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VETERİNER HEKİMLİKTE ETİKET DIŞI İLAÇ KULLANIMI: ANTİMİKROBİYAL İLAÇLAR

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 134 - 150, 30.12.2020

Ender Yarsan Sinem Pehlivan

https://doi.org/10.38137/vetfarmatoksbulten.803682
Cited By: 1

Öz

Etiket dışı ya da endikasyon dışı ilaç kullanımı kavramı, bir ürünün, prospektüsünde veya etiketinde belirtildiğinden farklı şekilde uygulanması olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu tanımdan hareketle hekim; ilacın prospektüs bilgileri dışında olacak şekilde, farklı bir türde, farklı bir doz aralığında, dozaj rejiminde ve süreyle ilaç uygulaması yapabilir. Bu durum gerek ülkemizde gerekse uluslararası alanda kabul gören bir yaklaşımdır. Veteriner hekimliği ve beşeri hekimlikte yasal mevzuat ile çerçevesi çizilmiştir. Ancak bu uygulama ile sorumluluk tümüyle hekime yüklenmektedir. Dolayısıyla hekim bu türden bir uygulama yapacaksa mutlaka bir onam formu/belgesi almalı, hasta sahibine konuyla ilgili bilgi vermelidir. Antimikrobiyal ilaçlar bu uygulamanın önemli bir parçasını oluşturur. Olası bir hata ya da yanlış kullanım, hasta yönüyle olduğu kadar halk sağlığı yönüyle de “antimikrobiyal direnç” ve “kalıntı” gibi olumsuzluklara neden olabilir. Bu makale kapsamında etiket dışı ilaç kullanımı konusunda temel bilgiler sunuldu ve konu özellikle antimikrobiyal ilaçlar yönüyle tür bazında değerlendirildi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibakteriyel Etiket dışı İlaç Veteriner Hekimlik

