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İnek sütlerinde Listeria türlerinin varlığı ve antibiyotik direnci ile aerobik mezofilik bakteri sayısının belirlenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 92 Sayı: 1, 16 - 23, 15.01.2021

Orkun Babacan

https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.714491
Cited By: 1

Öz

Listeria türleri ineklerde mastitis infeksiyonuna da neden olmaktadır. Aerob mezofilik bakteri sayısı (toplam bakteri sayısı), meme sağlığını etkileyen ve süt kalitesini belirleyen en önemli parametrelerden biridir. Bu çalışmada inek sütü kalitesini etkileyen en önemli parametlerden olan aerob mezofilik bakteri sayısı ve ineklerde mastitise neden olan etkenlerden olan Listeria spp. varlığının ve antibiyotik direnç profillerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Listeria spp. için izolasyon ve identifikasyon sonucunda toplam 3 L. monocytogenes (n: 68,% 4.41), 7 L. innocua (n: 68,% 10.29) ve 3 L. ivanovii (n: 68,% 4.41) inek sütü örneklerinden izole edildi. Antibiyotik duyarlılığını belirlemek için yapılan disk difüzyon yönteminin sonuçlarına göre L.monocytogenes, L.innocua ve L.ivanovii izolatlarının sülfametoksazol/ trimetoprim, meropenem, vankomisin, streptomisin, oksasilin ve eritromisine karşı duyarlı oldukları bulundu. İnek sütü örneklerinde aerob mezofilik bakteri sayısı en yüksek 1.1x107 cfu/ml; en düşük ise 2.3x102 cfu/ml bulundu. Süt örneklerinin ortalama aerob mezofilik bakteri sayısı 256623,971 cfu/ml olarak bulundu. Çalışmada süt örneklerinin toplam bakteri (aerob mezofilik bakteri) sayısının (cfu/ml) ulusal ve uluslararası standardlarda belirtilen kriterlere göre yüksek bulundu, aynı zamanda bu örneklerden Listeria türlerinin izole edildi. Ayrıca, bu izolatlarda tedavi seçeneği olarak kullanlan antibiyotiklere karşı orta (ilaçla artmış temeasta duyarlı-I-intermediate) ve dirençli Listeria türleri tespit edildiğinden, mastitis infeksiyonlarında etiyolojik ve tedavi açısından Listeria türlerinin de göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiği düşünüldü. Sağım hijyeni tam anlamıyla sağlanması için, süt ineği işletmelerinde ekonomik kayıplara neden olan mastitis infeksiyonlarınnı ve antibiyotik direnci gelişiminin önlenmesi amacıyla ulusal düzeyde mastitis kontrol
programına ihtiyaç duyulduğu düşünüldü.

