Araştırma Makalesi
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Neonatal buzağı ishal olgularında enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu enfeksiyonu

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 133 - 142, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1166863

Öz

Neonatal döneminde en önemli mortalite sebebi olan buzağı ishalleri birçok faktöre bağlı olarak gelişmekte ve büyük ekonomik kayıplara sebep olmaktadır. Türkiye’ de bugüne kadar yapılan epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda, viral etkenlerin yeni doğan buzağılarda önemli oranda neonatal ishal olgularına neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada şiddetli ishal ve neonatal ölümlerin görüldüğü buzağılarda çoklu viral enfeksiyonların rolü araştırıldı. Çalışma kapsamında toplanan dışkı örnekleri (n=16) üç farklı hücre hattında (MDBK, HRT-18 ve MA-104) virus izolasyonuna alınmıştır. Tüm örneklere 4 kör pasaj işlemi ve sonrasında IPMA testi uygulandı. Bu süreçte araştırılan enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) hücre kültüründe izolasyonu yapılamadı. Çalışma kapsamında dışkı örneklerinden PCR ve Ag ELISA testlerinin sonuçlarına göre, ishal semptomu gösteren 16 buzağıdan alınan dışkı örneklerinin 14 (%87,5) adedinde araştırılan enterik virusların en az bir tanesi tespit edildi. Araştırılan olgularda tek BRV enfeksiyonuna rastlanmazken; 2 (%12,5) hayvanda tek BCoV, 2 (%12,5) hayvanda tek BVDV, 2 (% 12,5) hayvanda tek BToV enfeksiyonu saptandı. Diğer yandan 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BRV ve BVDV, 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BCoV ve BToV, 4 (%25) hayvanda BCoV ve BVDV, 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BVDV ve BToV içeren ikili enfeksiyonlar saptandı. 1 (%6,25) hayvanda ise BVDV, BToV ve BCoV olmak üzere enterik virusların oluşturduğu üçlü enfeksiyon saptandı. SDS-PAGE testinde akrilamid jel üzerinde RNA segmentlerinin bant profillerine göre (4/2/3/2) tespit edilen rotavirusun grup A'da yer aldığı gösterildi. Ayrıca çalışmada da PCR testi ile pozitif saptanan rotavirusun, G10P[11] genotipine sahip olduğu, genotip spesifik primerler kullanılarak tespit edildi. Bu araştırmada neonatal buzağı ishallerine sebep olabilen önemli viral etkenler olan BRV, BCoV, BVDV ve BToV’ un aynı işletmede eş zamanlı olarak görülebileceği ve şiddetli hastalık bulguları ve kayıplara neden olabileceği gösterilmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bursa Uludağ University Research Fund (BUU-BAP); Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBİTAK)

Proje Numarası

OUAP(V)-2020/12; 118 G 012

Teşekkür

Bu makale Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenen DDP(V)-2020/12 numaralı ve ' Buzağı ishal olgularında Bovine Rotavirus (BRV) ve Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) tespiti ve karakterizasyonu ' başlıklı tez projesinden üretilmiştir. Özer ATEŞ ayrıca TÜBİTAK (Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu) bursuyla da desteklenmiştir (Proje no: 118 G 012).

