Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Essential Oil and Mineral Analysis Of Citrus Peels

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 201 - 208, 18.12.2023

Ayşegül Türk Baydır

https://doi.org/10.51532/meyve.1335156

Öz

In this study, 5 different citrus fruits (mandarin, grapefruit, orange, kumquat and lemon) harvested in Turkey were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. For this purpose, essential oils obtained with the Clevenger apparatus. Essential oils components were determined with the help of GC-MS. Limonene was determined as a common component in all fruit peels, from the lowest to the highest in order, approximately 24% in clementine mandarin, 28% in orange and 76% in lemon, 98% in grapefruit, %100 kumquat. Linalool was determined main component of orange and clementine mandarin. Dry matter and ash of peels was determined. In addition, the elements found in the peels were determined with the help of sem-edx. According to the results of the sem-edx the peels are quite rich in terms of calcium and potassium.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mandarin Lemon Grapefruit Orange Kumquat

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Aziz, M. M., Emam, T. M., & Elsherbiny, E. A. (2019). Effects of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel essential oil as a natural antibiofilm agent against Aspergillus niger in onion bulbs. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 156(March), 110959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.110959
  • Ademosun, A. O. (2022). Citrus peels odyssey: From the waste bin to the lab bench to the dining table. Applied Food Research, 2(1), 100083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2022.100083
  • Ahmedi, S., Pant, P., Raj, N., & Manzoor, N. (2022). Limonene inhibits virulence associated traits in Candida albicans: In-vitro and in-silico studies. Phytomedicine Plus, 2(3), 100285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100285
  • Akinyele, I. O., & Shokunbi, O. S. (2015). Comparative analysis of dry ashing and wet digestion methods for the determination of trace and heavy metals in food samples. Food Chemistry, 173, 682–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.097
  • Amaral, J., Dannenberg, S., Biduski, B., Lisie, S., Hüttner, D., Arocha, M., … Zavareze, R. (2019). Antibacterial activity , optical , mechanical , and barrier properties of corn starch fi lms containing orange essential oil. Carbohydrate Polymers, 222(June), 114981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.114981
  • Aygören, E. (2022). Tarımsal ekonomi ve politika geliştirme enstitüsü, Ürün Raporu.
  • Barra, A. (2009). Factors affecting chemical variability of essential oils: A review of recent developments. Natural Product Communications, 4(8), 1147–1154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400827
  • Chatfield, C., & Adams, G. (1939). Food composition, Year book of Agriculture.
  • Chidambara Murthy, K. N., Jayaprakasha, G. K., & Patil, B. S. (2012). D-limonene rich volatile oil from blood oranges inhibits angiogenesis, metastasis and cell death in human colon cancer cells. Life Sciences, 91(11–12), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.016
  • Dao, T. P., Tran, N. Q., Tran, T. T., & Lam, V. T. (2021). Assessing the kinetic model on extraction of essential oil and chemical composition from lemon peels (Citrus aurantifolia) by hydro-distillation process. Materials Today: Proceedings, 51, 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.069
  • De Moraes Barros, H. R., De Castro Ferreira, T. A. P., & Genovese, M. I. (2012). Antioxidant capacity and mineral content of pulp and peel from commercial cultivars of citrus from Brazil. Food Chemistry, 134(4),1892–1898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.090
  • de Souza, M. C., Vieira, A. J., Beserra, F. P., Pellizzon, C. H., Nóbrega, R. H., & Rozza, A. L. (2019). Gastroprotective effect of limonene in rats: Influence on oxidative stress, inflammation and gene expression. Phytomedicine, 53(June 2018), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.027
  • Galvan-Lima, Â., Cunha, S. C., Martins, Z. E., Soares, A. G., Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O., & Farah, A. (2021). Headspace volatolome of peel flours from citrus fruits grown in Brazil. Food Research International, 150(September).
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110801 Geraci, A., Stefano, V. Di, Di, M. E., Domenico Schillaci, & Schicchi, R. (2017). Essential oil components of orange peels and antimicrobial activity. Natural Product Research, 31(6), 653–659.
  • Han, Y., Sun, Z., & Chen, W. (2020). Antimicrobial susceptibility and antibacterial mechanism of limonene against listeria monocytogenes. Molecules, 25(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010033
