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Sosyal İzolasyonun Anksiyete ve Yaşam Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 8 - 23, 22.09.2023

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, genel popülasyonda sosyal izolasyon koşullarının anksiyete ve yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalışmaya toplam 1384 katılımcı dahil edildi. Katılımcıların değerlendirilmesinde sosyodemografik form, Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği (BAÖ) ve Kısa Form-12'den (SF-12) oluşan çevrimiçi bir anket kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Evli katılımcılar daha yüksek BAÖ puanlarına (p=0,007) ve SF-12 fiziksel komponent puanlarına (p<0,01) sahipken, zihinsel komponent bekarlarda daha yüksekti (p<0,01). Evcil hayvan sahipleri, evcil hayvan sahibi olmayanlara göre daha düşük BAI puanlarına (p=0,02) ve daha düşük SF-12 fiziksel bileşen puanlarına sahipti (p=0,005). Meslekten emekli olan katılımcıların BAÖ puanları daha yüksekti (p<0.001). BAÖ puanları ile yaş (r=-0,118; p<0,001) arasında negatif, VKİ (r= 0,089; p=0,007) ve çocuk sayısı (r=0,107; p=0,001) ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğu belirlendi. SF-12'nin fiziksel bileşeni ile yaş (r=-0,175; p<0,001), VKİ (r=-0,167; p<0,001) ve çocuk sayısı (r=-0,120; p<0,001) arasında negatif korelasyon saptandı. SF-12 zihinsel komponent puanları yaş (r=-0,135; p<0,001), VKİ (r-0,130; p<0,001), günlük ortalama ekran süresi (r-0,076; p=0,022) ve çocuk sayısı ile negatif korelasyon gösterdi. (r-0.120; p<0.001).
Sonuç: Sosyal izolasyon, sağlığın çeşitli yönlerini önemli ölçüde etkiledi. Evli bireyler izolasyon koşullarında daha fazla anksiyete gösterdi. Kadın cinsiyet, evcil hayvan sahibi olma ve ekran başında geçirilen süre, daha düşük yaşam kalitesi puanları ile ilişkiliydi. Yaş, yüksek VKİ ve çocuk sayısı, fiziksel ve zihinsel sağlığı ve kaygı düzeyini etkiledi.

Kaynakça

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  • Amiot, C. E., Gagné, C., & Bastian, B. (2022, 2022/04/12). Pet ownership and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10019-z
  • Antoniadou, M. (2022). Estimation of Factors Affecting Burnout in Greek Dentists before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dentistry Journal, 10(6), 108.
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  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287, 112934.
  • Ceylan, A., Zirek, E., Akturk, S. O., & Calik, B. B. (2022). An examınatıon of the anxıety states of Turkısh health care workers durıng the COVID-19 pandemıc: a cross-sectıonal study. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 68, 389-394.
  • Czepczor-Bernat, K., Swami, V., Modrzejewska, A., & Modrzejewska, J. (2021). COVID-19-Related Stress and Anxiety, Body Mass Index, Eating Disorder Symptomatology, and Body Image in Women from Poland: A Cluster Analysis Approach. Nutrients, 13(4), 1384. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1384
  • Daneshfar, Z., Jahanian Sadatmahalleh, S., Youseflu, S., Bahri Khomami, M., & Kazemnejad, A. (2021, 2021/03/10). Influential factors on quality of life in married Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: a path analysis. BMC Women's Health, 21(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01114-2
  • Davies, C. A., Vandelanotte, C., Duncan, M. J., & van Uffelen, J. G. Z. (2012, 2012/07/01/). Associations of physical activity and screen-time on health related quality of life in adults. Preventive Medicine, 55(1), 46-49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.05.003
  • Dove, A., Guo, J., Calderón-Larrañaga, A., Vetrano, D. L., Fratiglioni, L., & Xu, W. (2022, Mar 16). Association between social isolation and reduced mental well-being in Swedish older adults during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of cardiometabolic diseases. Aging (Albany NY), 14(6), 2462-2474. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203956
  • Duan, Y., Peiris, D., Yang, M., Liang, W., Baker, J. S., Hu, C., & Shang, B. (2021). Lifestyle behaviors and quality of life among older adults after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei China. Frontiers in Public Health, 1951.
  • Duran, S., & Erkin, Ö. (2021, 2021/04/20/). Psychologic distress and sleep quality among adults in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107, 110254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110254
  • Elbay, R. Y., Kurtulmuş, A., Arpacıoğlu, S., & Karadere, E. (2020, 2020/08/01/). Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113130
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The Effect of Social Isolation on Anxiety and Quality of Life