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar 1. Shi Z, Wang W, Chen C, et al. First report and genetic characterization of bovine torovirus in diarrhoeic calves in China. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02494-1
  • 2. Dhama K, Chauhan RS, Mahendran M, Malik SVS. Rotavirus diarrhea in bovines and other domestic animals. Vet Res Commun. 2009;33(1):1-23. doi:10.1007/s11259-008-9070-x
  • 3. Constable PD. Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18(1):8-17. doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<8:AUITTO>2.0.CO;2
  • 4. Elitok ÖM, Elitok B. Parenteral Applications of Colostrum Serums in Treatment and Prevention of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea. Kocatepe Vet J. 2016;9(3):211-214. doi:10.5578/kvj.24243
  • 5. Alkan F, Ozkul A, Oguzoglu TC, et al. Distribution of G (VP7) and P (VP4) genotypes of group A bovine rotaviruses from Turkish calves with diarrhea, 1997-2008. Vet Microbiol. 2010;141(3-4):231-237. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.016
  • 6. Elkady G, Zhu J, Peng Q, et al. Isolation and whole protein characterization of species A and B bovine rotaviruses from Chinese calves. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;89:104715. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104715
  • 7. Otto PH, Rosenhain S, Elschner MC, et al. Detection of rotavirus species A, B and C in domestic mammalian animals with diarrhoea and genotyping of bovine species A rotavirus strains. Vet Microbiol. 2015;179(3-4):168-176. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.021
  • 8. da Silva Medeiros TN, Lorenzetti E, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. G and P genotype profiles of rotavirus A field strains circulating in beef and dairy cattle herds in Brazil, 2006–2015. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;64(July 2018):90-98. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.002
  • 9. Abdou NEMI, Majeed QAH, Saad AA, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Bowen MD, Samy A. Cross-sectional study and genotyping of rotavirus-A infections in ruminants in Kuwait. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17(1):4-11. doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02944-4
  • 10. Shin J, Tark D, Le VP, et al. Genetic characterization of bovine coronavirus in Vietnam. Virus Genes. 2019;55(3):415-420. doi:10.1007/s11262-019-01647-1
  • 11. Oguzoglu TC, Muz D, Yilmaz V, Alkan F, Akça Y, Burgu I. Molecular characterization of bovine virus diarrhea viruses species 2 (BVDV-2) from cattle in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2010;42(6):1175-1180. doi:10.1007/s11250-010-9544-z
  • 12. Hou P, Zhao G, Wang H, He H. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy cattle herds in eastern China. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019;51(4):791-798. doi:10.1007/s11250-018-1751-z
  • 13. Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and global distribution of subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Viruses. 2017;9(6). doi:10.3390/v9060128
  • 14. Gülaçti I, Işidan H, Sözdutmaz I. Detection of bovine torovirus in fecal specimens from calves with diarrhea in Turkey. Arch Virol. 2014;159(7):1623-1627. doi:10.1007/s00705-014-1977-7
  • 15. Alpay G, Yeşilbağ K. Serological relationships among subgroups in bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1 (BVDV-1). Vet Microbiol. 2015;175(1):1-6. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.034
  • 16. Herring AJ, Inglis NF, Ojeh CK, Snodgrass DR, Menzies JD. Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;16(3):473-477. doi:10.1128/jcm.16.3.473-477.1982
  • 17. Bohl EH, Theil KW, Saif LJ. Isolation and serotyping of porcine rotaviruses and antigenic comparison with other rotaviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;19(2):105-111. doi:10.1128/jcm.19.2.105-111.1984
  • 18. Toker EB, Yeşilbağ K. Molecular characterization and comparison of diagnostic methods for bovine respiratory viruses (BPIV-3, BRSV, BVDV, and BoHV-1) in field samples in northwestern Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2021;53(1). doi:10.1007/s11250-020-02489-y
  • 19. Yeşilbaǧ K, Förster C, Ozyiǧit MO, et al. Characterisation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates from an outbreak with haemorrhagic enteritis and severe pneumonia. Vet Microbiol. 2014;169(1-2):42-49. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.005
  • 20. Izzo MM, Kirkland PD, Mohler VL, Perkins NR, Gunn AA, House JK. Prevalence of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhoea. Aust Vet J. 2011;89(5):167-173. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00692.x
  • 21. Laamanen UI, Neuvonen EP, Yliviuhkola EM, Veijalainen PML. Comparison of RT-PCR assay and virus isolation in cell cultures for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in field samples. Res Vet Sci. 1997;63(3):199-203. doi:10.1016/S0034-5288(97)90020-5
  • 22. Saklı G, Bulut O, Hasoksuz M, Hadımlı H. Investigation of bovine coronavirus and bovine rotavirus by rapid diagnosis kit and RT-PCR in diarrheic calf feces. J Istanbul Veterınary Scıences Rev. 2017;3(3):89-94. doi:10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.601639 To
  • 23. PESTİL Z, GÜLYAZ V, HASÖKSÜZ M. Marmara Bölgesinde Yeni Doğan Buzağı İshallerinde Bovine Coronavirusların Saptanması ve Patojenite Çalışması. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyoloji Derg. 2016;27(1):16-20. doi:10.35864/evmd.514149
  • 24. Feray A. BUZAĞI İSHALLERİNDE ROTAVİRUS VE CORONA VİRUSLARlN ROLÜ. Ankara Üniversitesi Vet Fakültesi Derg. 1998;45(1):1. doi:10.1501/vetfak_0000000609
  • 25. Hoet AE, Nielsen PR, Hasoksuz M, Thomas C, Wittum TE, Saif LJ. Detection of bovine torovirus and other enteric pathogens in feces from diarrhea cases in cattle. J Vet Diagnostic Investig. 2003;15(3):205-212. doi:10.1177/104063870301500301
  • 26. Duckmanton L, Carman S, Nagy E, Petric M. Detection of Bovine Torovirus in Fecal Specimens of Calves with Diarrhea from Ontario Farms. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(5):1266-1270. doi:10.1128/JCM.36.5.1266-1270.1998
  • 27. Aydin H, Timurkan MO, Kirmizi GA. Sequence analysis of Turkish field strains of bovine torovirus shows unique amino acid changes in the partial M gene. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2019;9(3):129-134. doi:10.4103/2221-1691.254607
  • 28. Yazıcı Z, Akça Yılmaz. Buzagılarda rotavirus enfeksiyonlarının seroepidemiyolojisi ve ELISA testi ile rotavirus antijenlerinin identifikasyon. 1993;40(2):231-240.
  • 29. Çabalar M, Kaya A, Arslan S. Yeni dogan buzağıların ishal olgularında Rotavirus ve Coronavirus araştırılması. Vet Bil Derg. 2007;23(3-4):103-106.
  • 30. Barman P, Ghosh S, Das S, et al. Sequencing and sequence analysis of VP7 and NSP5 genes reveal emergence of a new genotype of bovine group B rotaviruses in India. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(6):2816-2818. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.6.2816-2818.2004
  • 31. Rahman M, Banik S, Faruque ASG, et al. Detection and characterization of human group C rotaviruses in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(9):4460-4465. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.9.4460-4465.2005
  • 32. Iturriza Gómara M, Wong C, Blome S, Desselberger U, Gray J. Molecular Characterization of VP6 Genes of Human Rotavirus Isolates: Correlation of Genogroups with Subgroups and Evidence of Independent Segregation. J Virol. 2002;76(13):6596-6601. doi:10.1128/jvi.76.13.6596-6601.2002
  • 33. Falcone E, Tarantino M, Di Trani L, Cordioli P, Lavazza A, Tollis M. Determination of bovine rotavirus G and P serotypes in Italy by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(12):3879-3882. doi:10.1128/jcm.37.12.3879-3882.1999