  • He, R., Chen, W., Chen, H., Zhong, Q., Zhang, H., Zhang, M., & Chen, W. (2022). Antibacterial mechanism of linalool against L. monocytogenes, a metabolomic study. Food Control, 132(June 2021), 108533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108533
  • Huang, Y. S., & Ho, S. C. (2010). Polymethoxy flavones are responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus fruit peel. Food Chemistry, 119(3), 868–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.092
  • Lee, G. J., Lee, S. Y., Kang, N. G., & Jin, M. H. (2022). A multi-faceted comparison of phytochemicals in seven citrus peels and improvement of chemical composition and antioxidant activity by steaming. Lwt, 160(March), 113297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113297
  • Li, X., Bi, J., Chen, Q., Jin, X., Wu, X., & Zhou, M. (2019). Texture improvement and deformation inhibition of hot air-dried apple cubes via osmotic pretreatment coupled with instant control pressure drop (DIC). Lwt, 101(August 2018), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.11.035
  • Liu, N., Yang, W., Li, X., Zhao, P., Liu, Y., Guo, L., … Gao, W. (2022). Comparison of characterization and antioxidant activity of different citrus peel pectins. Food Chemistry, 386(March), 132683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132683
  • Liu, X., Liu, B., Jiang, D., Zhu, S., & Shen, W. (2019). Scientia Horticulturae The accumulation and composition of essential oil in kumquat peel. Scientia Horticulturae, 252(January), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.03.042 Maggiolino, A., Faccia, M., Holman, B. W. B., Hopkins, D. L., Bragaglio, A., Natrella, G., … De Palo, P. (2022). The effect of oral or respiratory exposure to limonene on goat kid performance and meat quality. Meat Science, 191(May), 108865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108865
  • Matsuo, Y., Miura, L. A., Araki, T., & Yoshie-Stark, Y. (2019). Proximate composition and profiles of free amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and aroma compounds in Citrus natsudaidai peel. Food Chemistry, 279(June 2018), 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.146
  • Musacchi, S., & Serra, S. (2018). Apple fruit quality: Overview on pre-harvest factors. Scientia Horticulturae, 234(December 2017), 409–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.057
  • Özogul, Y., Özogul, F., & Kulawik, P. (2021). The antimicrobial effect of grapefruit peel essential oil and its nanoemulsion on fish spoilage bacteria and food-borne pathogens. Lwt, 136(August 2020), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110362
  • Parasuraman, V., Sharmin, A. M., & Kim, S. (2022). Fabrication and Bacterial Inhibitory Activity of Essential Oil Linalool Loaded Biocapsules Against Escherichia Coli. SSRN Electronic Journal, 74(November 2021), 103495. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3981537
  • Radünz, M., Mota Camargo, T., Santos Hackbart, H. C. dos, Inchauspe Correa Alves, P., Radünz, A. L., Avila Gandra, E., & da Rosa Zavareze, E. (2021). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities of clove, thyme, oregano, and sweet orange essential oils. Lwt, 138(November 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110632
  • Shehata, M. G., Awad, T. S., Asker, D., El Sohaimy, S. A., Abd El- Aziz, N. M., & Youssef, M. M. (2021). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS polyphenolic profile of sweet orange peel extracts. Current Research in Food Science, 4(May), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.05.001
  • Song, X., Wang, L., Liu, T., Liu, Y., Wu, X., & Liu, L. (2021). Mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.) essential oil incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles: Characterization, anti-biofilm properties and application in pork preservation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 185(May), 620–628.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.195 Sun, X. Bin, Wang, S. M., Li, T., & Yang, Y. Q. (2015). Anticancer activity of linalool terpenoid: Apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cells. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 14(4), 619–625. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v14i4.9
  • Türk Baydir, A., Soltanbeigi, A., Canlidinç, R. S., & Selçuk, M. (2021). Determination of chemical properties and antioxidant effect of Salvia Officinalis L. Bartın Üniversitesi Uluslararası Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 95–100.
  • Yi, F., Jin, R., Sun, J., Ma, B., & Bao, X. (2018). Evaluation of mechanical-pressed essential oil from Nanfeng mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Kinokuni) as a food preservative based on antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Lwt, 95(May), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.05.011

Narenciye Kabuklarinin Esansiyel Yağ ve Mineral Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 201 - 208, 18.12.2023

