Klinik Araştırma
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Investigation of Cytotoxic Effects and Antiviral Efficacy of Six Medicinal Plants against SARS-CoV-2

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 5, 811 - 816, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1165597

Öz

Aim: Today, the COVID-19 pandemic, which causes deaths in 224 countries around the world, continues to show its effect all over the world. However, unfortunately, there are few studies that determine the effect of natural products derived from plants on COVID-19. However, as it is known, the source of most drugs is plants and medicinal aromatic plants have been used frequently for therapeutic purposes since the existence of humanity. The aim of this study is to investigate the cytotoxic effects of six medicinal plants such as Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Laurel (Lauris nobilis), Buckwheat (Lavandula stoechas) and Zahter (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata) and their antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro conditions.
Material and Method: This study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, plants were collected and extracts were obtained. At the beginning of the second stage, cytotoxic effects on vero cells at non-cytotoxic broad-spectrum concentrations against SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture of six medicinal plants were investigated. In this step, the concentration of six ethnobotanically important medicinal plants that were not cytotoxic to SARS-CoV-2 was determined. In the continuation of the second stage, the plants were evaluated for the determination of viral replication inhibition and their antiviral effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. In this step, in vitro antiviral effects of plants against SARS-CoV-2 were determined at a concentration that did not show cytotoxic effects..
Results: The concentration of six plants used in the study without cytotoxic effects was determined.. Among the plants examined, it was determined that the only plant that was effective against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro conditions was the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). The licorice plant was found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro at the 2nd dilution (1:4) after the initial concentration.
Conclusion: According to the findings obtained from our study, it was determined that the licorice plant was effective against the SARS-CoV-2 in vitro conditions. Supported by further studies, it can be thought that our findings may contribute to the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Antiviral Efficacy, Plant Extract, Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Laurel (Lauris nobilis), Buckwheat (Lavandula stoechas), Zahter (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata).

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBİTAK

Proje Numarası

18 AG 020

Teşekkür

Authors would like to thank to Aykut Ozkul, DVM, PhD, for his kind helps and mentorships during the antiviral assays.