Anahtar Kelimeler

aerobik mezofilik bakteri antibiyotik direnci inek listeria süt

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy A, Sezer Ç, Vatansever L, Gülbaz G (2018): Presence and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and dairy products. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 24(3), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2017.19081
  • Alexander AV, Walker RL, Johnson BJ, Charlton BR, Woods LW (1992): Bovine abortions attributable to Listeria ivanovii: four cases (1988-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 200 (5), 711-4.
  • Anonyms. (2000): Türk Gıda Kodeksinde çiğ ve ısıl işlem görmüş içme sütleri tebliği. Resmi Gazete No: 23964
  • Anonymus. (2004): Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin.
  • Amene Y, Firesbhat A (2016): Listeriosis in Large Ruminants A Review. Acad J Anim Diseases, 5 (1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ajad.2016.16.21
  • Baki Acar D, Tosun S (2019): The Comparison of Milking Hygiene with Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count and Total Bacterial Count in Dairy Herds in Tekirdag Province. Kocatepe Vet J, 12, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.582212
  • Baştan A (2010): İneklerde Meme Sağlığı ve Sorunları. Kardelen Ofset Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Bangiev DR, Rusev VN (2017): Prevalence of Listeria Monocytogenes in Raw Cow Milk – a Review. Bulg J Vet Med, 20 (1), 430-436.
  • Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M (1996): Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol, 45, 493- 496.
  • 1Benhalima L, Merad T, Bensouilah M, Ouzrout R (2019): Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in raw milk and sausage in East Algeria. Asian J Dairy & Food Res, 38 (1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.18805/ajdfr.dr-128
  • 1Blowey R, Edmondson P (2010): Mastitis Control in Dairy Herds. CAB International, 2010, Oxfordshire,UK.
  • Chen JQ, Healey S, Regan P, Laksanalamai P, Hu Z (2017): PCR-based methodologies for detection and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii in foods and environmental sources. Food Sci Hum Wellness, 6 (2), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2017.03.001
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2012): Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty second informational supplement (Vol. 32, No. 3) Wayne, PA, USA: M100-S22.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2014): Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty forth informational supplement (Vol. 34, No. 1). Wayne, PA, USA: M100-S24.
  • Darbaz İ, Baştan D (2018): Investigation of udder health and milk quality parameters of dairy farms in Northern Cyprus. Part I: SCC and bacteriologic examination. Ank Univ Vet Fak Derg 65 (2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000002841
  • Darbaz İ, Baştan D (2018) : Investigation of udder health and milk quality parameters of dairy farms in Northern Cyprus. Part II: Milk quality. Ank Univ Vet Fak Derg 2018, 65 (2), 155–161.
  • Dhuol KRR, Osman AM (2014): Study on total bacteria count of raw milk produced in the farm of the college of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production - Sudan University of Science and Technology. Int J Curr Res Aca Rev, 2 (1), 1-06.
  • European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptability Testing (EUCAST) (2019): Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 9.0.
  • Haggag, YN, Nossair MA, Shehab SA (2019): Is raw milk still vehicle for transmitting listeria species to pregnant women? Alex J Vet Sci, 61 (1), 67-73.
  • International Standards Organisation (2017): Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes and of Listeria spp. - Part 1: Detection method (ISO 11290-1:2017).
  • International Standards Organisation (2013): Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Part 1: Colony count at 30 degrees C by the pour plate technique.(ISO 4833).
  • International Standards Organisation (2013): Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - General requirements and guidance for microbiological examinations.(ISO 7218).
  • Jamali H, Radmehr B (2013): Frequency, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria spp. isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. Veterinary J, 198 (2), 541–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.012
  • Kaygısız A, Kaynak İ (2012): Evaluation of Somatic Cell Count in Raw Milk Samples Collected from Dairy Farms in Kahramanmaras Province for EU Norms and Subclinical Mastitis. KSÜ Doğa Bil Derg, 15 (3), 9-15
  • Konosonoka IH, Jemeljanovs A, Osmane B, Ikauniece D, Gulbe G (2012): Incidence of Listeria spp. in Dairy Cows Feed and Raw Milk in Latvia. ISRN Vet Sci, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/435187
  • Linke K, Rückerl I, Brugger K, Karpiskova R, Walland J, Muri-Klinger S, Tichy A, Wagner M, Stessl B (2014): Reservoirs of Listeria species in three environmental ecosystems. App Environ Microbiol, 80 (18), 5583–5592. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01018-14
  • Luque-Sastre L, Arroyo C, Fox EM, McMahon BJ, Bai L, Li F, Fanning S (2018): Antimicrobial Resistance in Listeria Species. Microbiol Spectr, 6 (4), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0031-2017
  • Mundan D, Meral BA, Demir A, Doğaner M (2015): Evaluation an Economic of Total Bacteria and Somatic Cell Count in Dairy Cattle Farms. Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 4 (2), 84–89.
  • Orsi RH, Wiedmann M (2016): Characteristics and distribution of Listeria spp., including Listeria species newly described since 2009. Appl Microbiol and Biotechnol, 100 (12), 5273–5287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7552-2
  • Osman KM, Zolnikov TR, Samir A, Orabi A (2014): Prevalence, pathogenic capability, virulence genes, Biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance of Listeria in goat and sheep milk confirms need of hygienic milking conditions. Pathog Glob Health, 108 (1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773213Y.0000000115
  • Petersson-Wolfe CS, Tholen AR, Currin J, Leslie KE (2013): Practical methods for mastitis control. WCDS Adv Dairy Technol, 25, 341-358.
  • Rahimi E, Momtaz H, Behzadnia A, Zeinab Torki Baghbadorani (2014): Incidence of Listeria species in bovine, ovine, caprine, camel and water buffalo milk using cultural method and the PCR assay. Asian Pac, 4 (1), 50–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60313-3
  • Rawool DB, Malik SV, Shakuntala I, Sahare AM, Barbuddhe SB (2007): Detection of multiple virulence-associated genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from bovine mastitis cases. Int J Food Microbiol, 113 (2), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.029
  • Rocha PRDA, Dalmasso A, Grattarola C, Casalone C, Del Piero F, Bottero MT, Capucchio MT (2013): Atypical cerebral listeriosis associated with Listeria innocua in a beef bull. Res Vet Sci, 94 (1), 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.017
  • Seeliger HPR, Jones D (1987): Listeria. In: Holt JG (Ed.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 9th Edition, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore MD.
  • Sarfraz M, Ashraf Y, Ashraf S (2017): A Review : Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of listeria species in milk products. Mat Sc Med, 1 (1), 3–9.
  • Vilar MJ, Yus E, Sanjuán ML, Diéguez FJ, Rodríguez-Otero JL (2007): Prevalence of and risk factors for Listeria species on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci, 90 (11), 5083–5088. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0213
  • Vural R, Ergün Y, Özenç E (2010): Büyük Ruminantlarda Mastitis. 149-259. In: Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A (Eds.), Evcil Hayvanlarda Meme Hastalıkları, Medipres Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Yadav MM, Roy A, Bhanderi B, Joshi C (2010): Pheno-genotypic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes from bovine clinical mastitis. Buffalo Bull, 29 (1), 39–48.

