Öz
Menstruation
is a process that throughout for many years in a woman's life. Women use
different products to maintain menstrual hygiene according to their personal
preferences, opportunities, economic situation, culture, knowledge and
education in this duration. Sanitary napkins, tampons, reusable pads and
menstrual cups are among the hygiene products used during menstruation. Menstrual
hygiene product commonly used in the world are sanitary pads. Pads are
frequnently preferred by many women for reasons such as access and ease of use.
But, the fact that the used pad cannot be removed safely, is not recycled in
nature and leads to cost surplus are among the disadvantages. Nowadays
environmental pollution and economic problems have increased. Therefore, the menstrual
hygiene product should be economical, reusable and environmentally friendly. The
menstrual cup is a product having these properties and therefore appears to be
a menstrual material that can be used more frequently today. The menstrual cup
is a menstrual hygiene product that has existed for many years but is not as
widely used as pads. It is a conspicuous product that is accepted by women,
being environmentally friendly and cost effective despite its limited usage. It
also contributes to the elimination of the problems experienced by women during
the menstruation period such as swimming and clothing selection. The aim of
this review is to reveal how menstrual cup is a menstrual hygiene product and
its positive and negative properties.
Anahtar Kelimeler
nurse; menstrual hygiene products; menstrual cup; menstruation
Kaynakça
- African Population and Health Research Center. (2010). Attitudes towards, and acceptability of, menstrual cups as a method for managing menstruation: Experiences of women and schoolgirls in Nairobi, Kenya. Policy Brief, 1–8.
- Archary, D., Liebenberg, L. J., Werner, L., Tulsi, S., Majola, N., Naicker, N., … Garrett, N. J. (2015). Randomized cross-sectional study to compare HIV-1 specific antibody and cytokine concentrations in female genital secretions obtained by menstrual cup and cervicovaginal lavage. PLoS ONE, 10(7), 1–16.
- Arumugam, B., Nagalingam, S., Mahendra Varman, P., Ravi, P., & Ganesan, R. (2014). Menstrual hygiene practices: Is it practically impractical? International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 4(4), 472–474.
- Averbach, S., Sahin-hodoglugil, N., & Musara, P. (2009). Duet ® for menstrual protection : a feasibility study in Zimbabwe. Contraception, 79(6), 463–468.
- Beksinska, M., Smit, J., Greener, R., Maphumulo, V., & Mabude, Z. (2015). Better menstrual management options for adolescents needed in South Africa : What about the menstrual. S Afr Med J, 105(5), 9205.
- Cheng, M., Kung, R., Hannah, M., Wilansky, D., & Shime, J. (1995). Menses Cup * evaluation study. Fertility and Sterility, 64(3), 661–663.
- Columbia Global Centers. (2015). Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools.49.
- Day, S. (2012). A retained menstrual cup. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 23, 367–368.
- Dhingra, R., Kumar, A., & Kour, M. (2009). Knowledge and practices related to menstruation among Tribal (Gujjar) adolescent girls. Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 3(1), 43–48.
- Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. (2014). 2013 Türkiye nüfus ve sağlık araştırması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Türkiye.
- House, S., Mahon, T., & Cavill, S. (2012). Menstrual Hygiene Matters Hygiene Around The World (1st ed.). United Kingdom.354.
- House, S., Mahon, T., & Cavill, S. (2013). Bookshelf: Menstrual hygiene matters: a resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world. Reproductive Health Matters, 21(41), 257–259.
- Howard, C., Rose, C., Trouton, K., Stamm, H., Marentette, D., Kirkpatrick, N., … Paget, J. (2011). FLOW ( finding lasting options for women ) Multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing tampons with menstrual cups Recherche Flux menstruel : à la recherche d ’ une alternative durable pour les femmes. Canadian Family Physician, 57(6), 208–215.
- Hyttel, M., Thomsen, C. F., Luff, B., Storrusten, H., Nyakato, V. N., & Tellier, M. (2017). Drivers and challenges to use of menstrual cups among schoolgirls in rural Uganda: A qualitative study. Waterlines, 36(2), 109–124.
- Juma, J., Nyothach, E., Laserson, K. F., Oduor, C., Arita, L., Ouma, C., … Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2017). Examining the safety of menstrual cups among rural primary school girls in western Kenya: Observational studies nested in a randomised controlled feasibility study. BMJ Open, 7(4), 1–9.
- Kakani, C. R., & Bhatt, J. K. (2017). Study of adaptability and efficacy of menstrual cup in managing menstrual health and hygiene. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6(7), 3045–3053.
