparison between the effects of a probiotic and an antibiotic on the performance of Desi chickens. Vet World, 5, 160.
- Ashayerizadeh A, Dabiri N, Mirzadeh KH, et al (2011): Effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic and prebiotic on growth indices and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. J Cell Anim Biol, 5, 152-156.
- Awad WA, Ghareeb K, Abdel-Raheem SM, et al (2009): Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 88, 49-56.
- Bai WK, Zhang FJ, He TJ, et al (2016): Dietary Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Strain Increases Antioxidant Capacity and Oxidative Stability of Chicken Breast Meat during Storage. PLoS ONE, 11, e0167339.
- Bai K, Huang Q, Zhang J, et al (2017): Supplemental effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 96, 74–82.
- Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, et al (2008): Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food Chem Toxicol, 46, 446–475.
- Barton MD, Hart WS (2001): Public health risks: antibiotic resistance-review. Asian-Australs J Anim Sci, 14, 414-422.
- Ben Y, Fu C, Hu M, et al (2019): Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: a review. Environ Res, 169, 483-493.
- Bityutskyy V, Tsekhmistrenko S, Tsekhmistrenko O, et al (2019): Effects of Different Dietary Selenium Sources Including Probiotics Mixture on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization and Serum Biochemical Profile of Quails. 623-632. In: V Nadykto (Ed), Modern Development Paths of Agricultural Production. Springer, Cham.
- Boroumandnia Z, Mohammadzadeh S, Azizi M, et al (2014): The effect of adding artichoke extract to drinking water on performance, carcass characteristics and blood lipoprotein concentration in broiler chickens. Iranian J Appl Anim Sci, 3, 71–79.
- Cross ML (2002): Microbes versus microbes: immune signals generated by probiotic lactobacilli and their role in protection against microbial pathogens. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 34, 245-253.
- Czech A, Kowalczuk E, Grela ER (2009): The effect of an herbal extract used in pig fattening on the animal performance and blood components. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska, 27, 25–33.
- Edwards SE, da Costa Rocha I, Williamson EM, et al (2015): Phytopharmacy: An evidence-based guide to herbal medicinal products. John Wiley and Sons, London.
- Erdoğan Z, Erdoğan S, Aslantaş Ö, et al (2010): Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics and phytobiotics on performance, caecal coliform population and some oxidant/antioxidant parameters of broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nut, 94, e40-e48.
- Fallah R, Kiani A, Azarfar A (2013): Effect of artichoke leaves meal and mentha extract (Mentha piperita) on immune cells and blood biochemical parameters of broilers. Global Vet, 10, 99–102.
- FAO/WHO (2001): Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. FAO/WHO Publishing, Cordoba.
- Gebhardt R (1998): Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 286, 1122–1128.
- Gholami-Ahangaran M, Rangsaz N, Azizi S (2016): Evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) effect on biochemical and pathological parameters of liver and kidney in chicken aflatoxicosis. Pharm Biol, 5, 780-787.
- Gholami-Ahangaran M, Peimani N, Dastgerdi AA (2019): The effect of thyme (Thymus daenensis) supplement on growth and hygienic parameters of broilers meat. Iraqi J Vet Sci, 33, 87-92.
- Gholami-Ahangaran M, Ahmadi-Dastgerdi A, Karimi-Dehkordi M (2020): Thymol and carvacrol, as antibiotic alternative in green healthy poultry production. Plant Biotechnol Persa, 2, 22-25.
- Gilliland SE, Nelson CR, Maxwell C (1985): Assimilation of cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol, 49, 377-381.
- Gunal M, Yayli G, Kaya O, et al (2006): The effects of antibiotic growth promoter, probiotic or organic acid supplementation on performance, intestinal microflora and tissue of broilers. Int J Poult Sci, 5, 149-155.
- Jimene-Escrig A, Dragsted LO, Daneshvar B, et al (2003): In vitro antioxidant activities of edible artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and effect on biomarkers of antioxidant in rats. J Agric Food Chem, 51, 5540–5545.
- Khoramshahi M, Samadi F, Ganji F, et al (2015): The effect of artichoke leaf powder on performance, internal organs weight and some blood parameters of Japanese quail poisoned with carbon tetrachloride. Anim Sci Res, 25, 57–67.
- Khosravi A, Boldaji F, Dastar B, et al (2010): Immune response and performance of broiler chicks fed protexin and propionic acid. Int J Poult Sci, 9, 188-191.
- Kumar M, Kumar V, Roy D, et al (2014): Application of herbal feed additives in animal nutrition-a review. Int J Lives Res, 4, 1-8.
