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AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 373 - 418, 30.12.2021

Hakan Kolçak

https://doi.org/10.51562/nkuhukuk.2021223

Öz

Azınlık kimliklerine dair anayasal tanıma biçimlerine ilişkin olarak anayasa hukuku literatüründe bir eksiklik mevcut bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu eksikliği gidermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmamızda yirmi beş Avrupa anayasası sistematik analizlere tabi tutulmakta ve siyasi teşkilatlanma yapısı yönünden mühim çıkarımlara ulaşılmaktadır. Azınlık kimliklerinin anayasal düzlemde tanınmasına yönelik toplumsal tabanı bulunan anayasal tartışmaları sürdüren devletlerin faydalanabileceği çalışmamıza göre; devletler, azınlık kimliklerini üç ayrı biçimden istifade ederek tanıyabilmektedir: 1) somut tanıma, 2) soyut tanıma ve 3) melez tanıma. Araştırmamız kapsamında incelenen devletlerin çoğunda soyut tanıma tercih edilmektedir. Soyut tanıma, üniter devletler arasında da ön plana çıkmaktadır. Somut ve melez tanımaya yönelen üniter devlet sayısı aynıdır. Soyut tanımanın baskınlığı federasyonlar özelinde daha da belirginleşmektedir. Araştırmamız dâhilinde incelenen federasyonların dörtte üçü soyut tanıma biçimini pratiğe dökmektedir. Söz konusu federasyonların dörtte birlik kısmı ise melez tanımaya yönelmektedir. Benzeri bir oran, melez tanımayı uygulayan üniter devletler için gözlemlenmektedir. Üniter devletlerin yaklaşık olarak dörtte biri tarafından tercih edilen somut tanıma, araştırmamız içeriğinde incelenen hiçbir federasyonda işlevsel kılınmamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anayasal tanıma Avrupa anayasaları Azınlıklar Çokkültürlülük Etno-kültürel çeşitlilik

Kaynakça

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ABSTRACT, CONCRETE AND HYBRID CONSTITUTIONAL RECOGNITION FOR MINORITY IDENTITIES: A NORMATIVE STUDY ON EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 373 - 418, 30.12.2021

Hakan Kolçak

https://doi.org/10.51562/nkuhukuk.2021223

Öz

In the literature of constitutional law, there is a research gap on the forms of constitutional recognition for minority identities. This study seeks to fill the academic gap. It analyses twenty-five European constitutions in a systematic manner, paving the way for the creation of significant general arguments. It is argued that those states dealing with ongoing constitutional debates on how to recognise minority identities would benefit from the findings of this study. According to the study, there are three main forms of recognition that constitutions would take into account when recognising minority identities. These forms are listed as follows: 1) abstract recognition, 2) concrete recognition and 3) hybrid recognition. The study underscores that abstract recognition is the most preferred form among those states examined in this article. This form of recognition is popular among those unitary states analysed in the article. The number of unitary states utilising the form of concrete recognition is the same as that drawing on the form of hybrid recognition. It is underlined that the form of abstract recognition is more popular among those federations scrutinised in the article. Three-fourths of the federations benefit from this form whilst the rest (one-fourth) use its hybrid counterpart. A similar scenario is realised for those unitary states analysed in the article. To clarify, almost one-fourth of the unitary states draw on the form of hybrid recognition. It is also worth noting that almost one-fourth of the unitary states use the form of concrete recognition. This form is not embraced by any federations examined in the article.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Constitutional recognition European constitutions Minorities Multiculturalism Ethno-cultural diversity