- Karnaky, K. (1962). Internal menstrual protection with the rubber menstrual cup. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 19(5), 688–691.
- Kumar, A., & Srivastava, K. (2011). Cultural and social practices regarding menstruation among adolescent girls. Social Work in Public Health, 26(6), 594–604.
- Liswood, R. (1959). Internal menstrual protection use of a safe and sanitary menstrual cup. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 13(5), 539–543.
- Liu, H., Zhang, Y., & Yao, J. (2014). Preparation and properties of an eco-friendly superabsorbent based on flax yarn waste for sanitary napkin applications. Fibers and Polymers, 15(1), 145–152.
- Madziyire, M. G., Magure, T. M., & Madziwa, C. F. (2018). Menstrual cups as a menstrual management method for low socioeconomic status women and girls in Zimbabwe : a pilot study. Women’s Reproductive Health, 5(1), 59–65.
- Mason, L., Laserson, K. F., Nyothach, E., Kelly, T., Odhiambo, F. O., Eleveld, A., … Phillips-howard, P. A. (2015). Adolescent schoolgirls’ experiences of menstrual cups and pads in rural western Kenya : a qualitative study. Waterlines, 34(1), 15–30.
- Menstrual Cup Coalition. (2018). The Cup Summit 2018 Report. Nairobi. 25.
- Ministry Of Education And Sports. (2013). Understanding and Managing Menstruation A Reader for Learners.Uganda.
- North, B., & Oldham, M. J. (2011). Preclinical, clinical, and over-the-counter postmarketing experience with a new vaginal cup: menstrual collection. Journals of Women’s Health, 20(2), 303–311.
- Nunes-Carneiro, D., Couto, T., & Cavadas, V. (2019). Is the menstrual cup harmless ? A case report of an unusual cause of renal colic. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, 46(2018), 28–30.
- Pena, E. (1962). Menstrual protection. Advantages of the menstrual cup. Obstet Gynecol, 19(5), 684–687.
- Phillips-Howard, P. A., Nyothach, E., Ter Kuile, F. O., Omoto, J., Wang, D., Zeh, C., … Laserson, K. F. (2016). Menstrual cups and sanitary pads to reduce school attrition, and sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections: A cluster randomised controlled feasibility study in rural Western Kenya. BMJ Open, 6(11), 1–11.
- Stewart, K., Greer, R., & Powell, M. (2010). Women’s experience of using the Mooncup Women’s experience of using the Mooncup. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 36(15), 10-13.
- Stewart, K., Powell, M., & Greer, R. (2009). An alternative to conventional sanitary protection: Would women use a menstrual cup? Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 29(1), 49–52.
- Sumpter, C., & Torondel, B. (2013). A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e62004. Swedish Internatıonal Development Cooperatıon Agency. (2016). Menstrual Hygiene Management.
- Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2018). İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2017. Erişim adresi:http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27594 (08.05.2019).
- UNICEF. (2010). Guideline on Promotion of Menstruation Health and Hygiene For Trainers and Supervisors.
- van Eijk, A. M., Laserson, K. F., Nyothach, E., Oruko, K., Omoto, J., Mason, L., … Phillips-howard, P. A. (2018). Use of menstrual cups among school girls : longitudinal observations nested in a randomised controlled feasibility study in rural western Kenya. Reproductive Health, (August), 139.
- WEB_1. No More Taboo’s Guide To Menstrual Cups. Erişim adresi: https://www.nomoretaboo.org/faqs (08.05.2019).
- WEB_2. (2017). Menstrual Cup. Erişim adresi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cup (08.05.2019).
- WEB_3. How to Use a Menstrual Cup. Erişim adresi:https://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Menstrual-Cup (15.04.2019)
- WEB_4. How to Use a Menstrual Cup. Erişim adresi: https://rubycup.com/how-to-use-a-menstrual-cup/(15.04.2019).
- Yagnik, A. S. (2014). Health care for women ınternational reframing menstruation in ındia : metamorphosis of the menstrual taboo with the changing media coverage reframing menstruation in India : metamorphosis of the menstrual taboo. Health Care ForWomen International, 35(6), 617–633.
