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Evaluation of Some Sperm Parameters with Contaminated Escherichia coli of Bull Semen

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 91 - 96, 20.08.2016

Öz

One of the common reasons disrupting spermatogenesis is infections directly affecting testes. Escherichia coliis the most abundant bacteria found in bovine faeces. This study was performed in order to evaluate changes in motility, dead-alive spermatozoa ratio and fertility in commercially used semen in the veterinary field which are contaminated by E. coli. For this purpose, 40 straws of bull semen were thawed in 37 °C and separated into 4 groups. Each group had 10 straws of thawed semen. Placebo, 10.00 E. coli/ml, 100.00 E. coli/ml and 1.000.000 E. coli /ml were added to 1st, 2nd, 3rdand 4thgroup, respectively. The initial motility was determined as 80%. Later, motility examination was performed in the first 2 hour with 10 minutes intervals and after the next 1 hour with 15 minutes intervals and finally in every hour. While dead-alive ratio was determined as 8-10% initially, all of the data were recorded in order to support motility from the outset of the study every hour. In group II, the motility was abolished faster than all test groups. The highest increase determined in dead spermatozoon rate is also group II. As a result, the importance of antimicrobial agents used against bacterial contamination and in semen production stages become prominent. Moreover, practitioners should show maximum attention towards asepsis while performing artificial insemination.

Kaynakça

  • Alaçam, E (1994): Evcil Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon Suni Tohumlama Doğum ve İnfertilite. Ed.: Erol Alaçam, 1. Baskı. Dizgievi - Konya. Arda M (2011): Temel Mikrobiyoloji. s: 217-220, MedisanYayınları, 4. Baskı, Ankara. Auroux MR, Jacques L, Mathieu D, Auer J (1991): Is the sperm bacterial ratio a determining factor in impairment of sperm motility: an in-vitro study in man with Escherichia coli. Int J Androl, 14, 264-270. Aydın S (2003): Farklı üropatojen mikroorganizmaların sperm motilitesi üzerine etkisi: In vitro deneysel çalışma. YYÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora tezi. Aydın S, Yılmaz Y, Odabaş Ö, Şekeroğlu MR, Tarakçıoğlu M, Atilla MK (1997): A further study of seminal plasma: Lactate dehidrogenase and Lactate dehidrogenase-X activities and diluted semen absorbence. Eur J Clin Chem Biochem, 35, 261-264. Balmelli T, Stamm J, Dolina-Giudici M, Peduzzi R, Piffaretti-Yanez A, Balerna M (1994): Bacteroides ureolyticus in men consulting for infertility. Andrologia, 26: 35–38. Busolo F, Zanchetta R, Lanzone E, Cusianato R (1984): Microbial flora in semen of asymptomatic men. Andrologia, 16, 269-275. Celino FT, Yamaguchi S, Miura C, Ohta T, Tozawa Y, Iwai T, Miura T (2011): Tolerance of spermatogonia to oxidative stress is due to high levels of Zn and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. PLos One, 6, 2, e16938. Comhaire FH, Mahmoud AM, Depuydt CE, Zalata AA, Christophe AB (1999): Mechanisms and effects of male genital tract infection on sperm quality and fertilizing potential: the androlögist's viewpoint. Hum Reprod Update, 5, 393-398. Conihaire FH, Hinting A, Vermeulen L, Schoonjans F, Goethals I (1988): Evaluation of the direct and indirect mixed antiglobulin reaction with latex particles for the diagnosis of immunological infertility. Int J Androl, 11, 37-44. Çoyan K, Ataman MB, Kaya A, Karaca F (2002): Evcil Hayvanlarda Dölerme ve Sun’i Tohumlama. SÜ Vet Fak Yayın Ünitesi, 42031 Kampüs, Konya Del Porto GB, Derrick FC, Bannister ER (1975): Bacterial effect on sperm motility. Urology, 5538-639. Demirci E (2007): Evcil Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon, Suni Tohumlama ve Androloji Ders Notları. FÜ Veteriner Fakültesi Ders Teksiri No, 57. Depuydt C, Zalata A, Christophe A, Mahmoud A, Comhaire F (1998): Mechanisms of sperm deficiency in male accessory gland infection. Andrologia, 30: 29-33. Diemer T, Desjardins C (1999): Developmental and genetic disorders in spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod Update, 5, 