Kaynakça

  • ACMSF. (1999). Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food - Report on Microbial Antibiotic Resistance in Relation to Food Safety. Erişim adresi: https://acmsf.food.gov.uk/committee/acmsf/ acmsfreps/acmsfreports.
  • Alderman, D., Hastings T. (1998). Antibiotic use in aquaculture: development of antibiotic resistance–potential for consumer health risks. International journal of food science & technology, 33 (2), 139-155.
  • Altıntaş, L. (2017). Sığırlarda antibiyotik kullanımı. Veteriner Hekimlikte Antibiyotikler (Pratik Bilgiler Rehberi). 2. Baskı. Ed: Yarsan, E. Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri. ISBN:978-975-277-681-4. 93-107.
  • Anon. (1994). Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994. Erişim adresi: http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ActsRulesRegulations/ucm0853 77.htm.
  • Anon. (2010). Endikasyon Dışı İlaç Kullanımı Kılavuzu. Sağlık Bakanlığı İlaç Eczacılık Genel Müdürlüğü 26.03.2010 tarihli Kılavuz. 2009/36-08.06.2009 tarih Sayılı Genelge.
  • Anon. (2013). Extralabel drug use algorithm. Erişim adresi: https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reference/Pages/ AMDUCA2.aspx, Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2013.
  • Ashraf, M., Arif Q., Khan K.A. (2002). Efficacy of gentamicin after intra yolk administration in experimentally induced omphalitis in broiler chicks. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 22 (4), 197-198.
  • Bailey, J., Line E. (2001). In ovo gentamicin and mucosal starter culture to control Salmonella in broiler production. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 10 (4), 376-379.
  • Ball, M. (2000). Off-Label Drug Use for Horses. Erişim adresi: http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10215/off-label- drug-use-for-horses.
  • Barlow, J. (2011). Mastitis Therapy and Antimicrobial Susceptibility: a Multispecies Review with a Focus on Antibiotic Treatment of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 16:383–407.
  • Baron, S., Jouy E., Larvor E, Eono F., Bougeard S., Kempf I. (2014). Impact of Third-Generation-Cephalosporin Administration in Hatcheries on Fecal Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance in Broilers and Layers. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 58 (9), 5428-5434.
  • Beco, L., Guaguere, E., Méndez, C.L., Noli C., Nuttall, T., Vroom, M. (2013). Suggested guidelines for using systemic antimicrobials in bacterial skin infections: part 2—antimicrobial choice, treatment regimens and compliance. Veterinary Record, 172 (6), 156-160.
  • Bianciardi, P., Fasanella, A., Foglia Manzillo, V., Trotta, T., Pagano, A., Sorino, S., Gradoni, L., Oliva, G. (2004). The efficacy of enrofloxacin, alone or combined with metronidazole, in the therapy of canine leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res, 93 (6), 486-492.
  • Biedermann, M. (2014). Reclassification of veterinary drugs in the German veterinary practice. Praktische Tierarzt, 95(7).
  • Burch, D.G.S., Harding C., Alvarez R., Valks M. (2006). Treatment of a field case of avian intestinal spirochaetosis caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli with tiamulin. Avian Pathology, 35 (3), 211-216.
  • Carlotti, D., Jasmin, P., Gardey, L., Sanquer, A. (2004). Evaluation of cephalexin intermittent therapy (weekend therapy) in the control of recurrent idiopathic pyoderma in dogs: a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo-controlled study. Veterinary Dermatology, 15 (1), 8-9.
  • Catry, B., Van Duijkeren, E., Pomba, M.C., Greko, C., Moreno, M.A., Pyorala, S., Ruzauskas, M., Sanders, P., Threlfall, E.J., Ungemach,F., Torneke, K., Munoz-Madero, C., Torren-Edo, J., A. Scientific Advisory Group on, 2010. Reflection paper on MRSA in food-producing and companion animals: epidemiology and control options for human and animal health. Epidemiol Infect, 138 (5), 626-644.
  • Cazeau, G., Botrel, M., Sala, C., Chazel, M., Jarrige, N., Calavas, D. (2009). Motivations of antibiotic prescriptions by cattle veterinarians and use-recommendation adequacy: results of the Afssa-SNGTV survey in France. Bulletin des GTV, (49), 61-65.
  • Chaffin, M.K., Cohen, N.D., Martens, R.J. (2008). Chemoprophylactic effects of azithromycin against Rhodococcus equi-induced pneumonia among foals at equine breeding farms with endemic infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 232 (7), 1035-1047.
