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Floating Ports as Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 66 - 80, 31.03.2024

Ismail Kurt

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1386721

Öz

Ports are one of the structures where the effects of global warming are most severe and intense in atmospheric, oceanic, and geographical terms. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'s assessment reports, although it is possible to slow down global warming by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is not foreseen to stop global warming and sea level rise (SLR) in any scenario. The rising sea level, an inevitable consequence of global warming, is a clear threat to conventional port facilities. In summary, SLR triggered by climate change, which is today's hot topic, may cause conventional port infrastructures to be flooded and lose their functionality. To cope with this threat, port facility planning, and design stages must be carried out by referring to the updated threshold values in Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios defined by the Working Groups of the IPCC. However, the uncertainty about the scale, timing, and location of SLR makes definitive solution-oriented approaches more prominent. One of these approaches is floating port structures. This study aims to reveal the role of floating port structures in the implementation of the relocation measure emphasized in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) for conventional ports under the threat of SLR. Initially, in this study, regions with higher SLR risk were identified by considering SSP scenarios contributed by Sixth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) data. Afterwards, the dynamic downscaling model was used to determine the regions with higher regional sea level rise (RSLR) risk and the Marine Traffic database was used to determine the ports in these regions. Thus, it is evaluated whether floating ports can be a suitable alternative in the relocation decision of ports under SLR risk. It is expected that maritime transport will be maintained at adequate security and operational levels by revealing the pros and cons of floating ports.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Climate change Floating ports Global warming Greenhouse gas emissions Port planning Sea level rise