Ayşegül Türk Baydır

https://doi.org/10.51532/meyve.1335156

Öz

Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de hasat edilen 5 farklı narenciye (mandalina, greyfurt, portakal, kumkuat ve limon) kalitatif ve kantitatif olarak incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla Clevenger aparatı ile uçucu yağlar elde edilmiştir. Uçucu yağ bileşenleri GC-MS yardımıyla belirlendi. Limonen en düşükten en yükseğe doğru tüm meyve kabuklarında ortak bileşen olarak clementine mandalinada yaklaşık %24, portakalda %28 ve limonda %76, greyfurtta %98, kumkuatta %100 ortak bileşen olarak belirlenmiştir. Linalool, portakal ve mandalinanın ana bileşeni olarak belirlendi. Kabukların kuru maddesi ve külü belirlendi. Ayrıca kabuklarda bulunan elementler sem-edx yardımıyla belirlenmiştir. Sem-edx sonuçlarına göre kabuklar kalsiyum ve potasyum açısından oldukça zengindir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mandalina Limon Greyfurt Portakal KUMKUAT

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Aziz, M. M., Emam, T. M., & Elsherbiny, E. A. (2019). Effects of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel essential oil as a natural antibiofilm agent against Aspergillus niger in onion bulbs. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 156(March), 110959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.110959
  • Ademosun, A. O. (2022). Citrus peels odyssey: From the waste bin to the lab bench to the dining table. Applied Food Research, 2(1), 100083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2022.100083
  • Ahmedi, S., Pant, P., Raj, N., & Manzoor, N. (2022). Limonene inhibits virulence associated traits in Candida albicans: In-vitro and in-silico studies. Phytomedicine Plus, 2(3), 100285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100285
  • Akinyele, I. O., & Shokunbi, O. S. (2015). Comparative analysis of dry ashing and wet digestion methods for the determination of trace and heavy metals in food samples. Food Chemistry, 173, 682–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.097
  • Amaral, J., Dannenberg, S., Biduski, B., Lisie, S., Hüttner, D., Arocha, M., … Zavareze, R. (2019). Antibacterial activity , optical , mechanical , and barrier properties of corn starch fi lms containing orange essential oil. Carbohydrate Polymers, 222(June), 114981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.114981
  • Aygören, E. (2022). Tarımsal ekonomi ve politika geliştirme enstitüsü, Ürün Raporu.
  • Barra, A. (2009). Factors affecting chemical variability of essential oils: A review of recent developments. Natural Product Communications, 4(8), 1147–1154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400827
  • Chatfield, C., & Adams, G. (1939). Food composition, Year book of Agriculture.
  • Chidambara Murthy, K. N., Jayaprakasha, G. K., & Patil, B. S. (2012). D-limonene rich volatile oil from blood oranges inhibits angiogenesis, metastasis and cell death in human colon cancer cells. Life Sciences, 91(11–12), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.016
  • Dao, T. P., Tran, N. Q., Tran, T. T., & Lam, V. T. (2021). Assessing the kinetic model on extraction of essential oil and chemical composition from lemon peels (Citrus aurantifolia) by hydro-distillation process. Materials Today: Proceedings, 51, 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.069
  • De Moraes Barros, H. R., De Castro Ferreira, T. A. P., & Genovese, M. I. (2012). Antioxidant capacity and mineral content of pulp and peel from commercial cultivars of citrus from Brazil. Food Chemistry, 134(4),1892–1898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.090
  • de Souza, M. C., Vieira, A. J., Beserra, F. P., Pellizzon, C. H., Nóbrega, R. H., & Rozza, A. L. (2019). Gastroprotective effect of limonene in rats: Influence on oxidative stress, inflammation and gene expression. Phytomedicine, 53(June 2018), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.027
  • Galvan-Lima, Â., Cunha, S. C., Martins, Z. E., Soares, A. G., Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O., & Farah, A. (2021). Headspace volatolome of peel flours from citrus fruits grown in Brazil. Food Research International, 150(September).
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110801 Geraci, A., Stefano, V. Di, Di, M. E., Domenico Schillaci, & Schicchi, R. (2017). Essential oil components of orange peels and antimicrobial activity. Natural Product Research, 31(6), 653–659.
  • Han, Y., Sun, Z., & Chen, W. (2020). Antimicrobial susceptibility and antibacterial mechanism of limonene against listeria monocytogenes. Molecules, 25(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010033
  • He, R., Chen, W., Chen, H., Zhong, Q., Zhang, H., Zhang, M., & Chen, W. (2022). Antibacterial mechanism of linalool against L. monocytogenes, a metabolomic study. Food Control, 132(June 2021), 108533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108533