Concurrent infections of enteric viruses (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) in calves with neonatal diarrhea

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 133 - 142, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1166863

Öz

Calf diarrhea, which develops in the neonatal period and is the most important cause of mortality, develops depending on many factors and causes significant economic losses all over the world. In the epidemiological studies conducted in Turkey to date, it has been shown that diarrhea often occurs after the calving period and causes great economic losses with growth retardation, treatment costs and deaths. Stool samples collected in the study were isolated in three different cell lines (MDBK, HRT-18 and MA-104), enteric viruses (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV), which were intended to be obtained after four blind passages and IPMA test, could not be isolated in cell culture. According to the results of PCR and Ag ELISA tests from stool samples within the scope of the study, at least one of the investigated enteric viruses was detected in 14 (87.5%) stool samples taken from 16 calves with diarrhea symptoms. While no single BRV infection was found in the study; Single BCoV infection was detected in 2 (12.5%) calves, single BVDV infection in 2 (12.5%) calves, and single BToV infection in 2 (12.5%) calves. Dual infections of BRV and BVDV were detected in 1 (6.25%) calf, BCoV and BToV in 1 (6.25%) calf, BCoV and BVDV in 4 (25%) calves, and BVDV and BToV in 1 (6.25%) calf. A triple multible infection of enteric viruses, BVDV, BToV and BCoV, was detected in 1 (6.25%) calf. Rotavirus, which was detected according to the migration pattern of RNA segments (4/2/3/2) on acrylamide gel in the SDS-PAGE test, was shown to be in group A. In addition, in the study, it was determined by using genotype-specific primers that the rotavirus, which was detected positive by PCR test, had the G10P[11] genotype. In this study, it was shown that BRV, BCoV, BVDV and BToV, which are important viral agents that can cause neonatal calf diarrhea, can be seen simultaneously in the same farm and cause severe disease findings and losses.