Kaynakça

  • Benarba B, Pandiella A. Medicinal plants as sources of active molecules against COVID-19. Front. Pharmacol 2020;11:1189.
  • El Alami A, Fattah A, Chait A. Medicinal plants used for the prevention purposes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco. JASAB 2020;4-11.
  • Jebashree HS, Kingsley SJ, Sathish ES, Devapriya D. Antimicrobial activity of few medicinal plants against clinically isolated human cariogenic pathogens—An in vitro study. ISRN Dent 2011;2011:541421.
  • https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries,[Last updated:August 22 2022, 07:26 GMT]
  • Mirzaie A, Halaji M, Dehkordi FS, Ranjbar R, Noorbazargan HA.Narrative literature review on traditional medicine options for treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complement. Ther Clin Pract 2020;40:101214.
  • Jalali A, Dabaghian F, Akbrialiabad H, Foroughinia F, Zarshenas MMA. Pharmacology-based comprehensive review on medicinal plants and phytoactive constituents possibly effective in the management of COVID-19. Phytother Res 2021;35:1925-38.
  • Hong-Zhi DU, Xiao-Ying HOU, Yu-Huan MIAO, Huang BS, Da-Hui LIU. Traditional Chinese Medicine:an effective treatment for 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). Chin J Nat Med 2020;18:206-10.
  • Gokturk E. Asil H. Hatay/Kırıkhan’ da yetiştirilen safran (Crocus sativus L.) stigmasının ekstraktının GC-MS analizi. Türkjans 2018;5:317-321.
  • Asil H, Gokturk E. Uçucu Yağ Elde Etmede Modern Ekstraksiyon Yöntemleri, Güncel Fitoterapi ve Geleneksel Tıbbi Bitkiler, (Alp, H.) 2020;pp:97-104, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri Tic. Ltd. Şti.
  • Konuskan DB, Mungan B. Effects of variety, maturation and growing region on chemical properties, fatty acid and sterol compositions of virgin olive oils. JJ Am Oil Chem Soc 2016;93:1499-508.
  • Konuskan DB. Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of Hatay Olive Oils. TURJAF 2017;5:170-5.
  • Konuskan DB, Arslan M, Oksuz A. Physicochemical properties of cold pressed sunflower, peanut, rapeseed, mustard and olive oils grown in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019;26:340-4.
  • Kara M, Soylu S, Türkmen M, Kaya DA. Determination and antifungal activities of laurel and fennel essential oils against fungal disease agents of cypress seedlings. JOTAF 2020;17.
  • Mavi K, Kaya DA, Türkmen M, Ayanoğlu F. The Varıatıon Of Essentıal Oıl And Carvacrol Contents Of Natıve Grown Thymbra spicata var. spicata L., ICAMS 2020;8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems
  • Turkmen M, Mert A. Farklı azot dozlarının kişniş (Coriandrum sativum L.) yaş herba uçucu yağ bileşenleri üzerine etkisi, MKU J Agric Sci 2020;25:309-15.
  • Koksaldi IC, Ahan RE, Kose S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection with de novo-designed synthetic riboregulators Analytical Chemistry 2021;93:9719-27.
  • Hanifehnezhad A, Kehribar EŞ, Öztop S, et al. Characterization of local SARS-CoV-2 isolates and pathogenicity in IFNAR−/-mice. Heliyon 2020;6:e05116.
  • Boozari M, Hosseinzadeh H. Natural products for COVID-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel studies. Phytother Res 2021;35:864-76.
  • Ali I, Alharbi OM. COVID-19:Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. Science of total Environment 2020;728:138861.
  • Gezici S, Sekeroglu N. Novel SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-2019 outbreak:Current perspectives on plant-based antiviral agents and complementary therapy. Ind J Pharm Educ Res 2020;54:442-56.
  • Yang F, Zhang Y, Tariq A, et al. Food as medicine:A possible preventive measure against coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). Phytother Res 2020;34:3124-36.
  • Jafarı-Sales A, Pashazadeh M. Antibacterial Effect of Methanolic Extract of Saffron Petal (Crocus sativus L.) on Some Standard Gram Positive and Gram Negative Pathogenic Bacteria In vitro. CUPMAP 2020;3:1-7.
  • Patil S, Patil S. An appraisal on antiviral assets of some spices. J Med Plants Stud 2020;8:49-51.
  • Soleymani S, Zabihollahi R, Shahbazi S, Bolhassani A. Antiviral effects of saffron and its major ingredients. Curr Drug Deliv 2018;15:698-704.
  • Aqil K, Aslam A, Javeed A, et al. In vitro antiviral activity of Nigella sativa against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus. Pak J Zool 2018;50.
  • Brinza I, Boiangiu RS, Hancianu M, et al. Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) Incense Improved Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Rats by Restoring Cholinergic Dysfunction and Brain Antioxidant Status. Antioxidants 2021;10:259.
  • Gangal N, Nagle V, Pawar Y, Dasgupta S. Reconsidering Traditional Medicinal Plants to Combat COVID-19. AIJR Preprints 2020;1-6.
  • Alp H. The Importance of Phototherapy Agents in The COVID-19 Pandemıc, Current Comprehensive Approach to COVID- 19, (Eds:Alp H, Rağbetli MÇ, Koksoy H.) 2022;pp:65-78, Duvar Yayınları, Kemeraltı-Konak/ İzmir, Turkey.
  • Murck H. Symptomatic Protective Action of Glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 Infection. Front Immunol 2020;11:1219.
  • Karagöz S, Özbay E. ‘‘Koronavirüs-19 Hastalığının Makro ve Moleküler Olarak İncelenmesi:Derleme.’’ Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Derg 2021;3:110-66.

Altı Tıbbi Bitkinin Sitotoksik Etkileri ve SARS-CoV-2'ye Karşı Antiviral Etkinliğinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 5, 811 - 816, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1165597