Determination of the presence and antibiotic resistance of listeria species and aerobic mesophilic bacteria count of cow milks

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 92 Sayı: 1, 16 - 23, 15.01.2021

Orkun Babacan

https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.714491
Cited By: 1

Öz

Listeria species lead to mastitis infection in cows. The aerobic mesophilic bacteria count (total bacteria count) is one of the most important factors affecting udder health and determining the milk quality. The aim of this study was to determine the aerobic mesophilic bacteria count, one of the most important factors affecting cow's milk quality, and presence and the antibiotic resistance profiles of Listeria spp., one of the factors causing mastitis in cows. As a result of isolation and identification for Listeria spp., totally 3 L. monocytogenes (n: 68, 4.41%), 7 L. innocua (n: 68, 10.29%) and 3 L. ivanovii (n: 68, 4.41%) were isolated from cow milk samples. According to results of the disc diffusion method performed to determine antibiotic susceptibility, it was found that L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, and L. ivanovii isolates were susceptive against sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim, meropenem, vancomycin, streptomycin, oxacillin and erythromycin. The aerobic mesophilic bacteria in the cow milk samples were detected 1.1x107 cfu/ml as the highest and 2.3x102 cfu/ml as the lowest. The average aerobic mesophilic bacteria count of milk samples was calculated 256623.971 cfu/ml. The total bacteria (aerobic mesophilic bacteria) count (cfu/ml) of milk samples in the study was found to be high based on the criteria stated in the national and international standards. Also, Listeria species were isolated from these samples. Since intermediate and resistant Listeria species were determined against the antibiotics used as a treatment option in these isolates, it is thought that Listeria species should also be considered in mastitis infections in terms of etiology and treatment. It is considered that a national mastitis control program is needed for preventing the mastitis infections and antibiotic resistance development causing economic losses in dairy cattle enterprises in order to provide milking hygiene
completely.