  • Chretin, J., Rassnick K., Shaw N., Hahn K., Ogilvie G., Kristal O., Northrup N., Moore A. (2007). Prophylactic Trimethoprim‐Sulfadiazine during Chemotherapy in Dogs with Lymphoma and Osteosarcoma: A Double-Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 21 (1), 141-148.
  • Cruz, A.M., Rubio-Martinez, L., Dowling, T. (2006). New antimicrobials, systemic distribution, and local methods of antimicrobial delivery in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 22 (2), 297-322.
  • Comyn, G. (2003). Extra-label Drug Use in Veterinary Medicine. FDA Veterinarian Newsletter March/April, 18(2).
  • Dallap Schaer, B.L., Linton, J.K., Aceto, H. (2012). Antimicrobial use in horses undergoing colic surgery. J Vet Intern Med, 26 (6), 1449-1456.
  • Davis, G., Cooles, S., Vasan, N. (2015). Suspected adverse events, 2013. The Veterinary record, 176(1), 11-14.
  • Diesel, G. (2011). Review of adverse events following off-label use of medicines. Veterinary Record, 168(8), 205-207.
  • Dobiasova, H., Kutilova, I., Piackova, V., Vesely, T., Cizek, A., Dolejska, M. (2014). Ornamental fish as a source of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and antibiotic resistance plasmids. Veterinary microbiology, 171 (3), 413-421.
  • Dutil, L., Irwin, R., Finley, R., Ng, L.K., Avery, B., Boerlin, P., Bourgault, A.M., Cole, L., Daignault, D., Desruisseau, A., Demczuk, W., Hoang, L., Horsman, G.B., Ismail, J., Jamieson, F., Maki, A., Pacagnella, A., Pillai, D.R. (2010). Ceftiofur resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from chicken meat and humans. Canada, Emerg Infect Dis, 16 (1), 48-54.
  • EMA/CVMP. (2012). Opinion following an Article 35 referral for all veterinary medicinal products containing systemically administered (parenteral and oral) 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins intended for use in food-producing species. Erişim adresi:https://www.ema.europa.eu/medicines/veterinary/referrals/cephalosporins.
  • EMA/CVMP. (2018). Reflection paper on off-label use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine in the European Union. EMA/CVMP/AWP/237294/2017. Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP).
  • FVE. (2014). Veterinary aspects of aquatic animal health and welfare, aquaculture and ornamental fish trade. Report of FVE working group on Aquatic Animal Health and Aquaculture. Erişim adresi: https://cmvro.ro/files/download/fve/veterinary_aspects_of_aquatic_animal_health_and_welfare_adopted.pdf
  • FVE. (2017a). Antimicrobial use in food-producing animals (Annex A of the RONAFA opinion). Erişim adresi: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/report/annex-replies-efsa/ema-questions-use-antimicrobials-food-producing-animals-eu-possible-measures-reduce-antimicrobial_en.pdf.
  • FVE. (2017b). Fish diseases lacking treatment (FishMedPlus Coalition). Erişim adresi: http://www.fve.org/uploads/publications/docs/fishmed_plus_gap_analysis_outcome_final.pdf.
  • FDA. (2018). Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products. Erişim adresi: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm.
  • Giguère, S. (2001). Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. AAEP Proceedings, 47, 456-467.
  • Giguère, S., Jacks, S., Roberts, G.D., Hernandez, J., Long, M.T., Ellis, C. (2004). Retrospective comparison of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin for the treatment of foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med, 18 (4), 568-573.
  • Grave, K., Bangen, M., Engelstad, M., Søli, N. (1992). Prescribing of veterinary and human preparations for animals in Norway. Was the preparation approved for the animal species for which it was prescribed?. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 15 (1), 45-52.
  • Holso, K., Rantala, M., Lillas, A., Eerikainen, S., Huovinen, P., Kaartinen, L. (2005). Prescribing Antimicrobial Agents for Dogs and Cats via University Pharmacies in Finland-Patterns and Quality of Information. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 46 (1-2), 87-94.
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OFF-LABEL DRUG USE IN VETERINARY MEDICINE: ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 134 - 150, 30.12.2020