Öz

Amaç: Bugün dünya genelinde 224 ülkede ölümlere neden olan COVID-19 salgını tüm dünyada etkisini göstermeye devam etmektedir. Ancak bitkilerden elde edilen doğal ürünlerin COVID-19 üzerindeki etkisini belirleyen malesef az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Ancak bilindiği üzere çoğu ilaçların kaynağı bitkilerdir ve tıbbi aromatik bitkiler insanlığın varoluşundan bu yana tedavi amaçlı sıkça kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Meyan (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Safran (Crocus sativus L.), Çörek otu (Nigella sativa L.), Defne (Lauris nobilis), Karabaş (Lavandula stoechas) ve Zahter (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata) gibi altı tibbi bitkinin sitotoksik etkileri ve SARS-CoV-2’ ye karşı antiviral etkinliklerini in vitro koşullarda araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma, iki aşamada gerçekleştirildi. İlk aşamada bitkiler toplandı ve ekstraktlar elde edildi. İkinci aşamanın başlangıcında, altı tıbbi bitkinin hücre kültüründe SARS-CoV-2’ye karşı geniş spektrumlu konsantrasyonlarda Vero hücreleri üzerindeki sitotoksik etkinlikleri incelendi. Bu aşamada, etnobotanik açıdan önemli altı tıbbi bitkinin SARS-CoV-2 üzerine sitotoksik olmadığı konsantrasyon belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamanın devamında, bitkilerin viral replikasyon inhibisyonunun belirlenmesi ve SARS-CoV-2’ ye karşı antiviral etkinlikleri değerlendirildi. Bu aşamada, bitkilerin sitotoksik etki göstermeyen konsantrasyonda SARS-CoV-2’ ye karşı in vitro koşullarda antiviral etkileri belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmada kullanılan altı bitkinin sitotoksik etkisi olmayan konsantrasyonu belirlendi. İncelenen bitkiler içerisinde SARS-CoV-2’ ye karşı in vitro koşullarda etkili olan tek bitkinin meyan bitkisi (Glycyrrhiza glabra) olduğu belirlendi. Meyan bitkisinin, başlangıç konsantrasyonunun ardından 2. seyreltmede (1:4) SARS-CoV-2’ yi in vitro koşullarda inhibe ettiği tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç; Çalışmamızdan elde edilen bulgulara göre, Meyan bitkisinin in vitro şartlarda SARS-CoV-2’ ye karşı etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bulgularımızın daha ileri çalışmalar ile desteklenerek COVID-19 pandemisi ile mücadeleye katkısı olabileceği düşünülebilir.