Anahtar Kelimeler

aerobik mesophilic bacteria antibiotic resistance cow listeria milk

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy A, Sezer Ç, Vatansever L, Gülbaz G (2018): Presence and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and dairy products. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 24(3), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2017.19081
  • Alexander AV, Walker RL, Johnson BJ, Charlton BR, Woods LW (1992): Bovine abortions attributable to Listeria ivanovii: four cases (1988-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 200 (5), 711-4.
  • Anonyms. (2000): Türk Gıda Kodeksinde çiğ ve ısıl işlem görmüş içme sütleri tebliği. Resmi Gazete No: 23964
  • Anonymus. (2004): Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin.
  • Amene Y, Firesbhat A (2016): Listeriosis in Large Ruminants A Review. Acad J Anim Diseases, 5 (1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ajad.2016.16.21
  • Baki Acar D, Tosun S (2019): The Comparison of Milking Hygiene with Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count and Total Bacterial Count in Dairy Herds in Tekirdag Province. Kocatepe Vet J, 12, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.582212
  • Baştan A (2010): İneklerde Meme Sağlığı ve Sorunları. Kardelen Ofset Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Bangiev DR, Rusev VN (2017): Prevalence of Listeria Monocytogenes in Raw Cow Milk – a Review. Bulg J Vet Med, 20 (1), 430-436.
  • Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M (1996): Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol, 45, 493- 496.
  • 1Benhalima L, Merad T, Bensouilah M, Ouzrout R (2019): Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in raw milk and sausage in East Algeria. Asian J Dairy & Food Res, 38 (1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.18805/ajdfr.dr-128
  • 1Blowey R, Edmondson P (2010): Mastitis Control in Dairy Herds. CAB International, 2010, Oxfordshire,UK.
  • Chen JQ, Healey S, Regan P, Laksanalamai P, Hu Z (2017): PCR-based methodologies for detection and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii in foods and environmental sources. Food Sci Hum Wellness, 6 (2), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2017.03.001
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2012): Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty second informational supplement (Vol. 32, No. 3) Wayne, PA, USA: M100-S22.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2014): Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty forth informational supplement (Vol. 34, No. 1). Wayne, PA, USA: M100-S24.
  • Darbaz İ, Baştan D (2018): Investigation of udder health and milk quality parameters of dairy farms in Northern Cyprus. Part I: SCC and bacteriologic examination. Ank Univ Vet Fak Derg 65 (2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000002841
  • Darbaz İ, Baştan D (2018) : Investigation of udder health and milk quality parameters of dairy farms in Northern Cyprus. Part II: Milk quality. Ank Univ Vet Fak Derg 2018, 65 (2), 155–161.
  • Dhuol KRR, Osman AM (2014): Study on total bacteria count of raw milk produced in the farm of the college of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production - Sudan University of Science and Technology. Int J Curr Res Aca Rev, 2 (1), 1-06.
  • European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptability Testing (EUCAST) (2019): Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 9.0.
  • Haggag, YN, Nossair MA, Shehab SA (2019): Is raw milk still vehicle for transmitting listeria species to pregnant women? Alex J Vet Sci, 61 (1), 67-73.
  • International Standards Organisation (2017): Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes and of Listeria spp. - Part 1: Detection method (ISO 11290-1:2017).
  • International Standards Organisation (2013): Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Part 1: Colony count at 30 degrees C by the pour plate technique.(ISO 4833).
  • International Standards Organisation (2013): Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - General requirements and guidance for microbiological examinations.(ISO 7218).
  • Jamali H, Radmehr B (2013): Frequency, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria spp. isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. Veterinary J, 198 (2), 541–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.012
  • Kaygısız A, Kaynak İ (2012): Evaluation of Somatic Cell Count in Raw Milk Samples Collected from Dairy Farms in Kahramanmaras Province for EU Norms and Subclinical Mastitis. KSÜ Doğa Bil Derg, 15 (3), 9-15