120-140. Diemer T, Ludwig M, Huwe P, Hales DB, Weidner W (2000a): Influence of ürogenital infection on sperm function. Curr Opin Urol, 10, 39-44. Diemer T, Huwe P, Michelmann HW, Maayer F, Schiefer HG, Weidner W (2000b): Escherichia coli induced al-terations of human spermatozoa. An electron microscopy analysis. Int J Androl, 23, 178–186. Diemer T, Weidner W, Michelmann HW, Schiefer HG, Rovan E, Mayer F (1996): Influence of Escherichia coli on motility parameters of human spermatozoa in vitro. Int J Androl, 19: 271-277. Eggert-Kruse W, Boit R, Röhr G, Aufenanger J, Hund M, Strowitzki T (2001): Relationship of seminal plasma interleukin (IL) -8 and IL-6 with semen quality. Hum Reprod, 16, 517-528. Eggert-Kruse W, Rohr G, Probst S, Rusu R, Hund M, Demirakca T, Aufenanger J, Runnebaum B and Petzoldt D (1998): Antisperm antibodies and microorganisms in genital secretions: a clinically signifıcant relationship. Andrologia, 30, 61- 71. Garner DL, Hafez ESE (1993): Spermatazoa and seminal plasma. In: Hafez ESE (ed.) Reproduction in Farm Animals, Philadelphia, Ghebreyesus A (1986): Studies on acrosome abnormalities of frozen, stored bull spermatazoa. Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin, Justus-Liebig Universitat Giessen, German Federal Republic, 19pp; 71/2pp of ref. thesis. Gökçen H, Minbay A, Çekgül E (1985): Karacabey Harası suni tohumlama boğalarında klinik, spermatolojik araştırmalar. Uludağ Üniversitesi Vet Fak Derg, 4, 53-62. Greendale GA, Haas ST, Holbrook K, Walsh B, Schachter J, Phillips RS (1993): The relationship of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and male infertility. Am J Public Health, 83, 996-1001. Gump DW, Gibson M, Ashikaga T (1984): Lack of association between genital mycoplasmas and infertility. N Eng J Med, 310, 937-941. Güney HÖ, İleri İK (1990): Pallet yöntemine göre dondurulmuş boğa spermasının farklı ısı ve sürelerde eritilmesinin ve eritme sonrası düşük ısı uygulamalarının spermatozoitlerin motilite ve morfolojik yapıları üzerine etkisi. İÜ Vet Fak Derg, 17, 75-91. Hafez ESE (1987): Reproduction in Farm Animals. Ed: ESE Hafez, 5th edition, Lea&Febiger, Philadelphia. Hales DB, Diemer T, Hales KH (1999): Role of cytokines in testicular function. Endocrine, 10, 201-217. Henkel R, Schill WB (1998): Sperm separation in patients with ürogenital infections. Andrologia, 30, 91-97. Huwe P, Diemer T, Ludwig M, Liu J, Schiefer HG, Weidner W (1998): Influence of different uropathogenic microorganisms on human sperm motility parameters in an in vitro experiment. Andrologia, 30, 55-59. İleri İK, Ak K, Pabuççuoğlu S, Birler S (2000): Evcil Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon ve Sun’i Tohumlama. İÜ Vet Fak Yayını, Ders Notu No: 112. Jarvi K, Lacroix JM, Jain A, Dumitru I, Heritz D, Mittelman MW (1996): Polymerase ehain reaction-based detection of bacteria in semen. Fertil Steril, 66, 463-467. Kohn FM, Erdmann I, Oeda T, el Mulla KF, Schiefer HG, Schill WB (1998): Influence of ürogenital infections on sperm functions. Andrologia, 30, 73- 80. Lewis RH, Harrison RM, Domonique GJ (1981): Culture of seminal fluid in a fertility clinic. Fertil Steril, 35, 666-670. Liversedge NH, Jenkins JM, Keay SD, McLaughlin EA, Al-Sufyan H, Maile LA, Joels LA, Hull GR (1996): Antibiotic treatment based on seminal cultures from asymptomatic male partners in in vitro fertilization is unnecessary and may be detrimental. Hum Reprod, 11, 1227-1231. Ludwig M, Kummel C, Schroeder-Printzen I, Ringert RH, Weidner W (1998): Evaluation of seminal plasma parameters in patients with chronic prostatitis or leukocytospermia. Andrologia, 30, 41-47. Makler A, Urbach Y, Lefler E, Merzbach D (1981): Factors affecting sperm motility. VI. Sperm viability under the influence of bacterial growth in human ejaculates. Fertil Steril, 35, 666-670. Mazzulli T (2002): Resistance trends in urinary tract pathogens and impact on management. J Urol, 168, 1720-1722. Mc Donald LE (1980): Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction. Lea-Febiger, Philadelphia. Michelmann HW (1998): Influence of bacteria and leukocytes on the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Andrologia, 30, 99-101. Moreira SG, Lipshultz LI (2000): Management of male infertility. Digital Urol J "www.duj.com/article/Moreira.html". Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2015 Munuce MJ, Bregni C, Carizza C, Mendeluk G (1999): Semen culture, leukocytospermia, and the presence of sperm antibodies in seminal hyperviscosity. Arch Androl, 42, 21-28. Naessens A, Foulon W, Debrucker P, Devroey P, Lauwers S (1986): Recovery of micro-organisms in semen and relationship to semen evaluation. Fertil Steril, 53, 331-336. Ness RB, Markovic N, Carlson CL, Coughlin' MT (1997): Do men become infertile after having sexually transmitted urethritis? An epidemiologie examination. Fertil Steril, 68, 205-213. Novy MJ, Eschenbach DA (1998): Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, and Genetics. In: "Gynecology and Obstetrics", Sciarra JJ, Watkins TJ (Eds), Part 12, Vol 5. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Ochsendorf FR (1999): Infections in the male genital tract and reactive oxygen species. Hum Reprod Update, 5, 399-420. Özkoca A (1984): Çiftlik Hayvanlarında İnfertilite. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınlan, No 4. İstanbul. Paulson JD, Polakowski KL (1997): Isolation of a spermatozoal immobilisation factor from Escherichia coli filtrates. Fertil Steril, 28, 182-185. Petrunkina AM, Waberski D, Gunzel-Apel AR, Topfer-Petersen E (2007): Determinants of sperm quality and fertility in domestic species. Reprod, 134, 3–17. Rodriguez-Martinez H (2007): State of the art in farm animal sperm evaluation. Reprod Fertil Dev, 19, 91–101. Salisbury GW, VanDemark NL, Lodge JR (1978): Physiology of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Cattle. 2nd ed. WH Freeman Co, San Francisco. Schiefer HG (1998): Microbiology of male urethroadnexitis: diagnostic procedures and criteria for aetiologic classification. Andrologia, 30, 7-13. Seidman DS, Madjar I, Levron J, Levran D, Mashiach S, Dor J (1999): Testicular sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection for persistent infection of the ejaculate. Fertil Steril, 71, 564-566. Sevinç A. (1984): Dölerme ve Sun'i Tohumlama. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 397 Ankara. Shalika S, Dugan K, Smith RD, Padilla SL (1996): The effect of positive semen bacterial and Ureaplasma cultures on in-vitro fertilization success. Hum Reprod, 11, 2789-2792. Sigman M, Howards SS (1998): Male' Infertility. In: "Campbell's Urology", Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ (Eds), Vol. 2, Ch. 44. 7th ed. pp. 1287- 1330, WB Saunders Co. Philadelphia. Sönmez M (2013): Reprodüksiyon Suni Tohumlama ve Androloji Ders Notları. FÜ Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları. Elazığ 2013. Swenson CE, Toth A, O'Leary WM (1979): Ureaplasma urealyticum and human infertility: The effect of antibiotic therapy on semen quality. Fertil Steril, 31, 660-665. Trum JW, Mol BW, Pannekoek Y, Spanjaard L, Wertheim P, Bleker OP, van der Veen F (1998): Value of detecting leukocytospermia in the diagnosis of genital tract infection in subfertile men. Fertil Steril, 70, 315-319. Villanueva-Diaz CA, Flores-Reyes GA, Beltrân-Zuniga M, Echavarria-Sanchez M, Ortiz-Ibarra FJ, Arredondo-Garcia JL (1999): Bacteriospermia and male infertility: a method for increasing the sensitivity of semen culture. Int J Fertil Womens Med, 44, 198-203. Weidner W, Krause W, Ludwig M (1999): Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis. Hum Reprod Update, 5, 421-432. Weidner W, Schiefer HG, Garbe C (1987): Acute nongonococcal epididymitis. Aetiological and therapeutic aspects. Drugs, 34, 111-117. Winters SJ (1997): Pathogenesis and medical management of male infertility. In: "infertility, A Comprehensive Text", Seibel MM (Ed). Ch. 15. pp. 261-275. Appleton and Lange, Stamford. Witkin SS, Tot'h A (1983): Relationship between genital tract infections, sperm antibodies in seminal fluid and infertility. Fertil Steril, 40, 805-808. Wolin LH (1971): On the etiology of epididymitis. J Urol, 105, 531-533. Yanagimachi R (1994): Mammalian Fertilization. Knobil E, Neill JD (eds), The Physiology of Reproduction. Raven Press, New York, pp. 189-317.