Proje Numarası

18 AG 020

Kaynakça

  • Benarba B, Pandiella A. Medicinal plants as sources of active molecules against COVID-19. Front. Pharmacol 2020;11:1189.
  • El Alami A, Fattah A, Chait A. Medicinal plants used for the prevention purposes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco. JASAB 2020;4-11.
  • Jebashree HS, Kingsley SJ, Sathish ES, Devapriya D. Antimicrobial activity of few medicinal plants against clinically isolated human cariogenic pathogens—An in vitro study. ISRN Dent 2011;2011:541421.
  • https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries,[Last updated:August 22 2022, 07:26 GMT]
  • Mirzaie A, Halaji M, Dehkordi FS, Ranjbar R, Noorbazargan HA.Narrative literature review on traditional medicine options for treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complement. Ther Clin Pract 2020;40:101214.
  • Jalali A, Dabaghian F, Akbrialiabad H, Foroughinia F, Zarshenas MMA. Pharmacology-based comprehensive review on medicinal plants and phytoactive constituents possibly effective in the management of COVID-19. Phytother Res 2021;35:1925-38.
  • Hong-Zhi DU, Xiao-Ying HOU, Yu-Huan MIAO, Huang BS, Da-Hui LIU. Traditional Chinese Medicine:an effective treatment for 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). Chin J Nat Med 2020;18:206-10.
  • Gokturk E. Asil H. Hatay/Kırıkhan’ da yetiştirilen safran (Crocus sativus L.) stigmasının ekstraktının GC-MS analizi. Türkjans 2018;5:317-321.
  • Asil H, Gokturk E. Uçucu Yağ Elde Etmede Modern Ekstraksiyon Yöntemleri, Güncel Fitoterapi ve Geleneksel Tıbbi Bitkiler, (Alp, H.) 2020;pp:97-104, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri Tic. Ltd. Şti.
  • Konuskan DB, Mungan B. Effects of variety, maturation and growing region on chemical properties, fatty acid and sterol compositions of virgin olive oils. JJ Am Oil Chem Soc 2016;93:1499-508.
  • Konuskan DB. Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of Hatay Olive Oils. TURJAF 2017;5:170-5.
  • Konuskan DB, Arslan M, Oksuz A. Physicochemical properties of cold pressed sunflower, peanut, rapeseed, mustard and olive oils grown in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019;26:340-4.
  • Kara M, Soylu S, Türkmen M, Kaya DA. Determination and antifungal activities of laurel and fennel essential oils against fungal disease agents of cypress seedlings. JOTAF 2020;17.
  • Mavi K, Kaya DA, Türkmen M, Ayanoğlu F. The Varıatıon Of Essentıal Oıl And Carvacrol Contents Of Natıve Grown Thymbra spicata var. spicata L., ICAMS 2020;8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems
  • Turkmen M, Mert A. Farklı azot dozlarının kişniş (Coriandrum sativum L.) yaş herba uçucu yağ bileşenleri üzerine etkisi, MKU J Agric Sci 2020;25:309-15.
  • Koksaldi IC, Ahan RE, Kose S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection with de novo-designed synthetic riboregulators Analytical Chemistry 2021;93:9719-27.
  • Hanifehnezhad A, Kehribar EŞ, Öztop S, et al. Characterization of local SARS-CoV-2 isolates and pathogenicity in IFNAR−/-mice. Heliyon 2020;6:e05116.
  • Boozari M, Hosseinzadeh H. Natural products for COVID-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel studies. Phytother Res 2021;35:864-76.
  • Ali I, Alharbi OM. COVID-19:Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. Science of total Environment 2020;728:138861.
  • Gezici S, Sekeroglu N. Novel SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-2019 outbreak:Current perspectives on plant-based antiviral agents and complementary therapy. Ind J Pharm Educ Res 2020;54:442-56.
  • Yang F, Zhang Y, Tariq A, et al. Food as medicine:A possible preventive measure against coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). Phytother Res 2020;34:3124-36.
  • Jafarı-Sales A, Pashazadeh M. Antibacterial Effect of Methanolic Extract of Saffron Petal (Crocus sativus L.) on Some Standard Gram Positive and Gram Negative Pathogenic Bacteria In vitro. CUPMAP 2020;3:1-7.
  • Patil S, Patil S. An appraisal on antiviral assets of some spices. J Med Plants Stud 2020;8:49-51.
  • Soleymani S, Zabihollahi R, Shahbazi S, Bolhassani A. Antiviral effects of saffron and its major ingredients. Curr Drug Deliv 2018;15:698-704.
  • Aqil K, Aslam A, Javeed A, et al. In vitro antiviral activity of Nigella sativa against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus. Pak J Zool 2018;50.
  • Brinza I, Boiangiu RS, Hancianu M, et al. Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) Incense Improved Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Rats by Restoring Cholinergic Dysfunction and Brain Antioxidant Status. Antioxidants 2021;10:259.
  • Gangal N, Nagle V, Pawar Y, Dasgupta S. Reconsidering Traditional Medicinal Plants to Combat COVID-19. AIJR Preprints 2020;1-6.
  • Alp H. The Importance of Phototherapy Agents in The COVID-19 Pandemıc, Current Comprehensive Approach to COVID- 19, (Eds:Alp H, Rağbetli MÇ, Koksoy H.) 2022;pp:65-78, Duvar Yayınları, Kemeraltı-Konak/ İzmir, Turkey.
  • Murck H. Symptomatic Protective Action of Glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 Infection. Front Immunol 2020;11:1219.
  • Karagöz S, Özbay E. ‘‘Koronavirüs-19 Hastalığının Makro ve Moleküler Olarak İncelenmesi:Derleme.’’ Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Derg 2021;3:110-66.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Orjinal Araştırma
Yazarlar

Bülent Işık 0000-0001-8753-8302

Hasan Asil 0000-0002-3690-1789

Harun Alp 0000-0002-9799-9556

Doç. Dr. Demet Cansaran Duman 0000-0001-5662-2333

Proje Numarası 18 AG 020
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

AMA Işık B, Asil H, Alp H, Cansaran Duman DDD. Investigation of Cytotoxic Effects and Antiviral Efficacy of Six Medicinal Plants against SARS-CoV-2. J Contemp Med. Eylül 2022;12(5):811-816. doi:10.16899/jcm.1165597

Cited By

COVID-19 prognosis and laboratory parameters
JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND STRATEGIC HEALTH RESEARCH
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1184296