Öz
Menstruasyon, bir kadının hayatında uzun
yıllar boyunca devam eden bir
süreçtir. Bu süreç içerisinde kadınlar kişisel tercihlerine, olanaklarına,
ekonomik durumuna, yaşadığı kültüre, bilgisi ve eğitimine göre menstrual hijyenlerini
sürdürmede farklı ürünler kullanırlar. Hijyenik ped, tampon, yeniden
kullanılabilir ped ve menstrual kap menstruasyon döneminde kullanılan hijyen
ürünleri arasında yer alır. Dünyada yaygın olarak kullanılan menstrual hijyen
ürünü hijyenik pedlerdir. Pedler, birçok kadın tarafından erişim ve kullanım
kolaylığı gibi nedenler ile sık tercih edilmektedir. Ancak kullanılmış pedin
güvenli bir şekilde uzaklaştırılamaması, doğada geri dönüşümünün olmaması ve
maliyet fazlalığına yol açması olumsuz yönleri arasında yer alır. Günümüzde
çevre kirliliğinin artması ve ekonomik sıkıntıların yaşanması, menstruasyon
döneminde kullanılan materyalin ekonomik, yeniden kullanılabilir ve çevre dostu
gibi özelliklere sahip olmasının gerekliliğini ön plana çıkarmıştır. Menstrual
kap, bu özelliklere sahip bir ürün olması nedeni ile günümüzde daha sık
kullanılabilir bir menstrual materyal gibi görünmektedir. Menstrual kap, uzun
yıllardır var olan, fakat pedler kadar yaygın kullanılmayan bir menstrual
hijyen ürünüdür. Kısıtlı kullanımına rağmen, kadınlar tarafından kabul görmesi,
çevre dostu ve maliyet etkin olması önemli özellikleri arasında yer alır.
Ayrıca kadının menstruasyon döneminde yüzme, kıyafet seçimi gibi konularda
yaşadığı sorunların giderilmesine de katkı sağlar. Bu derlemenin amacı,
menstrual kabın nasıl bir menstrual hijyen ürünü olduğunu, olumlu ve olumsuz
özelliklerini ortaya koymaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
hemşire; menstrual hijyen ürünleri; menstrual kap; menstruasyon
Kaynakça
- African Population and Health Research Center. (2010). Attitudes towards, and acceptability of, menstrual cups as a method for managing menstruation: Experiences of women and schoolgirls in Nairobi, Kenya. Policy Brief, 1–8.
- Archary, D., Liebenberg, L. J., Werner, L., Tulsi, S., Majola, N., Naicker, N., … Garrett, N. J. (2015). Randomized cross-sectional study to compare HIV-1 specific antibody and cytokine concentrations in female genital secretions obtained by menstrual cup and cervicovaginal lavage. PLoS ONE, 10(7), 1–16.
- Arumugam, B., Nagalingam, S., Mahendra Varman, P., Ravi, P., & Ganesan, R. (2014). Menstrual hygiene practices: Is it practically impractical? International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 4(4), 472–474.
- Averbach, S., Sahin-hodoglugil, N., & Musara, P. (2009). Duet ® for menstrual protection : a feasibility study in Zimbabwe. Contraception, 79(6), 463–468.
- Beksinska, M., Smit, J., Greener, R., Maphumulo, V., & Mabude, Z. (2015). Better menstrual management options for adolescents needed in South Africa : What about the menstrual. S Afr Med J, 105(5), 9205.
- Cheng, M., Kung, R., Hannah, M., Wilansky, D., & Shime, J. (1995). Menses Cup * evaluation study. Fertility and Sterility, 64(3), 661–663.
- Columbia Global Centers. (2015). Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools.49.
- Day, S. (2012). A retained menstrual cup. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 23, 367–368.
- Dhingra, R., Kumar, A., & Kour, M. (2009). Knowledge and practices related to menstruation among Tribal (Gujjar) adolescent girls. Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 3(1), 43–48.
- Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. (2014). 2013 Türkiye nüfus ve sağlık araştırması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Türkiye.
- House, S., Mahon, T., & Cavill, S. (2012). Menstrual Hygiene Matters Hygiene Around The World (1st ed.). United Kingdom.354.
- House, S., Mahon, T., & Cavill, S. (2013). Bookshelf: Menstrual hygiene matters: a resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world. Reproductive Health Matters, 21(41), 257–259.
- Howard, C., Rose, C., Trouton, K., Stamm, H., Marentette, D., Kirkpatrick, N., … Paget, J. (2011). FLOW ( finding lasting options for women ) Multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing tampons with menstrual cups Recherche Flux menstruel : à la recherche d ’ une alternative durable pour les femmes. Canadian Family Physician, 57(6), 208–215.
- Hyttel, M., Thomsen, C. F., Luff, B., Storrusten, H., Nyakato, V. N., & Tellier, M. (2017). Drivers and challenges to use of menstrual cups among schoolgirls in rural Uganda: A qualitative study. Waterlines, 36(2), 109–124.
