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COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Gebelerde Fiziksel Aktive ve Depresyonun Yaşam Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi: Bir Path Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 100 - 113, 30.11.2023

Emine Gercek Oter Nazlı Emel Özer Yurdal Çetin Toraman

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde gebe kadınlarda fiziksel aktivite ve depresyonun yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir.
Metod: Kesitsel olarak tasarlanan bu çalışma, Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum polikliniğine başvuran 127 gebe kadın ile mayıs- eylül 2021 taihleri arasında gerçekleştirildi. Veriler, Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi – Kısa Form, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği – Kısa Form (Türkçe Versiyon) ve anket formu ile toplandı.
Bulgular: Sonuçlar, depresyonun Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği-Kısa Formu'nun çevre, fiziksel sağlık ve genel sağlık alt boyutları üzerindeki doğrudan etkisinin negatif yönde ve anlamlı olduğunu göstermiştir (p<.05).
Sonuçlar: Bu çalışmada, gebelik döneminde depresif belirtiler yaşayan gebe kadınların pandemi sürecinde yaşam kalitelerinin azaldığı belirlendi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yaşam kalitesi Depresyon Gebe Kadın Fiziksel aktivite COVID-19 salgını Kadın Sağlığı

Etik Beyan

Çanakkale On Sekiz Mart Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'ndan 06.05.2021 tarihli ve 2011-KAEK-27/2021-2100071194 sayı ve numarası ile etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bulunmamaktadır