Kaynakça

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  • Bert M ve Costa J, ‘What Counts as a Linguistic Border, for Whom, and with What Implications? Exploring Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes, France’ in Dominic Watt ve Carmen Llamas (eds), Language, Borders and Identity (Edinburgh University Press 2014)
  • Capotorti F, Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (Official Publications of the United Nations 1979)
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  • Csernicskó I ve Orosz I, The Hungarian Language in Education in Ukraine (Mercator Publication Office 2019)
  • Çavuşoğlu N, ‘Yeni Bir Anayasa İçin Somut Öneriler: “Yurttaşlık/Vatandaşlık”’ (2012) 1(1) Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi, 405-428
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  • Ergin AD, ‘Azınlık Dillerinin Kullanımı Konusunda Türkiye Nerede Duruyor?’ (2010) 59(1) Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 1-34
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  • Kısa K, ‘Lozan’dan Günümüze Batı Trakya Türklerinin Hukuki Statüleri’ (2018) 4(2) Anadolu Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 307-329
  • Kichera N, ‘Ensuring and Protecting the Rights of National Minorities in the Visegrad Countries: On the Example of Slovakia’ (2020) 8(1) Border and Regional Studies, 21-38
  • Koç-Başar C, ‘Osmanlı Millet Sisteminden Ulusa Geçiş’ (2017) 23(1) Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 195-231
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  • Kolçak H, ‘Consociationalism under Examination: Is Consociationalism the Optimal Multiculturalist Approach for Turkey?’ (2020) 29(1) Digest of Middle East Studies, 26-52
  • Kolçak H, ‘Multiculturalism for True Equality: A Normative Argument for Multicultural Turkey’ (2020) 7(2) International Journal of Human Rights and Constitutional Studies, 107-125
  • Kolçak H, ‘A Confederalist Demand to Transform the Liberal Discourse: A Comprehensive Analysis of International Minority Protection Regimes’ (2021) 7(1) Anadolu Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 3-41
  • Konan B, ‘Gayrimüslim Osmanlı Vatandaşlarının Hukuki Durumuna İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme’ (2015) 64(1) Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 171-193
  • Korhecz T, ‘Evolving Legal Framework and History of National Minority Councils in Serbia’ (2019) 6(2) International Journal of Public Law and Policy, 116-137
  • Korkut L, ‘Siyasi Kimlik Olarak Vatandaşlık: Türkiye’de ve Dünya Devletlerinde Anayasal Vatandaşlık Tanımları’ (2015) 1(2) İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 5-41
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  • Kymlicka W, ‘Ethnic, Linguistic and Multicultural Diversity in Canada’ in John Courtney ve David Smith (eds), Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics (Oxford University Press 2010)
  • Kymlicka W, ‘Liberal Multiculturalism and Human Rights’ in Ferran Requejo ve Miquel Caminal (eds), Political Liberalism and Multinational Democracies (Routledge 2010)
  • Kymlicka W, ‘Minority Rights in Political Philosophy and International Law’ in Samantha Besson ve John Tasioulas (eds), The Philosophy of International Law (Oxford University Press 2010)
  • Kymlicka W, ‘The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism? New Debates on Inclusion and Accommodation in Diverse Societies’ (2010) 61(199) International Social Science Journal, 97-105
  • Kymlicka W, ‘Transitional Justice, Federalism, and the Accommodation of Minority Nationalism’ in Arthur Paige (ed), Identities in Transition: Challenges for Transnational Justice in Divided Societies (Cambridge University Press 2011)
  • Kymlicka W, ‘Minority Rights are a Part of Human Rights’ in Piotr Dutkiewicz ve Richard Sakwa (eds), 22 Ideas to Fix the World: Conversations with the World’s Foremost Thinkers (New York University Press 2013)
  • Kymlicka W, ‘The Three Lives of Multiculturalism’ in Shibao Guo ve Lloyd Wong (eds), Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada: Theories, Policies, and Debates (Sense Publishers 2015)
  • Kymlicka W, ‘Defending Diversity in an Era of Populism: Multiculturalism and Interculturalism Compared’ in Nasar Meer, Tariq Modood ve Ricard Zapata-Barrero (eds), Multiculturalism and Interculturalism: Debating the Dividing Lines (Edinburgh University Press 2016)