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 8 - 23, 22.09.2023

Öz

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of social isolation conditions on anxiety and quality of life in the general population.
Method: A total of 1384 participants were included in this cross-sectional study. An online questionnaire consisting of a sociodemographic form, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Short Form-12 (SF-12) was used for the evaluation of the participants.
Results: Married participants had higher levels of BAI scores (p=0.007) and a higher SF-12 physical component score (p<0.01) while the mental component was higher in single individuals (p<0.01). Pet owners had lower BAI scores (p=0.02), and lower SF-12 physical component scores than non-pet owners (p=0.005). Participants who retired from their profession had higher BAI scores (p<0.001). The BAI scores were determined to be negatively correlated with age (r=-0.118; p<0.001) and positively correlated with BMI (r= 0.089; p=0.007) and number of children (r=0.107; p=0.001). A negative correlation was determined between the physical component of SF-12 and age (r=-0.175; p<0.001), BMI (r=-0.167; p<0.001), and number of children (r=-0.120; p<0.001). The SF-12 mental component scores were negatively correlated with age (r=-0.135; p<0.001), BMI (r-0.130; p<0.001), Daily Average Screen Time (r-0.076; p=0.022), and number of children (r-0.120; p<0.001).
Conclusion: Social isolation considerably influenced various aspects of health. Married individuals showed more anxiety under isolation conditions. Female gender, having a pet, and screen time were correlated with lower QoL scores. Age, higher BMI, and number of children influenced physical and mental health and the level of anxiety.