Escherichia coli ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 91 - 96, 20.08.2016

Öz

Spermatogenezisi etkileyen en önemli nedenlerden birisi, testisleri direkt etkileyen enfeksiyonlardır. Bu çalışma, sığır dışkısında en fazla bulunan bakteri olan Escherichia coli’nin; ticari olarak satılan ve rutinde Veteriner Hekimler’in suni tohumlamada kullandıkları spermaların, motilite ve ölü-canlı spermatozoon oranı, dolayısı ile fertilitenin, kontaminasyon sonucunu nasıl etkilendiğinin ortaya konulmasını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 40 payet boğa sperması 37 °C’de çözdürülerek 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. Her bir gruba 10 payet olacak şekilde çözdürülen spermaların üzerine 1. Grupta placebo, 2. Grupta 1 ml’de 10.000 E. coli, 3. Grupta 1 ml’de 100.000 E. colive 4. Grupta 1 ml’de 1.000.000 E. coliolacak şekilde bakteriler eklenmiştir. Başlangıç motilitesi %80 olarak belirlenmiş, daha sonra motilite muayenesi ilk 2 saat içerisinde 10’ar dakika aralıklarla, sonraki 1 saatte 15 dakika aralıklarla ve sonrasında her saat başı yapılmıştır. Ölü-canlı oranı başlangıçta %8-10 olarak belirlenirken, motiliteyi desteklemek için çalışma başından itibaren her saat başı yapılarak tüm veriler kaydedilmiştir. Deneme grupları içerisinde motilite en çabuk Grup II’de sonlanmıştır. Ölü spermatozoon oranınındaki en hızlı artış da Grup II’de gerçekleşmiştir. Sonuç olarak bakteriyel kontaminasyonun ve sperma üretim aşamalarında katılan antimikrobiyel maddelerin önemi bir kez daha ortaya çıkmaktadır. Dahası suni tohumlama uygulayıcılarının asepsiye azami dikkat etmelerinin gerekliliği de ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Alaçam, E (1994): Evcil Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon Suni Tohumlama Doğum ve İnfertilite. Ed.: Erol Alaçam, 1. Baskı. Dizgievi - Konya. Arda M (2011): Temel Mikrobiyoloji. s: 217-220, MedisanYayınları, 4. Baskı, Ankara. Auroux MR, Jacques L, Mathieu D, Auer J (1991): Is the sperm bacterial ratio a determining factor in impairment of sperm motility: an in-vitro study in man with Escherichia coli. Int J Androl, 14, 264-270. Aydın S (2003): Farklı üropatojen mikroorganizmaların sperm motilitesi üzerine etkisi: In vitro deneysel çalışma. YYÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora tezi. Aydın S, Yılmaz Y, Odabaş Ö, Şekeroğlu MR, Tarakçıoğlu M, Atilla MK (1997): A further study of seminal plasma: Lactate dehidrogenase and Lactate dehidrogenase-X activities and diluted semen absorbence. Eur J Clin Chem Biochem, 35, 261-264. Balmelli T, Stamm J, Dolina-Giudici M, Peduzzi R, Piffaretti-Yanez A, Balerna M (1994): Bacteroides ureolyticus in men consulting for infertility. Andrologia, 26: 35–38. Busolo F, Zanchetta R, Lanzone E, Cusianato R (1984): Microbial flora in semen of asymptomatic men. Andrologia, 16, 269-275. Celino FT, Yamaguchi S, Miura C, Ohta T, Tozawa Y, Iwai T, Miura T (2011): Tolerance of spermatogonia to oxidative stress is due to high levels of Zn and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. PLos One, 6, 2, e16938. Comhaire FH, Mahmoud AM, Depuydt CE, Zalata AA, Christophe AB (1999): Mechanisms and effects of male genital tract infection on sperm quality and fertilizing potential: the androlögist's viewpoint. Hum Reprod Update, 5, 393-398. Conihaire FH, Hinting A, Vermeulen L, Schoonjans F, Goethals I (1988): Evaluation of the direct and indirect mixed antiglobulin reaction with latex particles for the diagnosis of immunological infertility. Int J Androl, 11, 37-44. Çoyan K, Ataman MB, Kaya A, Karaca F (2002): Evcil Hayvanlarda Dölerme ve Sun’i Tohumlama. SÜ Vet Fak Yayın Ünitesi, 42031 Kampüs, Konya Del Porto GB, Derrick FC, Bannister ER (1975): Bacterial effect on sperm motility. Urology, 5538-639. Demirci E (2007): Evcil Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon, Suni Tohumlama ve Androloji Ders Notları. FÜ Veteriner Fakültesi Ders Teksiri No, 57. Depuydt C, Zalata A, Christophe A, Mahmoud A, Comhaire F (1998): Mechanisms of sperm deficiency in male accessory gland infection. Andrologia, 30: 29-33. Diemer T, Desjardins C (1999): Developmental and genetic disorders in spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod Update, 5, 120-140. Diemer T, Ludwig M, Huwe P, Hales DB, Weidner W (2000a): Influence of ürogenital infection on sperm function. Curr Opin Urol, 10, 39-44. Diemer T, Huwe P, Michelmann HW, Maayer F, Schiefer HG, Weidner W (2000b): Escherichia coli induced al-terations of human spermatozoa. An electron microscopy analysis. Int J Androl, 23, 178–186. Diemer T, Weidner W, Michelmann HW, Schiefer HG, Rovan E, Mayer F (1996): Influence of Escherichia coli on motility parameters of human spermatozoa in vitro. Int J Androl, 19: 271-277. Eggert-Kruse W, Boit R, Röhr G, Aufenanger J, Hund M, Strowitzki T (2001): Relationship of seminal plasma interleukin (IL) -8 and IL-6 with semen quality. Hum Reprod, 16, 517-528. Eggert-Kruse W, Rohr G, Probst S, Rusu R, Hund M, Demirakca T, Aufenanger J, Runnebaum B and Petzoldt D (1998): Antisperm antibodies and microorganisms in genital secretions: a clinically signifıcant relationship. Andrologia, 30, 61- 71. Garner DL, Hafez ESE (1993): Spermatazoa and seminal plasma. In: Hafez ESE (ed.) Reproduction in Farm Animals, Philadelphia, Ghebreyesus A (1986): Studies on acrosome abnormalities of frozen, stored bull spermatazoa. Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin, Justus-Liebig Universitat Giessen, German Federal Republic, 19pp; 71/2pp of ref. thesis. Gökçen H, Minbay A, Çekgül E (1985): Karacabey Harası suni tohumlama boğalarında klinik, spermatolojik araştırmalar. Uludağ Üniversitesi Vet Fak Derg, 4, 53-62. Greendale GA, Haas ST, Holbrook K, Walsh B, Schachter J, Phillips RS (1993): The relationship of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and male infertility. Am J Public Health, 83, 996-1001. Gump DW, Gibson M, Ashikaga T (1984): Lack of association between genital mycoplasmas and infertility. N Eng J Med, 310, 937-941. Güney HÖ, İleri İK (1990): Pallet yöntemine göre dondurulmuş boğa spermasının farklı ısı ve sürelerde eritilmesinin ve eritme sonrası düşük ısı uygulamalarının spermatozoitlerin motilite ve morfolojik yapıları üzerine etkisi. İÜ Vet Fak Derg, 17, 75-91. Hafez ESE (1987): Reproduction in Farm Animals. Ed: ESE Hafez, 5th edition, Lea&Febiger, Philadelphia. Hales DB, Diemer T, Hales KH (1999): Role of cytokines in testicular function. Endocrine, 10, 201-217. Henkel R, Schill WB (1998): Sperm separation in patients with ürogenital infections. Andrologia, 30, 91-97. Huwe P, Diemer T, Ludwig M, Liu J, Schiefer HG, Weidner W (1998): Influence of different uropathogenic microorganisms on human sperm motility parameters in an in vitro experiment. Andrologia, 30, 55-59. İleri İK, Ak K, Pabuççuoğlu S, Birler S (2000): Evcil Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon ve Sun’i Tohumlama. İÜ Vet Fak Yayını, Ders Notu No: 112. Jarvi K, Lacroix JM, Jain A, Dumitru I, Heritz D, Mittelman MW (1996): Polymerase ehain reaction-based detection of bacteria in semen. Fertil Steril, 66, 463-467. Kohn FM, Erdmann I, Oeda T, el