Teşekkür

Çalışmada yer alan gebe kadınlara teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • ACOG (2015) Committee Opinion No. 650 Physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126(6),e135-e142. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001214.
  • Alaya, F., Worrall, A.P., O'toole, F., Doyle, J., Dduffy, R. M., Geary, M.P. (2021) Health‐related quality of life and quality of care in pregnant and postnatal women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A cohort study. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 154(1),100-105. doi:10.1002/ijgo.13711.
  • Alderdice, F., McNeill, J., Lynn, F. (2013) A systematic review of systematic reviews of interventions to improve maternal mental health and well-being. Midwifery, 29, 389-399. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2012.05.010.
  • Ayaz, R., Hocaoğlu, M., Günay, T., Yardımcı, O.D., Turgut, A., Karateke, A. (2020) Anxiety and depression symptoms in the same pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 48(9), 965-970. doi:10.1515/jpm-2020-0380.
  • Azuma, K., Nojiri, T., Kawashima, M., Hanai, A., Ayaki, M., Tsubota, K. (2021) Possible favorable lifestyle changes owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among middle-aged Japanese women: An ancillary survey of the TRF-Japan study using the original “Taberhythm” smartphone app. PLoS ONE, 16,e0248935. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248935.
  • Beck, A. T, Ward, C. H., Mendelson. M., Mock, J., Erbaugh, J. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-71. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
  • Biviá-Roig, G., La Rosa, V. L., Gómez-Tébar, M., Serrano-Raya, L., Amer-Cuenca, J. J., Caruso, S., Commodari, E., Barrasa-Shaw, A., Lisón, J. F. (2020) Analysis of the impact of the confinement resulting from COVID-19 on the lifestyle and psychological wellbeing of Spanish pregnant women: an Internet-based cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16),933. doi:10.3390/ijerph17165933
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., Rubin, G. J. (2020) The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395,912. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
  • Büyükbayrak, E. (Semptember 22, 2021) ACOG Says That!' Physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and postpartum period, 2016. Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatology Association. Available at: https://www.tmftp.org/files/acog-diyor-ki/gebelikte-egzersiz-09092016.pdf.
  • Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjostrom, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Pratt, M., Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Sallis, J. F., Oja, P. (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 1381-95. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB. Çeliker Tosun, Ö, & Okyay, R. E. (2018) Investigation of physical activity changes during pregnancy. Journal of Health Sciences and Professions, 5(3), 333-341. DOI: 10.17681/hsp.396305
  • Daneshfar, Z., Sadatmahalleh, S. J., Youseflu, S., Khomami, M. B, (2021) Kazemnejad A. Influential factors on quality of life in married Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: a path analysis. BMC Womens Health, 21(1),102-109. doi:10.1186/s12905-020-01114-2.
  • Eser, E., Fidaner, H., Fidaner, C., Yalçın Eser, S., Elbi, H,, Göker, E. (1999) Psychometric properties of WHOQOL-100 and WHOQOL-BREF. Journal of Psychiatry Psychology Psychopharmacology (3P), 7(2),23-40.
  • Fan, S., Guan, J., Cao, L., Wang, M., Zhao, H., Chen, L., Yan, L. (2020) Psychological effects caused by COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 56,102533. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102533.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., Langet, A-G. (2009) Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
  • Goker, A.G., Yanıkkerem, E., Topsakal, Ö. (2021) Investigation of physical activity levels and quality of life of pregnants. Journal of Celal Bayar University Health Sciences Institute, 8(2),315-322.
  • Güler, D. S. G., Aslan, B., Kartal, Y. A. (2021) Covid-19 infection and its management in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period. Kocaeli University Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1),1-5. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.755895
  • Hisli, N. (1989) Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory for university students. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 7, 3-13
  • Hori, N., Shiraishi, M., Harada, R., Kurashima, Y. (2021) Association of lifestyle changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic with nutrient intake and physical activity levels during pregnancy in Japan. Nutrients, 13(11),3799. doi:10.3390/nu13113799
  • Kajdy, A., Feduniw, S., Ajdacka, U., Modzelewski, J., Baranowska, B., Sys, D., Pokropek, A., Pawlicka, P., Kaźmierczak, M., Rabijewski, M., Jasiak, H., Lewandowska, R., Borowski, D., Kwiatkowski, S., Poon, L. C. (2020) Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Medicine, 99(30),e21279. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021279.
  • Kazemi, F., Nahidi, F., Kariman, N. Assessment scales, associated factors and the quality of life score in pregnant women in Iran. Global Journal of Health Science. 2016;8(11):127-39. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n11p127. Kline, R. B. (2011) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. USA: The Guilford Press.
  • Kolu, P., Raitanen, J., Luoto, R. (2014) Physical activity and health related quality of life during pregnancy: a secondary analysis of a cluster randomised trial. Maternal and Child Health Journal,18(9), 2098-2105. Lagadec, N , Steinecker, M., Kapassi, A., Magnier, A. M., Chastang, J., Robert, S., Gaouaou, N., Ibanez, G. (2018) Factors influencing the quality of life of pregnant women: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 455. doi:10.1186/s12884-018-2087-4.
  • Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., Giesbrecht, G. (2020) Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 5-13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126.
  • Li, N., Han, L., Peng, M., Lv, Y., Ouyang, Y., Liu, K., Yue, L., Li, Q., Sun, G., Chen, L., Yang, L. (2020) Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1-22. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa352.
  • Mirzaei, N., Sadatmahalleh, S. J., Khomami, M.B., Moini, A., Kazemnejad, A. (2021) Sexual function, mental health, and quality of life under strain of COVID-19 pandemic in Iranian pregnant and lactating women: a comparative cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 19(1),66-73. doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01720-0.
  • Montoya Arizabaleta, A. V., Orozco Buitrago, L., Aguilar de Plata, A. C., Mosquera Escudero, M., Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2010) Aerobic exercise during pregnancy improves health-related quality of life: a randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy, 56, 253-8. doi:10.1016/s1836-9553(10)70008-4.
  • Mourady, D., Richa, S., Karam, R., Papazian, T., Moussa, F.H., El Osta, N., Kesrouani, A., Azouri, J., Jabbour, H., Hajj, A., Khabbaz, L. R. (2017) Associations between quality of life, physical activity, worry, depression and insomnia: A cross-sectional designed study in healthy pregnant women. PloS One, 2(5),e017818. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178181
  • Öztürk, M. (2005) The validity and reliability of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and determination of physical activity levels in university students. Ankara: Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Master Thesis.
  • Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006). A first course in structural equation modeling. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Robledo-Colonia, A. F., Sandoval-Restrepo, N., Mosquera-Valderrama, Y. F., EscobarHurtado, C., Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2012) Aerobic exercise training during pregnancy reduces depressive symptoms in nulliparous women: a randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58(1), 9-15. doi:10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70067-X. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Coronavirus infection and pregnancy (RCOG). (09 August 2021) Available at: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/coronavirus-pregnancy/covid-19-virus-infection-and-pregnancy/. Streiner, D.L. (2005) Finding our way: An introduction to path analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 115-122. doi:10.1177/070674370505000207.
  • Tendais, I., Figueiredo, B., Mota, J., Conde, A. (2011) Physical activity, health-related quality of life and depression during pregnancy. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 27(2), 219-228. doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2011000200003.
  • Turkish Republic Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health. (August 15, 2021) COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Infection) Guidelines, 2020. Ankara. Available at: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID19_Rehberi.pdf?type=file.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., Ho, R. C. (2020) Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
  • World Health Organization. (January 21, 2022) Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2021. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/.
  • Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2021) Psychological responses and lifestyle changes among pregnant women with respect to the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(4),344-350. doi:10.1177/0020764020952116.

Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 100 - 113, 30.11.2023

Emine Gercek Oter Nazlı Emel Özer Yurdal Çetin Toraman

Öz

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of physical activity and depression on quality of life in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted with 127 women who filled International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short Form, Beck Depression Scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale - Short Form (Turkish Version) and the Individual Identification Form were recruited from Gynaecology and Obstetrics outpatient clinics were conducted between May and September 2021.
Results: The results showed that the direct effect of depression on the environment, physical health and general health sub-dimensions of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Short Form was negative direction and significant (p<.05).
Conclusion: The study revealed that the quality of life of women who experienced depressive symptoms during pregnancy decreased during the pandemic process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Quality of life Depression Pregnant woman Physical activity COVID-19 outbreak Women Health

Kaynakça

  • ACOG (2015) Committee Opinion No. 650 Physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126(6),e135-e142. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001214.
  • Alaya, F., Worrall, A.P., O'toole, F., Doyle, J., Dduffy, R. M., Geary, M.P. (2021) Health‐related quality of life and quality of care in pregnant and postnatal women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A cohort study. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 154(1),100-105. doi:10.1002/ijgo.13711.
  • Alderdice, F., McNeill, J., Lynn, F. (2013) A systematic review of systematic reviews of interventions to improve maternal mental health and well-being. Midwifery, 29, 389-399. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2012.05.010.
  • Ayaz, R., Hocaoğlu, M., Günay, T., Yardımcı, O.D., Turgut, A., Karateke, A. (2020) Anxiety and depression symptoms in the same pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 48(9), 965-970. doi:10.1515/jpm-2020-0380.
  • Azuma, K., Nojiri, T., Kawashima, M., Hanai, A., Ayaki, M., Tsubota, K. (2021) Possible favorable lifestyle changes owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among middle-aged Japanese women: An ancillary survey of the TRF-Japan study using the original “Taberhythm” smartphone app. PLoS ONE, 16,e0248935. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248935.
  • Beck, A. T, Ward, C. H., Mendelson. M., Mock, J., Erbaugh, J. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-71. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
  • Biviá-Roig, G., La Rosa, V. L., Gómez-Tébar, M., Serrano-Raya, L., Amer-Cuenca, J. J., Caruso, S., Commodari, E., Barrasa-Shaw, A., Lisón, J. F. (2020) Analysis of the impact of the confinement resulting from COVID-19 on the lifestyle and psychological wellbeing of Spanish pregnant women: an Internet-based cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16),933. doi:10.3390/ijerph17165933
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., Rubin, G. J. (2020) The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395,912. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
  • Büyükbayrak, E. (Semptember 22, 2021) ACOG Says That!' Physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and postpartum period, 2016. Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatology Association. Available at: https://www.tmftp.org/files/acog-diyor-ki/gebelikte-egzersiz-09092016.pdf.
  • Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjostrom, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Pratt, M., Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Sallis, J. F., Oja, P. (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 1381-95. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB. Çeliker Tosun, Ö, & Okyay, R. E. (2018) Investigation of physical activity changes during pregnancy. Journal of Health Sciences and Professions, 5(3), 333-341. DOI: 10.17681/hsp.396305
  • Daneshfar, Z., Sadatmahalleh, S. J., Youseflu, S., Khomami, M. B, (2021) Kazemnejad A. Influential factors on quality of life in married Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: a path analysis. BMC Womens Health, 21(1),102-109. doi:10.1186/s12905-020-01114-2.
  • Eser, E., Fidaner, H., Fidaner, C., Yalçın Eser, S., Elbi, H,, Göker, E. (1999) Psychometric properties of WHOQOL-100 and WHOQOL-BREF. Journal of Psychiatry Psychology Psychopharmacology (3P), 7(2),23-40.
  • Fan, S., Guan, J., Cao, L., Wang, M., Zhao, H., Chen, L., Yan, L. (2020) Psychological effects caused by COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 56,102533. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102533.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., Langet, A-G. (2009) Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
  • Goker, A.G., Yanıkkerem, E., Topsakal, Ö. (2021) Investigation of physical activity levels and quality of life of pregnants. Journal of Celal Bayar University Health Sciences Institute, 8(2),315-322.
  • Güler, D. S. G., Aslan, B., Kartal, Y. A. (2021) Covid-19 infection and its management in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period. Kocaeli University Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1),1-5. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.755895
  • Hisli, N. (1989) Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory for university students. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 7, 3-13
  • Hori, N., Shiraishi, M., Harada, R., Kurashima, Y. (2021) Association of lifestyle changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic with nutrient intake and physical activity levels during pregnancy in Japan. Nutrients, 13(11),3799. doi:10.3390/nu13113799
  • Kajdy, A., Feduniw, S., Ajdacka, U., Modzelewski, J., Baranowska, B., Sys, D., Pokropek, A., Pawlicka, P., Kaźmierczak, M., Rabijewski, M., Jasiak, H., Lewandowska, R., Borowski, D., Kwiatkowski, S., Poon, L. C. (2020) Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Medicine, 99(30),e21279. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021279.
  • Kazemi, F., Nahidi, F., Kariman, N. Assessment scales, associated factors and the quality of life score in pregnant women in Iran. Global Journal of Health Science. 2016;8(11):127-39. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n11p127. Kline, R. B. (2011) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. USA: The Guilford Press.
  • Kolu, P., Raitanen, J., Luoto, R. (2014) Physical activity and health related quality of life during pregnancy: a secondary analysis of a cluster randomised trial. Maternal and Child Health Journal,18(9), 2098-2105. Lagadec, N , Steinecker, M., Kapassi, A., Magnier, A. M., Chastang, J., Robert, S., Gaouaou, N., Ibanez, G. (2018) Factors influencing the quality of life of pregnant women: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 455. doi:10.1186/s12884-018-2087-4.
  • Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., Giesbrecht, G. (2020) Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 5-13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126.
  • Li, N., Han, L., Peng, M., Lv, Y., Ouyang, Y., Liu, K., Yue, L., Li, Q., Sun, G., Chen, L., Yang, L. (2020) Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1-22. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa352.
  • Mirzaei, N., Sadatmahalleh, S. J., Khomami, M.B., Moini, A., Kazemnejad, A. (2021) Sexual function, mental health, and quality of life under strain of COVID-19 pandemic in Iranian pregnant and lactating women: a comparative cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 19(1),66-73. doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01720-0.
  • Montoya Arizabaleta, A. V., Orozco Buitrago, L., Aguilar de Plata, A. C., Mosquera Escudero, M., Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2010) Aerobic exercise during pregnancy improves health-related quality of life: a randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy, 56, 253-8. doi:10.1016/s1836-9553(10)70008-4.
  • Mourady, D., Richa, S., Karam, R., Papazian, T., Moussa, F.H., El Osta, N., Kesrouani, A., Azouri, J., Jabbour, H., Hajj, A., Khabbaz, L. R. (2017) Associations between quality of life, physical activity, worry, depression and insomnia: A cross-sectional designed study in healthy pregnant women. PloS One, 2(5),e017818. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178181
  • Öztürk, M. (2005) The validity and reliability of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and determination of physical activity levels in university students. Ankara: Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Master Thesis.
  • Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006). A first course in structural equation modeling. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Robledo-Colonia, A. F., Sandoval-Restrepo, N., Mosquera-Valderrama, Y. F., EscobarHurtado, C., Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2012) Aerobic exercise training during pregnancy reduces depressive symptoms in nulliparous women: a randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58(1), 9-15. doi:10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70067-X. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Coronavirus infection and pregnancy (RCOG). (09 August 2021) Available at: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/coronavirus-pregnancy/covid-19-virus-infection-and-pregnancy/. Streiner, D.L. (2005) Finding our way: An introduction to path analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 115-122. doi:10.1177/070674370505000207.
  • Tendais, I., Figueiredo, B., Mota, J., Conde, A. (2011) Physical activity, health-related quality of life and depression during pregnancy. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 27(2), 219-228. doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2011000200003.
  • Turkish Republic Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health. (August 15, 2021) COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Infection) Guidelines, 2020. Ankara. Available at: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID19_Rehberi.pdf?type=file.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., Ho, R. C. (2020) Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
  • World Health Organization. (January 21, 2022) Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2021. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/.
  • Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2021) Psychological responses and lifestyle changes among pregnant women with respect to the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(4),344-350. doi:10.1177/0020764020952116.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Doğum ve Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makele
Yazarlar

