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The Determination of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Properties in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Raw Milk Samples

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 21 - 26, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1019978

Öz

Abstract: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance and biofilm properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates isolated from raw milks. A total number of 300 raw milk samples were collected from several dairy plants and vendors in the provinces of Aydın (n=100), İzmir (n=100) and Muğla (n=100) in Turkey. The conventional methods were used for the isolation of suspected Pseudomonas spp. from raw milk samples. A total of 63 suspected Pseudomonas spp. were isolated and these isolates were identified as being P.aeruginosa by PCR. According to PCR results, 24 isolates were identified as P.aeruginosa. The antibiotic resistances of P. aeruginosa against 8 antibiotics were determined by Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method. The antibiotic resistance rates of the isolates among enrofloxacine, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, colistin, gentamycin, and azithromycin were found as 20.84%, 75.0%, 4.16%, 37.33%, 8.34%, 12.5 % and 91.66%, respectively. When examined according to multiple antibiotic resistances, it was determined that 11 isolates (45.83%) were resistant to more than 3 antibiotic groups and were evaluated as multi-resistant. The biofilm formations of the isolates were investigated in vitro with Congo Red Agar Method. The biofilm formation ratios were determined as 37.50% with CRA method. The biofilm formation and multiple antibiotic resistance rates were found as high in the raw milk isolates of P. aeruginosa. The widespread and advanced studies thought to be performed for the lightening of this situation and biofilm related antibiotic resistances.