Etik Beyan

For this type of study, ethical approval is not required

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 66 - 80, 31.03.2024

Ismail Kurt

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1386721

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ali, A. (2005). The floating transshipment container terminal. [MSc. Thesis. Delft University of Technology].
  • Arias, P. A., N. Bellouin, N., Coppola, E., Jones, R., Krinner, G., Marotzke, J., Naik, V., Palmer, M., Plattner, G. -K., Rogelj, J., Rojas, M., Sillmann, J., Storelvmo, T., Thorne, P. W., Trewin, B., Achuta Rao, K., Adhikary, B., Allan, R. P., Armour, K., … & Zickfeld, K. (2021). Technical summary. V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu & B. Zhou (Eds.), Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 33-144). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.002
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  • Baird, A. J., & Rother, D. (2013). Technical and economic evaluation of the floating container storage and transhipment terminal (FCSTT). Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 30, 178–192.
  • Becker, A., Chase, N. T. L., Fischer, M., Schwegler, B., & Mosher, K. (2016). A method to estimate climate-critical construction materials applied to seaport protection. Global Environmental Change, 40, 125–136.
  • BFSA. (2024). Industrial Structures - Floating Port. BFSA Floating Structures. Retrieved on December 7, 2023, from http://www.bfsa.eu/en/baltic-floating-structures
  • Christodoulou, A., Christidis, P., & Demirel, H. (2019). Sea-level rise in ports: a wider focus on impacts. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 21, 482–496.
  • Church, J. A., & White, N. J. (2006). A 20th century acceleration in global sea‐level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(1), L01602. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024826
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  • Church, J. A., Clark, P. U., Cazenave, A., Gregory, J. M., Jevrejeva, S., Levermann, A., Merrifield, M. A., Milne, G. A., Nerem, R. S., & Nunn, P. D. (2013). “Chapter 13: Sea Level Change” in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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  • Dai, J., Wang, C. M., Utsunomiya, T., & Duan, W. (2018). Review of recent research and developments on floating breakwaters. Ocean Engineering, 158, 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.03.083
  • Edenhofer, O. (2015). Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change (Vol. 3). Cambridge University Press.
  • Engelhart, S. E., Horton, B. P., Douglas, B. C., Peltier, W. R., & Törnqvist, T. E. (2009). Spatial variability of late Holocene and 20th century sea-level rise along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Geology, 37(12), 1115–1118. https://doi.org/10.1130/G30360A.1
  • Esteban, M., Takagi, H., Mikami, T., Aprilia, A., Fujii, D., Kurobe, S., & Utama, N. A. (2017). Awareness of coastal floods in impoverished subsiding coastal communities in Jakarta: Tsunamis, typhoon storm surges and dyke-induced tsunamis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 23, 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.04.007
  • Field, C. B., & Barros, V. R. (2014). Climate change 2014–Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Regional aspects. Cambridge University Press.
  • Fox-Kemper, B., Hewitt, H. T., Xiao, C., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Drijfhout, S. S., Edwards, T. L., Golledge, N. R., Hemer, M., Kopp, R. E., Krinner, G., Mix, A., Notz, D., Nowicki, S., Nurhati, I. S., Ruiz, L., Sallée, J. -B., Slangen, A. B. A., & Yu, Y. (2021). Ocean, cryosphere and sea level change. Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (Eds.)], Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1211–1362). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.011
  • Gallivan, F., Bailey, K., & O’Rourke, L. (2009). Planning for impacts of climate change at US ports. Transportation Research Record, 2100(1), 15–21.
  • Gehrels, W. R., & Woodworth, P. L. (2013). When did modern rates of sea-level rise start? Global and Planetary Change, 100, 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.020
  • Gracia, V., Sierra, J. P., Gómez, M., Pedrol, M., Sampé, S., García-León, M., & Gironella, X. (2019). Assessing the impact of sea level rise on port operability using LiDAR-derived digital elevation models. Remote Sensing of Environment, 232, 111318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111318
  • Hallegatte, S., Ranger, N., Mestre, O., Dumas, P., Corfee-Morlot, J., Herweijer, C., & Wood, R. M. (2011). Assessing climate change impacts, sea level rise and storm surge risk in port cities: A case study on Copenhagen. Climatic Change, 104, 113–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9978-3
  • Hanna, E., Navarro, F. J., Pattyn, F., Domingues, C. M., Fettweis, X., Ivins, E. R., Nicholls, R. J., Ritz, C., Smith, B., & Tulaczyk, S. (2013). Ice-sheet mass balance and climate change. Nature, 498(7452), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12238
  • Hauer, M. E., Fussell, E., Mueller, V., Burkett, M., Call, M., Abel, K., McLeman, R., & Wrathall, D. (2020). Sea-level rise and human migration. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-019-0002-9
  • Headland, J. R., Trivedi, D., & Boudreau, R. H. (2011). Coastal structures and sea level rise: Adaptive management approach. Magoon, O. T., Noble, R. M., Treadwell, D. D., & Kim, Y. C. (Eds.), Coastal Engineering Practice (2011) (pp. 449–459). ASCE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1061/41190(422)37
  • Hippe, A., Becker, A., Fischer, M., & Schwegler, B. (2015). Estimation of cost required to elevate US Ports in response to Climate Change: A thought exercise for climate critical resources. CIFE Working Paper.
  • IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Core Writing Team, R. K. Pachauri & L. A. Meyer (Eds.), Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
  • IPCC. (2019). The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, & N. M. Weyer (Eds.), Working Group II Technical Support Unit. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • IPCC. (2022a). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 3056 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
  • IPCC. (2022b). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, & J. Malley (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
  • IPCC. (2023). Summary for policymakers. Core Writing Team, H. Lee & J. Romero (Eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1-34). IPCC, https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001
  • Karim, M. F., & Mimura, N. (2008). Impacts of climate change and sea-level rise on cyclonic storm surge floods in Bangladesh. Global Environmental Change, 18(3), 490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.05.002
  • Karl, T. R., Melillo, J. M., & Peterson, T. C. (2009). Global climate change impacts in the United States: a state of knowledge report from the US Global Change Research Program. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kemp, A. C., Horton, B. P., Donnelly, J. P., Mann, M. E., Vermeer, M., & Rahmstorf, S. (2011). Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(27), 11017–11022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015619108
  • Kim, J., & Morrison, J. R. (2012). Offshore port service concepts: Classification and economic feasibility. Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, 24, 214–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10696-011-9100-9