Emine Gercek Oter 0000-0002-0310-5479

Nazlı Emel Özer Yurdal 0000-0003-2559-969X

Çetin Toraman 0000-0001-5319-0731

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Gercek Oter, E., Özer Yurdal, N. E., & Toraman, Ç. (2023). Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis. Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi, 9(3), 100-113.
AMA Gercek Oter E, Özer Yurdal NE, Toraman Ç. Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis. KASHED. Kasım 2023;9(3):100-113.
Chicago Gercek Oter, Emine, Nazlı Emel Özer Yurdal, ve Çetin Toraman. “Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis”. Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi 9, sy. 3 (Kasım 2023): 100-113.
EndNote Gercek Oter E, Özer Yurdal NE, Toraman Ç (01 Kasım 2023) Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis. Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi 9 3 100–113.
IEEE E. Gercek Oter, N. E. Özer Yurdal, ve Ç. Toraman, “Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis”, KASHED, c. 9, sy. 3, ss. 100–113, 2023.
ISNAD Gercek Oter, Emine vd. “Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis”. Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi 9/3 (Kasım 2023), 100-113.
JAMA Gercek Oter E, Özer Yurdal NE, Toraman Ç. Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis. KASHED. 2023;9:100–113.
MLA Gercek Oter, Emine vd. “Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis”. Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 100-13.
Vancouver Gercek Oter E, Özer Yurdal NE, Toraman Ç. Effect of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis. KASHED. 2023;9(3):100-13.
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