Kaynakça

  • Akoğlu, A., Altuntaş, E.G. & Yemiş, G.P. (2012). A Modified Selective Medium Containing Benzalkonium Chloride (BKC) for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Raw Milk. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 3(7), 947-950.
  • Atshan, S.S., Shamsudin, M.N., Lung, L.T., Sekawi, Z., Ghaznavi-Rad, E. & Pei, C.P. (2012). Comparative characterisation of genotypically different clones of MRSA in the production of biofilms. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 201, 417-427.
  • Brooks, G.F., Carroll, K.C., Butel, J.S. & Morse, S.A. (2007). Pseudomonas, Acinetobacters, & uncommon Gram-negative bacteria. In: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's medical microbiology. Eds: Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, 24th ed. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, p. 263-267.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2018). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 17th informational supplement. Approved Standard MS100-S17. Wayne, PA, USA, Vol.27, No.1.
  • Çelik, İ., Cihangiroğlu, M. & Akbulut, A. (2007). Hastane kökenli Pseudomonas aeruginosa suşlarında indüklenebilir beta-laktamaz sıklığı. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 12(4), 284-286.
  • Çiftci, İ.H., Çetinkaya, Z., Aktepe, O.C., Arslan, F. & Altındiş, M. (2005). Klinik örneklerden izole edilen Pseudomonas aeruginosa suşlarının antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 35(2), 98-102.
  • Çoban, A.Y., Çiftçi, A., Onuk, E.E., Erturan, Z., Çaycı, T.Y. & Durupınar, B. (2009). Kistik fibrozlu hastalardan izole edilen Pseudomonas aeruginosa izolatlarının biyofilm oluşturma yeteneklerinin araştırılması ve bu özelliğin genotip ve antibiyotik duyarlılığı ile ilişkisinin belirlenmesi. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, 43, 563-573.
  • Delissalde, F. & Amabile Cuevas, C.F. (2004). Comparison of antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid content, between biofilm producing and non-producing clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 24(4), 405-408.
  • El-Roos, N.A.A., Mazid, E.M., Zakary, E.M. & El Yazıd, K.F.A. (2013). Molecular Characterization of P.aeruginosa Isolated From Milk. Assuit Veterinary Medical Journal, 59(139), 14-22.
  • European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. (2007). EARSS Annual Report 2007. Bilthoven, RIVM; October 2007.
  • Jarjees, K.K. (2020). Molecular detection of type Ш secretory toxins in P.aeruginosa isolates. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 66(5), 9-14.
  • Küplülü, Ö., Sarımehmetoğlu, B. & Oral, N. (2003). The Microbiological Quality of Çiğ Köfte Sold in Ankara. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27, 325-329.
  • Mickova, V., Lukasova, J. & Konencny, S. (1989). Pseudomonas aeruginosa in raw and pasteurized milk. Veterinary Medicine (Praha), 34(7), 411-419.
  • Milivojevic, D., Šumonja, N., Medic, S., Pavic, A., Moric, I., Vasiljevic, B., Senerovic, L. & Nikodinovic-Runic, J. (2018). Biofilm-forming ability and infection potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from animals and humans. Pathogen Diseases, 76(4), fty041.
  • Mohammed, G.M.O., Megahed, A.A. & Nasr, S.S. (2015). Bacteriological and molecular detection of pseudomonas species from raw milk sold in Port-Said City markets. Egypt. Journal of Chemical and Environmental Health, 1(1), 986-1002.
  • Moore, N.M. & Flaws, M.L. (2011). Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Clinical Laboratory Science, 24, 43-46.
  • Moskowitz, S.M., Jessica, M.F., Emerson, J.M., Emerson, J.C., Gibson, R.L. & Burns, J.L. (2005). Use of Pseudomonas biofilm susceptibilies to assign simulated antibiotic regimens for cystic fibrosis airwar infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy, 56, 879-886.
  • Olejnickova, K., Hola, V. & Ruzicka, F. (2014). Catheter‐related infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: virulence factors involved and their relationships. Pathogen Diseases, 72, 87-94.
  • Parkash, M., Rajasekar, K. & Karmegam, N. (2007). Bacterial Population of Raw Milk and Their Proteolytic and Lipolytic Activities. Research Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(6), 848-851.
  • Pitt, T.L., & Simpson, A.J.H. (2006). Pseudomonas and Bulkholderia spp. In: Principles and practice of clinical bacteriology. Eds: Gillespie SH, Hawkey PM, 2th ed. UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, p:427-435.
  • Pye, C.C., Yu, A.A. & Weese, J.S. (2013). Evaluation of biofilm production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from canine ears and the impact of biofilm on antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro. Veterinary Dermatology, 24(4), 446-449.
  • Sadek, Z.I., El-Khalek, B.A. & Ibrahim, G.A.M. (2006). Contamination and inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in some dairy products. Annals of Agricultural Sciences Shams University Cairo, 51(1), 155-169.
  • Spilker, T., Coenye, T., Vandamme, P. & LiPuma, J.J. (2004). PCR-based assay for differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other Pseudomonas species recovered from cystic fibrosis patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 2074-2079.
  • Swetha, C.S., Babu, A.J., Rao, K.V., Bharathy, S., Supriya, R.A. & Rao, T.M. (2017). A study on the antimicrobial resistant patterns of P. aeruginosa isolated from raw milk samples in and around Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 36(2), 100-105.
  • Taş, T.Ç., Çelik, G.Y. & Onbaşılı, D. (2013). Investigation of proteolytic, lipolytic activities and antibiotics susceptibility of some Pseudomonas bacteria isolated from raw milk. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 70(3), 147-152.
  • The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). (2018). Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Erişim adresi: http://www.eucast.org, Son Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2021. Ulusal Antimikrobiyal Direnç Sürveyans Sistemi (UAMDSS) Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/uamdss, Son Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2021.
  • Uraz, G. & Çıtak, S. (1998). The isolation of Pseudomonas and other Gram(-) psychrotropic bacteria in raw milks. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 38(2), 129-134.
  • Watnick, P. & Kolter, R. (2000). Biofilm city of microbes. Journal of Bacteriology, 182(10), 2675-2679.
  • Yassein, M., Khardori, N., Ahmedy, A. & Toama, M. (1995). Modulation of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by quinolones. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotheraphy, 39(10), 2262-2268.
  • Yıldırım, N., Sezen, Y., Ardıç, N. & İleri, Ç. (2008). Farklı klinik örneklerden izole edilen koagülaz-negatif stafilokokların slime faktör üretimlerinin ve bazı antibiyotiklere duyarlılıklarının araştırılması. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 22(4), 209-214.