Mulla KF, Schiefer HG, Schill WB (1998): Influence of ürogenital infections on sperm functions. Andrologia, 30, 73- 80. Lewis RH, Harrison RM, Domonique GJ (1981): Culture of seminal fluid in a fertility clinic. Fertil Steril, 35, 666-670. Liversedge NH, Jenkins JM, Keay SD, McLaughlin EA, Al-Sufyan H, Maile LA, Joels LA, Hull GR (1996): Antibiotic treatment based on seminal cultures from asymptomatic male partners in in vitro fertilization is unnecessary and may be detrimental. Hum Reprod, 11, 1227-1231. Ludwig M, Kummel C, Schroeder-Printzen I, Ringert RH, Weidner W (1998): Evaluation of seminal plasma parameters in patients with chronic prostatitis or leukocytospermia. Andrologia, 30, 41-47. Makler A, Urbach Y, Lefler E, Merzbach D (1981): Factors affecting sperm motility. VI. Sperm viability under the influence of bacterial growth in human ejaculates. Fertil Steril, 35, 666-670. Mazzulli T (2002): Resistance trends in urinary tract pathogens and impact on management. J Urol, 168, 1720-1722. Mc Donald LE (1980): Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction. Lea-Febiger, Philadelphia. Michelmann HW (1998): Influence of bacteria and leukocytes on the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Andrologia, 30, 99-101. Moreira SG, Lipshultz LI (2000): Management of male infertility. Digital Urol J "www.duj.com/article/Moreira.html". Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2015 Munuce MJ, Bregni C, Carizza C, Mendeluk G (1999): Semen culture, leukocytospermia, and the presence of sperm antibodies in seminal hyperviscosity. Arch Androl, 42, 21-28. Naessens A, Foulon W, Debrucker P, Devroey P, Lauwers S (1986): Recovery of micro-organisms in semen and relationship to semen evaluation. Fertil Steril, 53, 331-336. Ness RB, Markovic N, Carlson CL, Coughlin' MT (1997): Do men become infertile after having sexually transmitted urethritis? An epidemiologie examination. Fertil Steril, 68, 205-213. Novy MJ, Eschenbach DA (1998): Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, and Genetics. In: "Gynecology and Obstetrics", Sciarra JJ, Watkins TJ (Eds), Part 12, Vol 5. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Ochsendorf FR (1999): Infections in the male genital tract and reactive oxygen species. Hum Reprod Update, 5, 399-420. Özkoca A (1984): Çiftlik Hayvanlarında İnfertilite. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınlan, No 4. İstanbul. Paulson JD, Polakowski KL (1997): Isolation of a spermatozoal immobilisation factor from Escherichia coli filtrates. Fertil Steril, 28, 182-185. Petrunkina AM, Waberski D, Gunzel-Apel AR, Topfer-Petersen E (2007): Determinants of sperm quality and fertility in domestic species. Reprod, 134, 3–17. Rodriguez-Martinez H (2007): State of the art in farm animal sperm evaluation. Reprod Fertil Dev, 19, 91–101. Salisbury GW, VanDemark NL, Lodge JR (1978): Physiology of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Cattle. 2nd ed. WH Freeman Co, San Francisco. Schiefer HG (1998): Microbiology of male urethroadnexitis: diagnostic procedures and criteria for aetiologic classification. Andrologia, 30, 7-13. Seidman DS, Madjar I, Levron J, Levran D, Mashiach S, Dor J (1999): Testicular sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection for persistent infection of the ejaculate. Fertil Steril, 71, 564-566. Sevinç A. (1984): Dölerme ve Sun'i Tohumlama. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 397 Ankara. Shalika S, Dugan K, Smith RD, Padilla SL (1996): The effect of positive semen bacterial and Ureaplasma cultures on in-vitro fertilization success. Hum Reprod, 11, 2789-2792. Sigman M, Howards SS (1998): Male' Infertility. In: "Campbell's Urology", Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ (Eds), Vol. 2, Ch. 44. 