Proje Numarası

OUAP(V)-2020/12; 118 G 012

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar 1. Shi Z, Wang W, Chen C, et al. First report and genetic characterization of bovine torovirus in diarrhoeic calves in China. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02494-1
  • 2. Dhama K, Chauhan RS, Mahendran M, Malik SVS. Rotavirus diarrhea in bovines and other domestic animals. Vet Res Commun. 2009;33(1):1-23. doi:10.1007/s11259-008-9070-x
  • 3. Constable PD. Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18(1):8-17. doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<8:AUITTO>2.0.CO;2
  • 4. Elitok ÖM, Elitok B. Parenteral Applications of Colostrum Serums in Treatment and Prevention of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea. Kocatepe Vet J. 2016;9(3):211-214. doi:10.5578/kvj.24243
  • 5. Alkan F, Ozkul A, Oguzoglu TC, et al. Distribution of G (VP7) and P (VP4) genotypes of group A bovine rotaviruses from Turkish calves with diarrhea, 1997-2008. Vet Microbiol. 2010;141(3-4):231-237. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.016
  • 6. Elkady G, Zhu J, Peng Q, et al. Isolation and whole protein characterization of species A and B bovine rotaviruses from Chinese calves. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;89:104715. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104715
  • 7. Otto PH, Rosenhain S, Elschner MC, et al. Detection of rotavirus species A, B and C in domestic mammalian animals with diarrhoea and genotyping of bovine species A rotavirus strains. Vet Microbiol. 2015;179(3-4):168-176. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.021
  • 8. da Silva Medeiros TN, Lorenzetti E, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. G and P genotype profiles of rotavirus A field strains circulating in beef and dairy cattle herds in Brazil, 2006–2015. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;64(July 2018):90-98. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.002
  • 9. Abdou NEMI, Majeed QAH, Saad AA, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Bowen MD, Samy A. Cross-sectional study and genotyping of rotavirus-A infections in ruminants in Kuwait. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17(1):4-11. doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02944-4
  • 10. Shin J, Tark D, Le VP, et al. Genetic characterization of bovine coronavirus in Vietnam. Virus Genes. 2019;55(3):415-420. doi:10.1007/s11262-019-01647-1
  • 11. Oguzoglu TC, Muz D, Yilmaz V, Alkan F, Akça Y, Burgu I. Molecular characterization of bovine virus diarrhea viruses species 2 (BVDV-2) from cattle in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2010;42(6):1175-1180. doi:10.1007/s11250-010-9544-z
  • 12. Hou P, Zhao G, Wang H, He H. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy cattle herds in eastern China. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019;51(4):791-798. doi:10.1007/s11250-018-1751-z
  • 13. Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and global distribution of subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Viruses. 2017;9(6). doi:10.3390/v9060128
  • 14. Gülaçti I, Işidan H, Sözdutmaz I. Detection of bovine torovirus in fecal specimens from calves with diarrhea in Turkey. Arch Virol. 2014;159(7):1623-1627. doi:10.1007/s00705-014-1977-7
  • 15. Alpay G, Yeşilbağ K. Serological relationships among subgroups in bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1 (BVDV-1). Vet Microbiol. 2015;175(1):1-6. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.034
  • 16. Herring AJ, Inglis NF, Ojeh CK, Snodgrass DR, Menzies JD. Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;16(3):473-477. doi:10.1128/jcm.16.3.473-477.1982
  • 17. Bohl EH, Theil KW, Saif LJ. Isolation and serotyping of porcine rotaviruses and antigenic comparison with other rotaviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;19(2):105-111. doi:10.1128/jcm.19.2.105-111.1984
  • 18. Toker EB, Yeşilbağ K. Molecular characterization and comparison of diagnostic methods for bovine respiratory viruses (BPIV-3, BRSV, BVDV, and BoHV-1) in field samples in northwestern Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2021;53(1). doi:10.1007/s11250-020-02489-y
  • 19. Yeşilbaǧ K, Förster C, Ozyiǧit MO, et al. Characterisation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates from an outbreak with haemorrhagic enteritis and severe pneumonia. Vet Microbiol. 2014;169(1-2):42-49. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.005
  • 20. Izzo MM, Kirkland PD, Mohler VL, Perkins NR, Gunn AA, House JK. Prevalence of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhoea. Aust Vet J. 2011;89(5):167-173. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00692.x
  • 21. Laamanen UI, Neuvonen EP, Yliviuhkola EM, Veijalainen PML. Comparison of RT-PCR assay and virus isolation in cell cultures for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in field samples. Res Vet Sci. 1997;63(3):199-203. doi:10.1016/S0034-5288(97)90020-5
  • 22. Saklı G, Bulut O, Hasoksuz M, Hadımlı H. Investigation of bovine coronavirus and bovine rotavirus by rapid diagnosis kit and RT-PCR in diarrheic calf feces. J Istanbul Veterınary Scıences Rev. 2017;3(3):89-94. doi:10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.601639 To
  • 23. PESTİL Z, GÜLYAZ V, HASÖKSÜZ M. Marmara Bölgesinde Yeni Doğan Buzağı İshallerinde Bovine Coronavirusların Saptanması ve Patojenite Çalışması. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyoloji Derg. 2016;27(1):16-20. doi:10.35864/evmd.514149
  • 24. Feray A. BUZAĞI İSHALLERİNDE ROTAVİRUS VE CORONA VİRUSLARlN ROLÜ. Ankara Üniversitesi Vet Fakültesi Derg. 1998;45(1):1. doi:10.1501/vetfak_0000000609
  • 25. Hoet AE, Nielsen PR, Hasoksuz M, Thomas C, Wittum TE, Saif LJ. Detection of bovine torovirus and other enteric pathogens in feces from diarrhea cases in cattle. J Vet Diagnostic Investig. 2003;15(3):205-212. doi:10.1177/104063870301500301
  • 26. Duckmanton L, Carman S, Nagy E, Petric M. Detection of Bovine Torovirus in Fecal Specimens of Calves with Diarrhea from Ontario Farms. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(5):1266-1270. doi:10.1128/JCM.36.5.1266-1270.1998
  • 27. Aydin H, Timurkan MO, Kirmizi GA. Sequence analysis of Turkish field strains of bovine torovirus shows unique amino acid changes in the partial M gene. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2019;9(3):129-134. doi:10.4103/2221-1691.254607
  • 28. Yazıcı Z, Akça Yılmaz. Buzagılarda rotavirus enfeksiyonlarının seroepidemiyolojisi ve ELISA testi ile rotavirus antijenlerinin identifikasyon. 1993;40(2):231-240.
  • 29. Çabalar M, Kaya A, Arslan S. Yeni dogan buzağıların ishal olgularında Rotavirus ve Coronavirus araştırılması. Vet Bil Derg. 2007;23(3-4):103-106.
  • 30. Barman P, Ghosh S, Das S, et al. Sequencing and sequence analysis of VP7 and NSP5 genes reveal emergence of a new genotype of bovine group B rotaviruses in India. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(6):2816-2818. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.6.2816-2818.2004
  • 31. Rahman M, Banik S, Faruque ASG, et al. Detection and characterization of human group C rotaviruses in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(9):4460-4465. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.9.4460-4465.2005
  • 32. Iturriza Gómara M, Wong C, Blome S, Desselberger U, Gray J. Molecular Characterization of VP6 Genes of Human Rotavirus Isolates: Correlation of Genogroups with Subgroups and Evidence of Independent Segregation. J Virol. 2002;76(13):6596-6601. doi:10.1128/jvi.76.13.6596-6601.2002
  • 33. Falcone E, Tarantino M, Di Trani L, Cordioli P, Lavazza A, Tollis M. Determination of bovine rotavirus G and P serotypes in Italy by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(12):3879-3882. doi:10.1128/jcm.37.12.3879-3882.1999
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Özer Ateş 0000-0001-7676-9033