- Lertpatarakomo R, Jaipeng P, Sirimongkolworaku S, et al (2015): Effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extract supplementation in drinking water on growth performance of broiler chickens. 220-222. In: Proceeding of 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Berlin, Germany.
- Makled MN, Abouelezz KFM, Gad-Elkareem AEG, et al (2019): Comparative influence of dietary probiotic, yoghurt, and sodium butyrate on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, blood hematology, and immune response of meat-type chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod, 51, 2333-2342.
- Markowiak P, Śliżewska K, Nowak A, et al (2019): Probiotic microorganisms detoxify ochratoxin A in both a chicken liver cell line and chickens. J Sci Food Agricult, 99, 4309-4318.
- Miller JK, Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E, Madsen FC (1993): Oxidative stress, antioxidants and animal function. J Dairy Sci, 76, 2812–2823.
- Mirderikvandi M, Kiani A, Khaldari M, et al (2016): Effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extract on antioxidant status in chicken thigh meat. Iranian J Vet Med, 10, 73-81.
- Mohan B, Kadrivel R, Natarajan A, et al (1996): Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, itrogen utilization and serum cholesterol in broilers. Br Poult Sci, 37, 395-401.
- Murry AC, Hinton Jr A, Buhr RJ (2006): Effect of botanical probiotic containing lactobacilli on growth performance and populations of bacteria in the ceca, cloaca, and carcass rinse of broiler chickens. Int J Poult Sci, 5, 344-350.
- Nadia LR, Zeinab M, Abdo A, et al (2007): Effect of feeding artichoke leaves meal on productive and reproductive performance of Mandarah hens. Int J Poult Sci, 6, 826–834.
- Nateghi R, Samadi F, Ganji F, et al (2013): Hepatoprotective effects of Cynara scolymus L. extract on CCl4 induced liver injury in broiler chickens. Int J Agricult Sci Res, 3, 678–688.
- Paglia DE, Valentine WN (1967): Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med, 70, 158-169.
- Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil BV (2015): Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics-a review. J Food Sci Technol, 52, 7577-7587.
- Rai S, Wahile A, Mukherjee K, et al (2006): Antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) seeds. J Ethnopharm, 104, 322-327.
- Ross (2019): Nutrition Specification. Aviagan, US.
- Rouzmehr F, Mohit A, KoshSekeh M, et al (2014): The effect of the additive containing artichoke extract (APC) on growth, blood cholesterol level, carcass characteristics and immune system of broiler chickens. Iranian J Vet Clin Pathol, 8, 357–366.
- Sato Y, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, et al (2011): In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Int J Pharm, 403, 136-138.
- Sekhon BS, Jairath S (2010): Prebiotics probiotics and synbiotics: an overview. J Pharm Edu Res, 1, 13.
- Shargh MS, Dastar B, Zerehdaran B, et al (2012): Effects of using plant extracts and a probiotic on performance, intestinal morphology, and microflora population in broilers. J Appl Poult Res, 21, 201-208.
- Shokri A, Akbari Gharaei M, Varmaghani S, et al (2018): Effect of Cynara scolymus powder on performance and ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. J Anim Prod, 20, 55–67.
- Tajodini M, Samadi F, Hasani S, et al (2015): Influence of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Leaf Powder on Growth Performance; Carcass Traits and Blood Parameters in Broiler Chickens. Iranian J Appl Anim Sci, 5, 141-146.
- Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, et al (2017): Antioxidant properties of probiotic bacteria. Nutrients, 9, 521.
- Windisch W, Schedle K, Plitzner C, et al (2008): Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J Anim Sci, 86, 140–148.
- Woolliams JA, Wiener G, Anderson PH, et al (1983): Variation in the activities of glutathioneperoxidase and superoxide-dismutase and in the concentration of copper in the blood in various breed crosses of heep. Resp J Vet Sci, 34, 253-256.
- Yan FF, Murugesan GR, Cheng HW (2019): Effects of probiotic supplementation on performance traits, bone mineralization, cecal microbial composition, cytokines and corticosterone in laying hens. Animal; In Int J Anim Biosci, 13, 33.
- Yildiz G, Sacakli P, Gungor T (2006): The effect of dietary Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) on performance, egg quality characteristics and egg cholesterol content in laying hens. Czech J Anim Sci, 51, 349–354.
- Zheng W, Dawei Z, Wenjun Y, et al (2019): Probiotic Cocktails Alleviate Heat-induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens. Anim Husb Feed Sci, 11, 107-114.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022Cilt: 69 Sayı: 3 |