Ender Yarsan Sinem Pehlivan

https://doi.org/10.38137/vetfarmatoksbulten.803682
Cited By: 1

Öz

The concept of off-label or off-indication drug use can be defined as the administration of a product used in a different way than it is prescribed in its prospectus or label. Based on this definition, physicians can administrate drugs in; different species, a different dosage range, dosage regime and periods. This is an approach which is accepted by both our country and globally. The framework of this practice is drawn by the legal legislation in human medicine and veterinary medicine. However, with this approach, the responsibility belongs to the physician entirely. Therefore, the physician must inform the animal owner and obtain a consent form if such an application is to be administered Antimicrobial drugs are major part of this application. A possible mistake or misuse may cause undesirable effects in terms of public health as well as the patient such as antimicrobial resistance and residue. In this article, basic information about the use of off-label drug was given and the subject was evaluated according to species, especially in terms of antimicrobial drugs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antimicrobial Drug Off-label Veterinary Medicine

Kaynakça

  • ACMSF. (1999). Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food - Report on Microbial Antibiotic Resistance in Relation to Food Safety. Erişim adresi: https://acmsf.food.gov.uk/committee/acmsf/ acmsfreps/acmsfreports.
  • Alderman, D., Hastings T. (1998). Antibiotic use in aquaculture: development of antibiotic resistance–potential for consumer health risks. International journal of food science & technology, 33 (2), 139-155.
  • Altıntaş, L. (2017). Sığırlarda antibiyotik kullanımı. Veteriner Hekimlikte Antibiyotikler (Pratik Bilgiler Rehberi). 2. Baskı. Ed: Yarsan, E. Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri. ISBN:978-975-277-681-4. 93-107.
  • Anon. (1994). Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994. Erişim adresi: http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ActsRulesRegulations/ucm0853 77.htm.
  • Anon. (2010). Endikasyon Dışı İlaç Kullanımı Kılavuzu. Sağlık Bakanlığı İlaç Eczacılık Genel Müdürlüğü 26.03.2010 tarihli Kılavuz. 2009/36-08.06.2009 tarih Sayılı Genelge.
  • Anon. (2013). Extralabel drug use algorithm. Erişim adresi: https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reference/Pages/ AMDUCA2.aspx, Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2013.
  • Ashraf, M., Arif Q., Khan K.A. (2002). Efficacy of gentamicin after intra yolk administration in experimentally induced omphalitis in broiler chicks. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 22 (4), 197-198.
  • Bailey, J., Line E. (2001). In ovo gentamicin and mucosal starter culture to control Salmonella in broiler production. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 10 (4), 376-379.
  • Ball, M. (2000). Off-Label Drug Use for Horses. Erişim adresi: http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10215/off-label- drug-use-for-horses.
  • Barlow, J. (2011). Mastitis Therapy and Antimicrobial Susceptibility: a Multispecies Review with a Focus on Antibiotic Treatment of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 16:383–407.
  • Baron, S., Jouy E., Larvor E, Eono F., Bougeard S., Kempf I. (2014). Impact of Third-Generation-Cephalosporin Administration in Hatcheries on Fecal Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance in Broilers and Layers. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 58 (9), 5428-5434.
  • Beco, L., Guaguere, E., Méndez, C.L., Noli C., Nuttall, T., Vroom, M. (2013). Suggested guidelines for using systemic antimicrobials in bacterial skin infections: part 2—antimicrobial choice, treatment regimens and compliance. Veterinary Record, 172 (6), 156-160.
  • Bianciardi, P., Fasanella, A., Foglia Manzillo, V., Trotta, T., Pagano, A., Sorino, S., Gradoni, L., Oliva, G. (2004). The efficacy of enrofloxacin, alone or combined with metronidazole, in the therapy of canine leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res, 93 (6), 486-492.
  • Biedermann, M. (2014). Reclassification of veterinary drugs in the German veterinary practice. Praktische Tierarzt, 95(7).
  • Burch, D.G.S., Harding C., Alvarez R., Valks M. (2006). Treatment of a field case of avian intestinal spirochaetosis caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli with tiamulin. Avian Pathology, 35 (3), 211-216.
  • Carlotti, D., Jasmin, P., Gardey, L., Sanquer, A. (2004). Evaluation of cephalexin intermittent therapy (weekend therapy) in the control of recurrent idiopathic pyoderma in dogs: a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo-controlled study. Veterinary Dermatology, 15 (1), 8-9.
  • Catry, B., Van Duijkeren, E., Pomba, M.C., Greko, C., Moreno, M.A., Pyorala, S., Ruzauskas, M., Sanders, P., Threlfall, E.J., Ungemach,F., Torneke, K., Munoz-Madero, C., Torren-Edo, J., A. Scientific Advisory Group on, 2010. Reflection paper on MRSA in food-producing and companion animals: epidemiology and control options for human and animal health. Epidemiol Infect, 138 (5), 626-644.