- Juma, J., Nyothach, E., Laserson, K. F., Oduor, C., Arita, L., Ouma, C., … Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2017). Examining the safety of menstrual cups among rural primary school girls in western Kenya: Observational studies nested in a randomised controlled feasibility study. BMJ Open, 7(4), 1–9.
- Kakani, C. R., & Bhatt, J. K. (2017). Study of adaptability and efficacy of menstrual cup in managing menstrual health and hygiene. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6(7), 3045–3053.
- Karnaky, K. (1962). Internal menstrual protection with the rubber menstrual cup. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 19(5), 688–691.
- Kumar, A., & Srivastava, K. (2011). Cultural and social practices regarding menstruation among adolescent girls. Social Work in Public Health, 26(6), 594–604.
- Liswood, R. (1959). Internal menstrual protection use of a safe and sanitary menstrual cup. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 13(5), 539–543.
- Liu, H., Zhang, Y., & Yao, J. (2014). Preparation and properties of an eco-friendly superabsorbent based on flax yarn waste for sanitary napkin applications. Fibers and Polymers, 15(1), 145–152.
- Madziyire, M. G., Magure, T. M., & Madziwa, C. F. (2018). Menstrual cups as a menstrual management method for low socioeconomic status women and girls in Zimbabwe : a pilot study. Women’s Reproductive Health, 5(1), 59–65.
- Mason, L., Laserson, K. F., Nyothach, E., Kelly, T., Odhiambo, F. O., Eleveld, A., … Phillips-howard, P. A. (2015). Adolescent schoolgirls’ experiences of menstrual cups and pads in rural western Kenya : a qualitative study. Waterlines, 34(1), 15–30.
- Menstrual Cup Coalition. (2018). The Cup Summit 2018 Report. Nairobi. 25.
- Ministry Of Education And Sports. (2013). Understanding and Managing Menstruation A Reader for Learners.Uganda.
- North, B., & Oldham, M. J. (2011). Preclinical, clinical, and over-the-counter postmarketing experience with a new vaginal cup: menstrual collection. Journals of Women’s Health, 20(2), 303–311.
- Nunes-Carneiro, D., Couto, T., & Cavadas, V. (2019). Is the menstrual cup harmless ? A case report of an unusual cause of renal colic. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, 46(2018), 28–30.
- Pena, E. (1962). Menstrual protection. Advantages of the menstrual cup. Obstet Gynecol, 19(5), 684–687.
- Phillips-Howard, P. A., Nyothach, E., Ter Kuile, F. O., Omoto, J., Wang, D., Zeh, C., … Laserson, K. F. (2016). Menstrual cups and sanitary pads to reduce school attrition, and sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections: A cluster randomised controlled feasibility study in rural Western Kenya. BMJ Open, 6(11), 1–11.
- Stewart, K., Greer, R., & Powell, M. (2010). Women’s experience of using the Mooncup Women’s experience of using the Mooncup. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 36(15), 10-13.
- Stewart, K., Powell, M., & Greer, R. (2009). An alternative to conventional sanitary protection: Would women use a menstrual cup? Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 29(1), 49–52.
- Sumpter, C., & Torondel, B. (2013). A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e62004. Swedish Internatıonal Development Cooperatıon Agency. (2016). Menstrual Hygiene Management.
- Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2018). İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2017. Erişim adresi:http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27594 (08.05.2019).
- UNICEF. (2010). Guideline on Promotion of Menstruation Health and Hygiene For Trainers and Supervisors.
- van Eijk, A. M., Laserson, K. F., Nyothach, E., Oruko, K., Omoto, J., Mason, L., … Phillips-howard, P. A. (2018). Use of menstrual cups among school girls : longitudinal observations nested in a randomised controlled feasibility study in rural western Kenya. Reproductive Health, (August), 139.
- WEB_1. No More Taboo’s Guide To Menstrual Cups. Erişim adresi: https://www.nomoretaboo.org/faqs (08.05.2019).
- WEB_2. (2017). Menstrual Cup. Erişim adresi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cup (08.05.2019).
- WEB_3. How to Use a Menstrual Cup. Erişim adresi:https://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Menstrual-Cup (15.04.2019)
- WEB_4. How to Use a Menstrual Cup. Erişim adresi: https://rubycup.com/how-to-use-a-menstrual-cup/(15.04.2019).
- Yagnik, A. S. (2014). Health care for women ınternational reframing menstruation in ındia : metamorphosis of the menstrual taboo with the changing media coverage reframing menstruation in India : metamorphosis of the menstrual taboo. Health Care ForWomen International, 35(6), 617–633.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hemşirelik |
| Bölüm | Derleme Makale |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 26 Temmuz 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 2 Eylül 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 |