  • Huang, Y. S., & Ho, S. C. (2010). Polymethoxy flavones are responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus fruit peel. Food Chemistry, 119(3), 868–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.092
  • Lee, G. J., Lee, S. Y., Kang, N. G., & Jin, M. H. (2022). A multi-faceted comparison of phytochemicals in seven citrus peels and improvement of chemical composition and antioxidant activity by steaming. Lwt, 160(March), 113297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113297
  • Li, X., Bi, J., Chen, Q., Jin, X., Wu, X., & Zhou, M. (2019). Texture improvement and deformation inhibition of hot air-dried apple cubes via osmotic pretreatment coupled with instant control pressure drop (DIC). Lwt, 101(August 2018), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.11.035
  • Liu, N., Yang, W., Li, X., Zhao, P., Liu, Y., Guo, L., … Gao, W. (2022). Comparison of characterization and antioxidant activity of different citrus peel pectins. Food Chemistry, 386(March), 132683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132683
  • Liu, X., Liu, B., Jiang, D., Zhu, S., & Shen, W. (2019). Scientia Horticulturae The accumulation and composition of essential oil in kumquat peel. Scientia Horticulturae, 252(January), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.03.042 Maggiolino, A., Faccia, M., Holman, B. W. B., Hopkins, D. L., Bragaglio, A., Natrella, G., … De Palo, P. (2022). The effect of oral or respiratory exposure to limonene on goat kid performance and meat quality. Meat Science, 191(May), 108865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108865
  • Matsuo, Y., Miura, L. A., Araki, T., & Yoshie-Stark, Y. (2019). Proximate composition and profiles of free amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and aroma compounds in Citrus natsudaidai peel. Food Chemistry, 279(June 2018), 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.146
  • Musacchi, S., & Serra, S. (2018). Apple fruit quality: Overview on pre-harvest factors. Scientia Horticulturae, 234(December 2017), 409–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.057
  • Özogul, Y., Özogul, F., & Kulawik, P. (2021). The antimicrobial effect of grapefruit peel essential oil and its nanoemulsion on fish spoilage bacteria and food-borne pathogens. Lwt, 136(August 2020), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110362
  • Parasuraman, V., Sharmin, A. M., & Kim, S. (2022). Fabrication and Bacterial Inhibitory Activity of Essential Oil Linalool Loaded Biocapsules Against Escherichia Coli. SSRN Electronic Journal, 74(November 2021), 103495. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3981537
  • Radünz, M., Mota Camargo, T., Santos Hackbart, H. C. dos, Inchauspe Correa Alves, P., Radünz, A. L., Avila Gandra, E., & da Rosa Zavareze, E. (2021). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities of clove, thyme, oregano, and sweet orange essential oils. Lwt, 138(November 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110632
  • Shehata, M. G., Awad, T. S., Asker, D., El Sohaimy, S. A., Abd El- Aziz, N. M., & Youssef, M. M. (2021). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS polyphenolic profile of sweet orange peel extracts. Current Research in Food Science, 4(May), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.05.001
  • Song, X., Wang, L., Liu, T., Liu, Y., Wu, X., & Liu, L. (2021). Mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.) essential oil incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles: Characterization, anti-biofilm properties and application in pork preservation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 185(May), 620–628.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.195 Sun, X. Bin, Wang, S. M., Li, T., & Yang, Y. Q. (2015). Anticancer activity of linalool terpenoid: Apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cells. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 14(4), 619–625. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v14i4.9
  • Türk Baydir, A., Soltanbeigi, A., Canlidinç, R. S., & Selçuk, M. (2021). Determination of chemical properties and antioxidant effect of Salvia Officinalis L. Bartın Üniversitesi Uluslararası Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 95–100.
  • Yi, F., Jin, R., Sun, J., Ma, B., & Bao, X. (2018). Evaluation of mechanical-pressed essential oil from Nanfeng mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Kinokuni) as a food preservative based on antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Lwt, 95(May), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.05.011
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Meyve-Sebze Teknolojisi, Gıda Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşegül Türk Baydır 0000-0003-3014-3152

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

 Kapak Resmi İndir