Çiğ Süt Örneklerinden İzole Edilen Pseudomonas aeruginosa İzolatlarında Antibiyotik Direnci ve Biyofilm Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 21 - 26, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1019978

Öz

Bu çalışmada çiğ sütlerden izole edilen P. aeruginosa izolatlarının antibiyotik dirençlilik ve biyofilm özelliklerinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Bu amaçla Aydın (n=100), İzmir (n=100) ve Muğla (n=100) illerindeki çeşitli süt işletme ve satıcılarından toplam 300 adet çiğ süt örneği toplandı. Pseudomonas spp. izolasyonu için geleneksel yöntemler kullanıldı. Çiğ süt örneklerinden toplam 63 şüpheli Pseudomonas spp. izole edildi ve bu izolatların P.aeruginosa yönünden identifikasyonu PCR ile gerçekleştirildi. PCR sonuçlarına göre 24 izolat P.aeruginosa olarak tanımlandı. P.aeruginosa izolatlarının 8 antibiyotiğe karşı antibiyotik dirençleri Kirby-Bauer Disk Difüzyon yöntemi ile belirlendi. Enrofloksasin, seftriakson, siprofloksasin, meropenem, kolistin, gentamisin ve azitromisin izolatlarının antibiyotik direnç oranları sırasıyla %20.84, %75.0, %4.16, %37.33, %8.34, %12.5 ve %91.66 olarak bulundu. Çoklu antibiyotik dirençlerine göre incelendiğinde 11 izolatın (%45.83) 3'ten fazla antibiyotik grubuna dirençli olduğu belirlendi ve çoklu dirençli olarak değerlendirildi. İzolatların biyofilm oluşumları in vitro olarak Congo Red Agar Metodu ile araştırıldı. Biyofilm oluşum oranları CRA yöntemi ile %37.50 olarak belirlendi. P.aeruginosa'nın çiğ süt izolatlarında biyofilm oluşumu ve çoklu antibiyotik direnç oranları yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu durumun ve biyofilm kaynaklı antibiyotik dirençlerinin aydınlatılması için yaygın ve ileri çalışmalar yapılması gerektiği düşünülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Akoğlu, A., Altuntaş, E.G. & Yemiş, G.P. (2012). A Modified Selective Medium Containing Benzalkonium Chloride (BKC) for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Raw Milk. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 3(7), 947-950.
  • Atshan, S.S., Shamsudin, M.N., Lung, L.T., Sekawi, Z., Ghaznavi-Rad, E. & Pei, C.P. (2012). Comparative characterisation of genotypically different clones of MRSA in the production of biofilms. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 201, 417-427.
  • Brooks, G.F., Carroll, K.C., Butel, J.S. & Morse, S.A. (2007). Pseudomonas, Acinetobacters, & uncommon Gram-negative bacteria. In: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's medical microbiology. Eds: Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, 24th ed. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, p. 263-267.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2018). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 17th informational supplement. Approved Standard MS100-S17. Wayne, PA, USA, Vol.27, No.1.
  • Çelik, İ., Cihangiroğlu, M. & Akbulut, A. (2007). Hastane kökenli Pseudomonas aeruginosa suşlarında indüklenebilir beta-laktamaz sıklığı. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 12(4), 284-286.
  • Çiftci, İ.H., Çetinkaya, Z., Aktepe, O.C., Arslan, F. & Altındiş, M. (2005). Klinik örneklerden izole edilen Pseudomonas aeruginosa suşlarının antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 35(2), 98-102.
  • Çoban, A.Y., Çiftçi, A., Onuk, E.E., Erturan, Z., Çaycı, T.Y. & Durupınar, B. (2009). Kistik fibrozlu hastalardan izole edilen Pseudomonas aeruginosa izolatlarının biyofilm oluşturma yeteneklerinin araştırılması ve bu özelliğin genotip ve antibiyotik duyarlılığı ile ilişkisinin belirlenmesi. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, 43, 563-573.
  • Delissalde, F. & Amabile Cuevas, C.F. (2004). Comparison of antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid content, between biofilm producing and non-producing clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 24(4), 405-408.
  • El-Roos, N.A.A., Mazid, E.M., Zakary, E.M. & El Yazıd, K.F.A. (2013). Molecular Characterization of P.aeruginosa Isolated From Milk. Assuit Veterinary Medical Journal, 59(139), 14-22.
  • European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. (2007). EARSS Annual Report 2007. Bilthoven, RIVM; October 2007.
  • Jarjees, K.K. (2020). Molecular detection of type Ш secretory toxins in P.aeruginosa isolates. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 66(5), 9-14.
  • Küplülü, Ö., Sarımehmetoğlu, B. & Oral, N. (2003). The Microbiological Quality of Çiğ Köfte Sold in Ankara. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27, 325-329.
  • Mickova, V., Lukasova, J. & Konencny, S. (1989). Pseudomonas aeruginosa in raw and pasteurized milk. Veterinary Medicine (Praha), 34(7), 411-419.