  • Kopp, R. E., Gilmore, E. A., Little, C. M., Lorenzo‐Trueba, J., Ramenzoni, V. C., & Sweet, W. V. (2019). Usable science for managing the risks of sea‐level rise. Earth’s Future, 7(12), 1235–1269. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF001145
  • Kurt, I., Aymelek, M., Boulougouris, E., & Turan, O. (2021). Operational cost analysis for a container shipping network integrated with offshore container port system: A case study on the West Coast of North America. Marine Policy, 126, 104400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104400
  • Kurt, I., Boulougouris, E., & Pachakis, D. (2023). Comparative technical-economic evaluation of offshore container port systems. Ships and Offshore Structures, 18(10), 1367-1379. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2023.2226502
  • Kurt, I., Boulougouris, E., & Turan, O. (2015). Cost based analysis of the offshore port system. Proceedings of Proceedings of the ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. Volume 1: Offshore Technology; Offshore Geotechnics. St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada. OMAE2015-41159, V001T01A044. https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2015-41159
  • Lau, Y., & Ng, A. K. Y. (2017). An evaluation of mid-stream operation in Hong Kong. Maritime Business Review, 2(4), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-07-2017-0017
  • LLNL. (2023). Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved on December 7, 2023, from https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP6/
  • Martin, F. (2021). Keeping security afloat with offshore ports. Retrieved on December 7, 2023, from https://www.innovationnewsnetwork.com/offshore-ports/9736/
  • Mycoo, M. A. (2018). Beyond 1.5°C: Vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies for Caribbean Small Island developing states. Regional Environmental Change, 18(8), 2341–2353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1248-8
  • National Ports. (2024). Mobidock – General Port. National Ports. December 7, 2023, from https://nationalports.com/general-port/
  • National Research Council. (2011). Climate stabilization targets: emissions, concentrations, and impacts over decades to millennia. National Academies Press.
  • Nicholls, R. J., Hanson, S., Herweijer, C., Patmore, N., Hallegatte, S., Corfee-Morlot, J., Château, J., & Muir-Wood, R. (2008). Ranking port cities with high exposure and vulnerability to climate extremes: exposure estimates. OECD Environment Working Papers. No. 1. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/19970900
  • Pachakis, D., Libardo, A., & Menegazzo, P. (2017). The Venice offshore-onshore terminal concept. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 5(2), 367–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2017.03.003
  • Pickering, M. D., Wells, N. C., Horsburgh, K. J., & Green, J. A. M. (2012). The impact of future sea-level rise on the European Shelf tides. Continental Shelf Research, 35, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.11.011
  • Prestrud, P. (2007). Global outlook for ice & snow. UNEP. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/7792
  • Radfar, S., Shafieefar, M., Akbari, H., Galiatsatou, P. A., & Mazyak, A. R. (2021). Design of a rubble mound breakwater under the combined effect of wave heights and water levels, under present and future climate conditions. Applied Ocean Research, 112, 102711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2021.102711
  • RINA. (2024). Floating terminals. Retrieved on December 7, 2023, from https://www.rina.org/en/floating-terminals
  • Savonis, M., Burkett, V. R., & Potter, J. R. (2008). Impacts of climate change and variability on transportation systems and infrastructure: Gulf Coast study, phase I. Climate Change Science Program (U.S.)
  • Schade, W., Senger, F., Rothengatter, W., Meyer-Rühle, O., & Brouwer, I. S. (2013). Ten-T large projects-investments and costs. European Parliament.
  • SeaTech. (2024). Floating Terminal. Sea Technology. Retrieved on December 7, 2023, from https://www.seatech.se/floating-terminal/
  • Sirimanne, S. N., Hoffman, J., Juan, W., Asariotis, R., Assaf, M., Ayala, G., Benamara, H., Chantrel, D., Hoffmann, J., & Premti, A. (2019). Review of maritime transport 2019. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
  • Stocker, T. (2014). Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
  • Thoresen, C. A. (2010). Port designer’s handbook. Thomas Telford London, UK.
  • UNCTAD. (2011). Ad Hoc Expert Meeting on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: A Challenge for Global Ports.
  • Waals, O. (2017). MARIN reveals concept of a floating multifunctional mega island. Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (Marin). Retrieved on December 7, 2023, from https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/marin-reveals-concept-of-a-floating-multifunctional-mega-island
  • Wijayanti, E., Nurfaida, W., Sulaiman, M., & Kurniawan, A. (2023). Wave distribution and proposed seawall design around Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang. E3S Web of Conferences, 429, 02001.
  • WMO. (2023). WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change. World Meteorological Organization, 21042023.
  • Wouters, B., & van de Wal, R. S. W. (2018). Global sea-level budget 1993--present. Earth System Science Data, 10(3), 1551–1590.
  • Zhao, X. L., Ning, D. Z., Zou, Q. P., Qiao, D. S., & Cai, S. Q. (2019). Hybrid floating breakwater-WEC system: A review. Ocean Engineering, 186, 106126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106126
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Deniz Yapıları, Gemi ve Platform Yapıları (Deniz Hidrodinamiği dahil), Okyanus Mühendisliği, Deniz Mühendisliği (Diğer), Ulaştırma Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ismail Kurt 0000-0001-9252-8096

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 17 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurt, I. (2024). Floating Ports as Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 13(1), 66-80. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1386721
AMA Kurt I. Floating Ports as Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. Mart 2024;13(1):66-80. doi:10.33714/masteb.1386721
Chicago Kurt, Ismail. “Floating Ports As Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 13, sy. 1 (Mart 2024): 66-80. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1386721.
EndNote Kurt I (01 Mart 2024) Floating Ports as Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 13 1 66–80.
IEEE I. Kurt, “Floating Ports as Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise”, Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull., c. 13, sy. 1, ss. 66–80, 2024, doi: 10.33714/masteb.1386721.
ISNAD Kurt, Ismail. “Floating Ports As Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 13/1 (Mart 2024), 66-80. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1386721.
JAMA Kurt I. Floating Ports as Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2024;13:66–80.
MLA Kurt, Ismail. “Floating Ports As Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, c. 13, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 66-80, doi:10.33714/masteb.1386721.
Vancouver Kurt I. Floating Ports as Support for Port Relocation Measures on Sea Level Rise. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2024;13(1):66-80.
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