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy, A., Abiç, A., Değirmenci, F., & Vefikuluçay Yılmaz, D. (2021, 2021/10/01/). The relationship between quality of life and fear of Turkish individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35(5), 472-478. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2021.06.003
  • Amiot, C. E., Gagné, C., & Bastian, B. (2022, 2022/04/12). Pet ownership and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10019-z
  • Antoniadou, M. (2022). Estimation of Factors Affecting Burnout in Greek Dentists before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dentistry Journal, 10(6), 108.
  • Applebaum, J. W., Ellison, C., Struckmeyer, L., Zsembik, B. A., & McDonald, S. E. (2021, 2021-April-09). The Impact of Pets on Everyday Life for Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic [Original Research]. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.652610
  • Ayhan, F., Balsak, H., & Ayhan, V. (2022). The effects of compulsory isolation measures during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The example of prison workers. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 37(5), 2905-2917.
  • Bowen, J., García, E., Darder, P., Argüelles, J., & Fatjó, J. (2020, 2020/11/01/). The effects of the Spanish COVID-19 lockdown on people, their pets, and the human-animal bond. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 40, 75-91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.013
  • Bussolari, C., Currin-McCulloch, J., Packman, W., Kogan, L., & Erdman, P. (2021). “I couldn’t have asked for a better quarantine partner!”: Experiences with companion dogs during Covid-19. Animals, 11(2), 330.
  • Cam, H. H., Ustuner Top, F., & Kuzlu Ayyildiz, T. (2022, 2022/02/01). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and health-related quality of life among university students in Turkey. Current Psychology, 41(2), 1033-1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01674-y
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287, 112934.
  • Ceylan, A., Zirek, E., Akturk, S. O., & Calik, B. B. (2022). An examınatıon of the anxıety states of Turkısh health care workers durıng the COVID-19 pandemıc: a cross-sectıonal study. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 68, 389-394.
  • Czepczor-Bernat, K., Swami, V., Modrzejewska, A., & Modrzejewska, J. (2021). COVID-19-Related Stress and Anxiety, Body Mass Index, Eating Disorder Symptomatology, and Body Image in Women from Poland: A Cluster Analysis Approach. Nutrients, 13(4), 1384. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1384
  • Daneshfar, Z., Jahanian Sadatmahalleh, S., Youseflu, S., Bahri Khomami, M., & Kazemnejad, A. (2021, 2021/03/10). Influential factors on quality of life in married Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: a path analysis. BMC Women's Health, 21(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01114-2
  • Davies, C. A., Vandelanotte, C., Duncan, M. J., & van Uffelen, J. G. Z. (2012, 2012/07/01/). Associations of physical activity and screen-time on health related quality of life in adults. Preventive Medicine, 55(1), 46-49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.05.003
  • Dove, A., Guo, J., Calderón-Larrañaga, A., Vetrano, D. L., Fratiglioni, L., & Xu, W. (2022, Mar 16). Association between social isolation and reduced mental well-being in Swedish older adults during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of cardiometabolic diseases. Aging (Albany NY), 14(6), 2462-2474. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203956
  • Duan, Y., Peiris, D., Yang, M., Liang, W., Baker, J. S., Hu, C., & Shang, B. (2021). Lifestyle behaviors and quality of life among older adults after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei China. Frontiers in Public Health, 1951.
  • Duran, S., & Erkin, Ö. (2021, 2021/04/20/). Psychologic distress and sleep quality among adults in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107, 110254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110254
  • Elbay, R. Y., Kurtulmuş, A., Arpacıoğlu, S., & Karadere, E. (2020, 2020/08/01/). Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113130
  • Epifanio, M. S., Andrei, F., Mancini, G., Agostini, F., Piombo, M. A., Spicuzza, V., Riolo, M., Lavanco, G., Trombini, E., & La Grutta, S. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures on quality of life among Italian general population. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(2), 289.
  • Ferreira, L. N., Pereira, L. N., da Fé Brás, M., & Ilchuk, K. (2021). Quality of life under the COVID-19 quarantine. Quality of Life Research, 30(5), 1389-1405.
  • Fulden, S., Bayram, S., PALA, G. G., Çömçe, F., Küçük, H., & Oskay, D. (2022). Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients with post-COVID-19. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 581-588.
  • Gasteiger, N., Vedhara, K., Massey, A., Jia, R., Ayling, K., Chalder, T., Coupland, C., & Broadbent, E. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being. BMJ open, 11(5), e045325.
  • Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B., & Aydin, M. S. (2020, 2020/10/01/). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181-188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.024
  • Himmelstein, M. S., Beaver, J. N., & Gilman, T. L. (2022). Anxiety and stress over COVID‐19 pandemic associated with increased eating. Obesity Science & Practice, 8(3), 338-351.
  • Horesh, D., Kapel Lev‐Ari, R., & Hasson‐Ohayon, I. (2020). Risk factors for psychological distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Israel: Loneliness, age, gender, and health status play an important role. British journal of health psychology, 25(4), 925-933.
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R. P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142(3), 249-256.
  • Jung, S. J., & Jun, J. Y. (2020). Mental health and psychological intervention amid COVID-19 outbreak: perspectives from South Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal, 61(4), 271-272.
  • Kayis, A. R., Satici, B., Deniz, M. E., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). Fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing among the Turkish general population: a serial mediation model. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(11), 2484-2496.
  • Kilincel, O., Muratdagi, G., Aydin, A., Oksuz, A., Atadag, Y. B., Etcioglu, E., & Ozen, F. (2020). The anxiety and loneliness levels of geriatric population in-home quarantine during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Klinenberg, E. (2016). Social isolation, loneliness, and living alone: identifying the risks for public health. American journal of public health, 106(5), 786.
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 2032.
  • Malesza, M., & Kaczmarek, M. C. (2021, 2021/02/15/). Predictors of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110419