Kadir Yeşilbağ 0000-0003-1793-6879

Proje Numarası OUAP(V)-2020/12; 118 G 012
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 2 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ateş, Ö., & Yeşilbağ, K. (2022). Neonatal buzağı ishal olgularında enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu enfeksiyonu. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine, 41(2), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1166863
AMA Ateş Ö, Yeşilbağ K. Neonatal buzağı ishal olgularında enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu enfeksiyonu. J Res Vet Med. Aralık 2022;41(2):133-142. doi:10.30782/jrvm.1166863
Chicago Ateş, Özer, ve Kadir Yeşilbağ. “Neonatal buzağı Ishal olgularında Enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu Enfeksiyonu”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 41, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 133-42. https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1166863.
EndNote Ateş Ö, Yeşilbağ K (01 Aralık 2022) Neonatal buzağı ishal olgularında enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu enfeksiyonu. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 41 2 133–142.
IEEE Ö. Ateş ve K. Yeşilbağ, “Neonatal buzağı ishal olgularında enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu enfeksiyonu”, J Res Vet Med, c. 41, sy. 2, ss. 133–142, 2022, doi: 10.30782/jrvm.1166863.
ISNAD Ateş, Özer - Yeşilbağ, Kadir. “Neonatal buzağı Ishal olgularında Enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu Enfeksiyonu”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 41/2 (Aralık 2022), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1166863.
JAMA Ateş Ö, Yeşilbağ K. Neonatal buzağı ishal olgularında enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu enfeksiyonu. J Res Vet Med. 2022;41:133–142.
MLA Ateş, Özer ve Kadir Yeşilbağ. “Neonatal buzağı Ishal olgularında Enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu Enfeksiyonu”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine, c. 41, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 133-42, doi:10.30782/jrvm.1166863.
Vancouver Ateş Ö, Yeşilbağ K. Neonatal buzağı ishal olgularında enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu enfeksiyonu. J Res Vet Med. 2022;41(2):133-42.