  • Milivojevic, D., Šumonja, N., Medic, S., Pavic, A., Moric, I., Vasiljevic, B., Senerovic, L. & Nikodinovic-Runic, J. (2018). Biofilm-forming ability and infection potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from animals and humans. Pathogen Diseases, 76(4), fty041.
  • Mohammed, G.M.O., Megahed, A.A. & Nasr, S.S. (2015). Bacteriological and molecular detection of pseudomonas species from raw milk sold in Port-Said City markets. Egypt. Journal of Chemical and Environmental Health, 1(1), 986-1002.
  • Moore, N.M. & Flaws, M.L. (2011). Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Clinical Laboratory Science, 24, 43-46.
  • Moskowitz, S.M., Jessica, M.F., Emerson, J.M., Emerson, J.C., Gibson, R.L. & Burns, J.L. (2005). Use of Pseudomonas biofilm susceptibilies to assign simulated antibiotic regimens for cystic fibrosis airwar infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy, 56, 879-886.
  • Olejnickova, K., Hola, V. & Ruzicka, F. (2014). Catheter‐related infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: virulence factors involved and their relationships. Pathogen Diseases, 72, 87-94.
  • Parkash, M., Rajasekar, K. & Karmegam, N. (2007). Bacterial Population of Raw Milk and Their Proteolytic and Lipolytic Activities. Research Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(6), 848-851.
  • Pitt, T.L., & Simpson, A.J.H. (2006). Pseudomonas and Bulkholderia spp. In: Principles and practice of clinical bacteriology. Eds: Gillespie SH, Hawkey PM, 2th ed. UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, p:427-435.
  • Pye, C.C., Yu, A.A. & Weese, J.S. (2013). Evaluation of biofilm production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from canine ears and the impact of biofilm on antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro. Veterinary Dermatology, 24(4), 446-449.
  • Sadek, Z.I., El-Khalek, B.A. & Ibrahim, G.A.M. (2006). Contamination and inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in some dairy products. Annals of Agricultural Sciences Shams University Cairo, 51(1), 155-169.
  • Spilker, T., Coenye, T., Vandamme, P. & LiPuma, J.J. (2004). PCR-based assay for differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other Pseudomonas species recovered from cystic fibrosis patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 2074-2079.
  • Swetha, C.S., Babu, A.J., Rao, K.V., Bharathy, S., Supriya, R.A. & Rao, T.M. (2017). A study on the antimicrobial resistant patterns of P. aeruginosa isolated from raw milk samples in and around Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 36(2), 100-105.
  • Taş, T.Ç., Çelik, G.Y. & Onbaşılı, D. (2013). Investigation of proteolytic, lipolytic activities and antibiotics susceptibility of some Pseudomonas bacteria isolated from raw milk. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 70(3), 147-152.
  • The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). (2018). Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Erişim adresi: http://www.eucast.org, Son Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2021. Ulusal Antimikrobiyal Direnç Sürveyans Sistemi (UAMDSS) Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/uamdss, Son Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2021.
  • Uraz, G. & Çıtak, S. (1998). The isolation of Pseudomonas and other Gram(-) psychrotropic bacteria in raw milks. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 38(2), 129-134.
  • Watnick, P. & Kolter, R. (2000). Biofilm city of microbes. Journal of Bacteriology, 182(10), 2675-2679.
  • Yassein, M., Khardori, N., Ahmedy, A. & Toama, M. (1995). Modulation of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by quinolones. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotheraphy, 39(10), 2262-2268.
  • Yıldırım, N., Sezen, Y., Ardıç, N. & İleri, Ç. (2008). Farklı klinik örneklerden izole edilen koagülaz-negatif stafilokokların slime faktör üretimlerinin ve bazı antibiyotiklere duyarlılıklarının araştırılması. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 22(4), 209-214.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sadik Savaşan 0000-0002-5077-3189

Merve Gizem Sezener 0000-0003-0487-7515

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 5 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Savaşan, S., & Sezener, M. G. (2022). The Determination of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Properties in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Raw Milk Samples. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 7(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1019978


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