  • Martin, F., Bachert, K. E., Snow, L., Tu, H.-W., Belahbib, J., & Lyn, S. A. (2021). Depression, anxiety, and happiness in dog owners and potential dog owners during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. PloS one, 16(12), e0260676.
  • Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. (2020, 2020/06/01/). Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102076. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102076
  • Mohsen, S., El-Masry, R., Ali, O. F., & Abdel-Hady, D. (2022, 2022/05/19). Quality of life during COVID-19 pandemic: a community-based study in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. Global Health Research and Policy, 7(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-022-00246-2
  • Nkire, N., Nwachukwu, I., Shalaby, R., Hrabok, M., Vuong, W., Gusnowski, A., Surood, S., Greenshaw, A. J., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2021, Jan 14). COVID-19 pandemic: influence of relationship status on stress, anxiety, and depression in Canada. Ir J Psychol Med, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2021.1
  • Piquero, A. R., Riddell, J. R., Bishopp, S. A., Narvey, C., Reid, J. A., & Piquero, N. L. (2020, 2020/08/01). Staying Home, Staying Safe? A Short-Term Analysis of COVID-19 on Dallas Domestic Violence. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(4), 601-635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09531-7
  • Potas, N., Koçtürk, N., & Toygar, S. A. (2021). Anxiety effects on quality of life during the COVID-19 outbreak: A parallel-serial mediation model among nurses in Turkey. Work, 69, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-205050
  • Qin, F., Song, Y., Nassis, G. P., Zhao, L., Dong, Y., Zhao, C., Feng, Y., & Zhao, J. (2020, Jul 17). Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Emotional Well-Being during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145170
  • Rahman, A., & Jahan, Y. (2020). Defining a ‘risk group’and ageism in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(8), 631-634.
  • Robinson, E., Gillespie, S., & Jones, A. (2020). Weight‐related lifestyle behaviours and the COVID‐19 crisis: An online survey study of UK adults during social lockdown. Obesity science & practice, 6(6), 735-740.
  • Rumas, R., Shamblaw, A. L., Jagtap, S., & Best, M. W. (2021, 2021/06/01/). Predictors and consequences of loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 300, 113934. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113934
  • Saraiva, M. D., Apolinario, D., Avelino-Silva, T. J., De Assis Moura Tavares, C., Gattás-Vernaglia, I. F., Marques Fernandes, C., Rabelo, L. M., Tavares Fernandes Yamaguti, S., Karnakis, T., Kalil-Filho, R., Jacob-Filho, W., & Romero Aliberti, M. J. (2021, 2021/04/01). The Impact of Frailty on the Relationship between Life-Space Mobility and Quality of Life in Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 25(4), 440-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1532-z
  • Shanbehzadeh, S., Tavahomi, M., Zanjari, N., Ebrahimi-Takamjani, I., & Amiri-Arimi, S. (2021). Physical and mental health complications post-COVID-19: Scoping review. Journal of psychosomatic research, 147, 110525.
  • Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martinez, A. P., McKay, R., Stocks, T. V. A., Bennett, K. M., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., & Bentall, R. P. (2020). Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19-related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Open, 6(6), e125, Article e125. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.109
  • Siew, S. K. H., Mahendran, R., & Yu, J. (2021, 2021/12/01/). Directional Effects of Social Isolation and Quality of Life on Anxiety Levels Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults During a COVID-19 Lockdown. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(12), 1274-1279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.03.012
  • Singh, J., & Singh, J. (2020). COVID-19 and its impact on society. Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2.
  • Suryavanshi, N., Kadam, A., Dhumal, G., Nimkar, S., Mave, V., Gupta, A., Cox, S. R., & Gupte, N. (2020). Mental health and quality of life among healthcare professionals during the COVID‐19 pandemic in India. Brain and behavior, 10(11), e01837.
  • Swami, V., Horne, G., & Furnham, A. (2021, 2021/02/15/). COVID-19-related stress and anxiety are associated with negative body image in adults from the United Kingdom. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110426. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110426
  • Taylor, H. O., Taylor, R. J., Nguyen, A. W., & Chatters, L. (2018). Social isolation, depression, and psychological distress among older adults. Journal of aging and health, 30(2), 229-246.
  • Tekin, U. (2022). Evaluation of Psychosocial Symptoms in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey by Comparing Them with the Pre-pandemic Situation and Its Relationship with Quality of Life. Medical Journal of Bakirkoy, 18(3).
  • Teotônio, I., Hecht, M., Castro, L. C., Gandolfi, L., Pratesi, R., Nakano, E. Y., Puppin Zandonadi, R., & Pratesi, C. B. (2020, Nov 18). Repercussion of COVID-19 Pandemic on Brazilians' Quality of Life: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228554
  • Ulusoy, M., Sahin, N. H., & Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties. Journal of cognitive psychotherapy, 12(2), 163.
  • Varma, P., Junge, M., Meaklim, H., & Jackson, M. L. (2021, 2021/07/13/). Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 109, 110236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(5), 1729. Wang, H., Xia, Q., Xiong, Z., Li, Z., Xiang, W., Yuan, Y., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2020). The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey. Plos one, 15(5), e0233410.
  • Wang, S. D., Devjani, S., Chillakanti, M., Dunton, G. F., & Mason, T. B. (2021, 2021/08/01/). The COMET study: Examining the effects of COVID-19-related perceived stress on Los Angeles Mothers’ dysregulated eating behaviors, child feeding practices, and body mass index. Appetite, 163, 105209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105209
  • Wilson, J. M., Lee, J., & Shook, N. J. (2021). COVID-19 worries and mental health: the moderating effect of age. Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1289-1296.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Halk Sağlığı (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Eren Avcıl 0000-0001-5477-240X

İpek Yeldan 0000-0002-6344-4157

Emrah Zirek 0000-0002-0546-5961

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Avcıl, E., Yeldan, İ., & Zirek, E. (2023). The Effect of Social Isolation on Anxiety and Quality of Life. Journal of Kocaeli Health and Technology University, 1(2), 8-23.


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