  • Cazeau, G., Botrel, M., Sala, C., Chazel, M., Jarrige, N., Calavas, D. (2009). Motivations of antibiotic prescriptions by cattle veterinarians and use-recommendation adequacy: results of the Afssa-SNGTV survey in France. Bulletin des GTV, (49), 61-65.
  • Chaffin, M.K., Cohen, N.D., Martens, R.J. (2008). Chemoprophylactic effects of azithromycin against Rhodococcus equi-induced pneumonia among foals at equine breeding farms with endemic infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 232 (7), 1035-1047.
  • Chretin, J., Rassnick K., Shaw N., Hahn K., Ogilvie G., Kristal O., Northrup N., Moore A. (2007). Prophylactic Trimethoprim‐Sulfadiazine during Chemotherapy in Dogs with Lymphoma and Osteosarcoma: A Double-Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 21 (1), 141-148.
  • Cruz, A.M., Rubio-Martinez, L., Dowling, T. (2006). New antimicrobials, systemic distribution, and local methods of antimicrobial delivery in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 22 (2), 297-322.
  • Comyn, G. (2003). Extra-label Drug Use in Veterinary Medicine. FDA Veterinarian Newsletter March/April, 18(2).
  • Dallap Schaer, B.L., Linton, J.K., Aceto, H. (2012). Antimicrobial use in horses undergoing colic surgery. J Vet Intern Med, 26 (6), 1449-1456.
  • Davis, G., Cooles, S., Vasan, N. (2015). Suspected adverse events, 2013. The Veterinary record, 176(1), 11-14.
  • Diesel, G. (2011). Review of adverse events following off-label use of medicines. Veterinary Record, 168(8), 205-207.
  • Dobiasova, H., Kutilova, I., Piackova, V., Vesely, T., Cizek, A., Dolejska, M. (2014). Ornamental fish as a source of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and antibiotic resistance plasmids. Veterinary microbiology, 171 (3), 413-421.
  • Dutil, L., Irwin, R., Finley, R., Ng, L.K., Avery, B., Boerlin, P., Bourgault, A.M., Cole, L., Daignault, D., Desruisseau, A., Demczuk, W., Hoang, L., Horsman, G.B., Ismail, J., Jamieson, F., Maki, A., Pacagnella, A., Pillai, D.R. (2010). Ceftiofur resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from chicken meat and humans. Canada, Emerg Infect Dis, 16 (1), 48-54.
  • EMA/CVMP. (2012). Opinion following an Article 35 referral for all veterinary medicinal products containing systemically administered (parenteral and oral) 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins intended for use in food-producing species. Erişim adresi:https://www.ema.europa.eu/medicines/veterinary/referrals/cephalosporins.
  • EMA/CVMP. (2018). Reflection paper on off-label use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine in the European Union. EMA/CVMP/AWP/237294/2017. Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP).
  • FVE. (2014). Veterinary aspects of aquatic animal health and welfare, aquaculture and ornamental fish trade. Report of FVE working group on Aquatic Animal Health and Aquaculture. Erişim adresi: https://cmvro.ro/files/download/fve/veterinary_aspects_of_aquatic_animal_health_and_welfare_adopted.pdf
  • FVE. (2017a). Antimicrobial use in food-producing animals (Annex A of the RONAFA opinion). Erişim adresi: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/report/annex-replies-efsa/ema-questions-use-antimicrobials-food-producing-animals-eu-possible-measures-reduce-antimicrobial_en.pdf.
  • FVE. (2017b). Fish diseases lacking treatment (FishMedPlus Coalition). Erişim adresi: http://www.fve.org/uploads/publications/docs/fishmed_plus_gap_analysis_outcome_final.pdf.
  • FDA. (2018). Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products. Erişim adresi: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm.
  • Giguère, S. (2001). Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. AAEP Proceedings, 47, 456-467.
  • Giguère, S., Jacks, S., Roberts, G.D., Hernandez, J., Long, M.T., Ellis, C. (2004). Retrospective comparison of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin for the treatment of foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med, 18 (4), 568-573.
  • Grave, K., Bangen, M., Engelstad, M., Søli, N. (1992). Prescribing of veterinary and human preparations for animals in Norway. Was the preparation approved for the animal species for which it was prescribed?. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 15 (1), 45-52.
  • Holso, K., Rantala, M., Lillas, A., Eerikainen, S., Huovinen, P., Kaartinen, L. (2005). Prescribing Antimicrobial Agents for Dogs and Cats via University Pharmacies in Finland-Patterns and Quality of Information. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 46 (1-2), 87-94.
  • Kasper, C.A., Clayton, H.M., Wright, A.K., Skuba, E.V., Petrie, L. (1995). Effects of high doses of oxytetracycline on metacarpophalangeal joint kinematics in neonatal foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 207 (1), 71-73.
  • Kaya,S. (2007). Veteriner Uygulamalı Farmakoloji, Cilt 2, Baskı 4. Medisan Yayın Serisi: 65. Ankara.
  • Kirsch, K. (2004). Treatment emergencies and necessary off-label use of veterinary medicines on pets. Der Praktische Tierarzt, 95 (8), 689-693.
  • Knights, C., Mateus, A., Baines, S. (2012). Current British veterinary attitudes to the use of perioperative antimicrobials in small animal surgery. Veterinary Record, 170 (25), 646-646.