  • Konosonoka IH, Jemeljanovs A, Osmane B, Ikauniece D, Gulbe G (2012): Incidence of Listeria spp. in Dairy Cows Feed and Raw Milk in Latvia. ISRN Vet Sci, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/435187
  • Linke K, Rückerl I, Brugger K, Karpiskova R, Walland J, Muri-Klinger S, Tichy A, Wagner M, Stessl B (2014): Reservoirs of Listeria species in three environmental ecosystems. App Environ Microbiol, 80 (18), 5583–5592. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01018-14
  • Luque-Sastre L, Arroyo C, Fox EM, McMahon BJ, Bai L, Li F, Fanning S (2018): Antimicrobial Resistance in Listeria Species. Microbiol Spectr, 6 (4), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0031-2017
  • Mundan D, Meral BA, Demir A, Doğaner M (2015): Evaluation an Economic of Total Bacteria and Somatic Cell Count in Dairy Cattle Farms. Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 4 (2), 84–89.
  • Orsi RH, Wiedmann M (2016): Characteristics and distribution of Listeria spp., including Listeria species newly described since 2009. Appl Microbiol and Biotechnol, 100 (12), 5273–5287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7552-2
  • Osman KM, Zolnikov TR, Samir A, Orabi A (2014): Prevalence, pathogenic capability, virulence genes, Biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance of Listeria in goat and sheep milk confirms need of hygienic milking conditions. Pathog Glob Health, 108 (1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773213Y.0000000115
  • Petersson-Wolfe CS, Tholen AR, Currin J, Leslie KE (2013): Practical methods for mastitis control. WCDS Adv Dairy Technol, 25, 341-358.
  • Rahimi E, Momtaz H, Behzadnia A, Zeinab Torki Baghbadorani (2014): Incidence of Listeria species in bovine, ovine, caprine, camel and water buffalo milk using cultural method and the PCR assay. Asian Pac, 4 (1), 50–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60313-3
  • Rawool DB, Malik SV, Shakuntala I, Sahare AM, Barbuddhe SB (2007): Detection of multiple virulence-associated genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from bovine mastitis cases. Int J Food Microbiol, 113 (2), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.029
  • Rocha PRDA, Dalmasso A, Grattarola C, Casalone C, Del Piero F, Bottero MT, Capucchio MT (2013): Atypical cerebral listeriosis associated with Listeria innocua in a beef bull. Res Vet Sci, 94 (1), 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.017
  • Seeliger HPR, Jones D (1987): Listeria. In: Holt JG (Ed.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 9th Edition, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore MD.
  • Sarfraz M, Ashraf Y, Ashraf S (2017): A Review : Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of listeria species in milk products. Mat Sc Med, 1 (1), 3–9.
  • Vilar MJ, Yus E, Sanjuán ML, Diéguez FJ, Rodríguez-Otero JL (2007): Prevalence of and risk factors for Listeria species on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci, 90 (11), 5083–5088. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0213
  • Vural R, Ergün Y, Özenç E (2010): Büyük Ruminantlarda Mastitis. 149-259. In: Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A (Eds.), Evcil Hayvanlarda Meme Hastalıkları, Medipres Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Yadav MM, Roy A, Bhanderi B, Joshi C (2010): Pheno-genotypic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes from bovine clinical mastitis. Buffalo Bull, 29 (1), 39–48.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Orkun Babacan 0000-0003-0258-1825

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Nisan 2020
Kabul Tarihi 1 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 92 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Babacan O. Determination of the presence and antibiotic resistance of listeria species and aerobic mesophilic bacteria count of cow milks. Vet Hekim Der Derg. 2021;92(1):16-23.

Cited By

Virulence Characteristics and Distribution of the Pathogen Listeria ivanovii in the Environment and in Food
Microorganisms
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081679
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi açık erişimli bir dergi olup, derginin yayın modeli Budapeşte Erişim Girişimi (BOAI) bildirisine dayanmaktadır. Yayınlanan tüm içerik, çevrimiçi ve ücretsiz olarak sunulan Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı altında lisanslanmıştır. Yazarlar, Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi'nde yayınlanan eserlerinin telif haklarını saklı tutarlar.


Veteriner Hekimler Derneği / Turkish Veterinary Medical Society