  • Kymlicka W, ‘Minority Rights’ in Robyn Eckersley ve Chris Brown (eds), Oxford Handbook of International Political Theory (Oxford University Press 2018)
  • Kymlicka W ve Norman W, ‘Citizenship in Culturally Diverse Societies: Issues, Contexts and Concepts’ in Will Kymlicka ve Wayne Norman (eds), Citizenship in Diverse Societies (Oxford University Press 2000)
  • Kymlicka W ve Pföstl E, ‘Introduction’ in Will Kymlicka ve Eva Pföstl (eds), Multiculturalism and Minority Rights in the Arab World (Oxford University Press 2014)
  • Lük AN, The Hungarian Language in Education in Slovenia (Mercator Publication Office 2012)
  • Mazower M, ‘Minorities and the League of Nations in Interwar Europe’ in Joshua Castellino (ed), Global Minority Rights (Ashgate 2012)
  • McGarry J, ‘Asymmetry in Federations, Federacies and Unitary States’ (2007) 6(1) Ethnopolitics, 105-116
  • McGarry J ve O’Leary B, ‘The Political Regulation of National and Ethnic Minorities’ (1994) 47(1) Parliamentary Affairs, 94-115
  • McGarry J ve O’Leary B, ‘Federation as a Method of Ethnic Conflict-regulation’ in Sid Noel (ed), From Power-sharing to Democracy: Post-conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies, (McGill-Queens University Press 2005)
  • McGarry J ve O’Leary B, ‘Federation and Managing Nations’ in Michael Burgess ve John Pinder (eds), Multinational Federations (Routledge 2007)
  • McGarry J, O’Leary B ve Simeon R, ‘The Enduring Debate in Conflict Regulation’ in Sujit Choudhry (ed), Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation? (Oxford University Press 2008)
  • Mızrak D, ‘Azınlık Hakları ile Yerli Halkların Haklarının Kolektif Hak Kullanımı Çerçevesinde Karşılaştırılması’ (2018) 9(2) İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 631-664
  • Oestreich J, ‘Liberal Theory and Minority Rights Group’ (1999) 21(1) Human Rights Quarterly, 108-132
  • O’Leary B, ‘An Iron Law of Nationalism and Federation? A (Neo-Diceyian) Theory of the Necessity of a Federal Staatsvolk and Consociational Rescue’ (2001) 7(3) Nations and Nationalism, 273-296
  • O’Leary B, ‘Nationalism and Ethnicity: Research Agendas on Theories of Their Sources and of Their Regulation’ in Daniel Chirot ve Martin Selgman (eds), Ethnopolitical Warfare: Causes, Consequences and Possible Solutions (American Psychological Association Press 2001)
  • O’Leary B, ‘The Elements of Right-sizing and Right-peopling the State’ in Brendan O’Leary, Ian Lustick ve Thomas Callaghy (eds), Right-sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders (Oxford University Press 2001)
  • O’Leary B, ‘Analysing Partition: Definition, Classification and Explanation’ (2007) 26(8) Political Geography, 895-896
  • O’Leary B, ‘The Logics of Power-sharing, Consociation and Pluralist Federation’ in Marc Weller, Barbara Metzger ve Niall Johnson (eds), Settling Self-determination Disputes: Complex Power-sharing in Theory and Practice (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2008)
  • O’Leary B, ‘Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places: An Advocate’s Introduction’ in Joanne McEvoy ve Brendan O’Leary (eds), National and Ethnic Conflict in the 21st Century: Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places (University of Pennsylvania Press 2013)
  • O’Leary B ve McGarry J, ‘Regulating Nations and Ethnic Communities’ in Albert Breton, Gianluigi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon ve Ronald Wintrobe (eds), Nationalism and Rationality (Cambridge University Press 1995)
  • O’Leary B ve McGarry J, ‘The Politics of Accommodation: Surveying National and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in Democratic States’ in Adrian Guelke ve Jean Tournon (eds), The Study of Politics and Ethnicity: Recent Analytical Developments (Barbara Budrich 2012)
  • Ortaylı İ, Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı (Timaş Yayınları 2006)
  • Ortaylı İ, Türkiye Teşkilât ve İdare Tarihi (3rd edn, Cedit Neşriyat 2008)
  • Ortaylı İ, İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı (30th edn, Timaş Yayınları 2010)
  • Patten A, ‘Liberal Neutrality and Language Policy’ (2003) 31(4) Philosophy & Public Affairs, 356-386
  • Patten A, ‘Beyond the Dichotomy of Universalism and Difference: Four Response to Cultural Diversity’ in Sujit Choudhry (ed), Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation? (Oxford University Press 2008)