  • Kohn, B., Weingart, C., Eckmann, V., Ottenjann, M., Leibold, W. (2006). Primary Immune‐Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in 19 Cats: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Outcome (1998–2004). Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 20 (1),159-166.
  • Maher, M.C., Schnabel, L.V., Cross, J.A., Papich, M.G., Divers, T.J., Fortier, L.A. (2014). Plasma and synovial fluid concentration of doxycycline following low-dose, low-frequency administration, and resultant inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-13 from interleukin-stimulated equine synoviocytes. Equine Vet J, 46 (2), 198-202.
  • Morresey, P.R., Mackay, R.J. (2006). Endotoxin-neutralizing activity of polymyxin B in blood after IV administration in horses. Am J Vet Res, 67 (4), 642-647.
  • Odensvik, K., Grave, K., Greko, C. (2001). Antibacterial Drugs Prescribed for Dogs and Cats in Sweden and Norway 1990-1998. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 42 (1), 189-198. Olds, A.M., Stewart, A.A., Freeman, D.E., Schaeffer, D.J. (2006). Evaluation of the rate of development of septic arthritis after elective arthroscopy in horses: 7 cases (1994-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 229 (12), 1949-1954.
  • Payne, MA., Craigmill, A., Riviere, JE., Webb, AI. (2006). Extralabel use of penicillin in food animals. JAVMA, 229 (9), November 1.
  • Pennisi, M.G., De Majo, M., Masucci, M., Britti, D., Vitale, F., Del Maso, R. (2005). Efficacy of the treatment of dogs with leishmaniosis with a combination of metronidazole and spiramycin', Vet Rec, 156 (11), 346-349.
  • Persoons, D., Dewulf, J., Smet, A., Herman, L., Heyndrickx, M., Martel, A., Catry, B., Butaye, P., Haesebrouck, F. (2012). Antimicrobial use in Belgian broiler production. Prev Vet Med, 105 (4), 320-325.
  • Rantala, M., Huovinen, P., Hölsö, K., Lilas, A., Kaartinen, L. (2004). Survey of condition-based prescribing of antimicrobial drugs for dogs at a veterinary teaching hospital. Veterinary Record, 155 (9), 259-262.
  • Ridge, P.A. (2011). A retrospective study of the rate of postoperative septic arthritis following 353 elective arthroscopies. J Small Anim Pract, 52 (4), 200-202.
  • Resmi Gazete (2011). VETERİNER TIBBİ ÜRÜNLER HAKKINDA YÖNETMELİK. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı. 24 Aralık 2011 Tarih, 28152 Sayı.
  • Schoenian, S. (2019). Drug use in sheep. Erişim adresi: http://www.sheep101.info/201/drugs.html.
  • Taylor, N.G., Verner-Jeffreys, D.W., Baker-Austin, C. (2011). Aquatic systems: maintaining, mixing and mobilising antimicrobial resistance?. Trends in ecology & evolution, 26 (6), 278-284.
  • Traub-Dargatz, J.L., George, J.L., Dargatz, D.A., Morley, P.S., Southwood, L.L., Tillotson, K. (2002). Survey of complications and antimicrobial use in equine patients at veterinary teaching hospitals that underwent surgery because of colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 220 (9), 1359-1365.
  • Van Duijkeren, E., Catry, B., Greko, C., Moreno, M.A., Pomba, M.C., Pyorala, S., Ruzauskas, M., Sanders, P., Threlfall, E.J., Torren-Edo, J., Torneke, K. (2011). Review on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. J Antimicrob Chemother, 66 (12), 2705-2714.
  • Venner, M., Rodiger, A., Laemmer, M., Giguère, S. (2012). Failure of antimicrobial therapy to accelerate spontaneous healing of subclinical pulmonary abscesses on a farm with endemic infections caused by Rhodococcus equi. Vet J, 192 (3), 293-298.
  • Verheyen, K., Newton, J.R., Talbot, N.C., Brauwere de, M.N., Chanter, N. (2000). Elimination of guttural pouch infection and inflammation in asymptomatic carriers of Streptococcus equi. Equine Vet J, 32 (6), 527-532.
  • Verner-Jeffreys, D.W., Welch, T.J., Schwarz, T., Pond, M.J., Woodward, M.J., Haig, S.J., Rimmer, G.S., Roberts, E., Morrison, V., Baker-Austin, C. (2009). High prevalence of multidrug-tolerant bacteria and associated antimicrobial resistance genes isolated from ornamental fish and their carriage water. PloS one, 4 (12), 83-88.
  • Weese, J.S., Cruz, A. (2009). Retrospective study of perioperative antimicrobial use practices in horses undergoing elective arthroscopic surgery at a veterinary teaching hospital. Can Vet J, 50 (2), 185-188.
  • Yarsan,E. (2012). Veteriner Hekimlikte Antibiyotikler ve Bilinçli Kullanım İlkeleri. 18 Ekim 2012. Bilinçli Antibiyotik Kullanımı ve Antimikrobiyel Direnç Sempozyumu. Ankara.
  • Yarsan,E. (2013). Etiket Dışı İlaç Kullanımı. Türk Veteriner Hekimleri Birliği Dergisi, 3-4:44-50.
  • Zygner, W., Jaros, d., Gojska-Zygner, O., Wedrychowicz, H. (2008). Azithromycin in the treatment of a dog infected with Giardia intestinalis. Pol J Vet Sci, 11 (3), 231-234.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ender Yarsan 0000-0002-3008-9240

Sinem Pehlivan Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5493-0447

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 16 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yarsan, E., & Pehlivan, S. (2020). VETERİNER HEKİMLİKTE ETİKET DIŞI İLAÇ KULLANIMI: ANTİMİKROBİYAL İLAÇLAR. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 11(3), 134-150. https://doi.org/10.38137/vetfarmatoksbulten.803682

Cited By

KÖPEK VE KEDİDE PARAZİT HASTALIKLARININ TEDAVİSİNDE MAKROSİKLİK LAKTONLAR
Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1283923
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