7th ed. pp. 1287- 1330, WB Saunders Co. Philadelphia. Sönmez M (2013): Reprodüksiyon Suni Tohumlama ve Androloji Ders Notları. FÜ Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları. Elazığ 2013. Swenson CE, Toth A, O'Leary WM (1979): Ureaplasma urealyticum and human infertility: The effect of antibiotic therapy on semen quality. Fertil Steril, 31, 660-665. Trum JW, Mol BW, Pannekoek Y, Spanjaard L, Wertheim P, Bleker OP, van der Veen F (1998): Value of detecting leukocytospermia in the diagnosis of genital tract infection in subfertile men. Fertil Steril, 70, 315-319. Villanueva-Diaz CA, Flores-Reyes GA, Beltrân-Zuniga M, Echavarria-Sanchez M, Ortiz-Ibarra FJ, Arredondo-Garcia JL (1999): Bacteriospermia and male infertility: a method for increasing the sensitivity of semen culture. Int J Fertil Womens Med, 44, 198-203. Weidner W, Krause W, Ludwig M (1999): Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis. Hum Reprod Update, 5, 421-432. Weidner W, Schiefer HG, Garbe C (1987): Acute nongonococcal epididymitis. Aetiological and therapeutic aspects. Drugs, 34, 111-117. Winters SJ (1997): Pathogenesis and medical management of male infertility. In: "infertility, A Comprehensive Text", Seibel MM (Ed). Ch. 15. pp. 261-275. Appleton and Lange, Stamford. Witkin SS, Tot'h A (1983): Relationship between genital tract infections, sperm antibodies in seminal fluid and infertility. Fertil Steril, 40, 805-808. Wolin LH (1971): On the etiology of epididymitis. J Urol, 105, 531-533. Yanagimachi R (1994): Mammalian Fertilization. Knobil E, Neill JD (eds), The Physiology of Reproduction. Raven Press, New York, pp. 189-317.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Akın Gülyüz Bu kişi benim

Barış Atalay Uslu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ağustos 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ocak 2016
Kabul Tarihi 22 Nisan 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülyüz, A., & Uslu, B. A. (2016). Escherichia coli ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Van Veterinary Journal, 27(2), 91-96.
AMA Gülyüz A, Uslu BA. Escherichia coli ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Van Vet J. Ağustos 2016;27(2):91-96.
Chicago Gülyüz, Akın, ve Barış Atalay Uslu. “Escherichia Coli Ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Van Veterinary Journal 27, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2016): 91-96.
EndNote Gülyüz A, Uslu BA (01 Ağustos 2016) Escherichia coli ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Van Veterinary Journal 27 2 91–96.
IEEE A. Gülyüz ve B. A. Uslu, “Escherichia coli ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi”, Van Vet J, c. 27, sy. 2, ss. 91–96, 2016.
ISNAD Gülyüz, Akın - Uslu, Barış Atalay. “Escherichia Coli Ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Van Veterinary Journal 27/2 (Ağustos 2016), 91-96.
JAMA Gülyüz A, Uslu BA. Escherichia coli ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Van Vet J. 2016;27:91–96.
MLA Gülyüz, Akın ve Barış Atalay Uslu. “Escherichia Coli Ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Van Veterinary Journal, c. 27, sy. 2, 2016, ss. 91-96.
Vancouver Gülyüz A, Uslu BA. Escherichia coli ile Kontamine Edilen Boğa Spermalarında Bazı Spermatolojik Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Van Vet J. 2016;27(2):91-6.

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