  • Preece J, ‘Minority Rights in Europe: From Westphalia to Helsinki’ (1997) 23(1) Review of International Studies, 75-92
  • Preece J, ‘National Minority Rights vs. State Sovereignty in Europe: Changing Norms in International Relations?’ (1997) 3(3) Nations and Nationalism, 345-364
  • Quenot S, ‘Public Policy for the Corsican Language: From Revitalisation to Normalisation?’ (2020) 261 International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 145-162
  • Sansum JM ve Dobos B, ‘Cultural Autonomy in Hungary: Inward or Outward Looking?’ (2020) 48(2) Nationalities Papers, 251-266
  • Sardelić J, ‘The Roma Community Act in the Republic of Slovenia: Legal Implementation of Romani Non-territorial Autonomy?’ in Ephraim Nimni, Alexander Osipov ve David Smith (eds), The Challenge of Non-territorial Autonomy: Theory and Practice (Peter Lang 2013)
  • Smajljaj A, ‘Ethnicity Based Democratic Constitutional Structures: The Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Kosovo’ (2020) 3(4) Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, 109-138
  • Stojadinovic S, ‘The Law on Use of Languages in Republic of (North) Macedonia’ (2020) 3(3) International Journal of Global Community, 189-202
  • Taylor C, ‘The Politics of Recognition’ in Amy Gutmann (ed), Multiculturalism and the ‘Politics of Recognition’: An Essay by Charles Taylor (Princeton University Press 1992)
  • Thornberry P, ‘Historical Background: International Law Moves from Protection of Particular Groups to Norms of a Universal Character’ in Joshua Castellino (ed), Global Minority Rights (Ashgate 2012)
  • Ulasiuk I, ‘Language Policies and Law in Education in Post-Soviet Belarus’ (2011) 7(1-2) International Journal for Education Law and Policy, 31-39
  • Uygun O, Devlet Teorisi (6th edn, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2019)
  • Vančo I, The Hungarian Language in Education in Slovakia (Mercator Publication Office 2005)
  • Viangalli F, ‘From Linguistics to Litigation: Reflections on the Legal Aspects of Reversing Language Shift’ (2020) 261 International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 163-178
  • Vicsek A, ‘Minority Education in the Republic of Serbia – A Success Story with Challenges’ (2018) 2(1) Hungarian Journal of Minority Studies, 85-100
  • Videsott P, ‘Czech Republic’ in Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil ve Paul Videsott (eds), National Minorities in Europe: Handbook of European National Minorities (2nd edn, Verlag Österreich 2018)
  • Watts R, ‘Federalism, Federal Political Systems, and Federations’ (1998) 1(1) Annual Review of Political Science, 117-137
Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hakan Kolçak 0000-0003-1185-4055

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kolçak, H. (2021). AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 373-418. https://doi.org/10.51562/nkuhukuk.2021223
AMA Kolçak H. AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. NKU Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. Aralık 2021;2(2):373-418. doi:10.51562/nkuhukuk.2021223
Chicago Kolçak, Hakan. “AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA”. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 2, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 373-418. https://doi.org/10.51562/nkuhukuk.2021223.
EndNote Kolçak H (01 Aralık 2021) AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 2 2 373–418.
IEEE H. Kolçak, “AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA”, NKU Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 2, ss. 373–418, 2021, doi: 10.51562/nkuhukuk.2021223.
ISNAD Kolçak, Hakan. “AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA”. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 2/2 (Aralık 2021), 373-418. https://doi.org/10.51562/nkuhukuk.2021223.
JAMA Kolçak H. AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. NKU Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;2:373–418.
MLA Kolçak, Hakan. “AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA”. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 373-18, doi:10.51562/nkuhukuk.2021223.
Vancouver Kolçak H. AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. NKU Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;2(2):373-418.
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