Review
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Year 2023, , 107 - 114, 30.12.2022

Fadime Kıran , Basar Karaca , Ali Furkan Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1097786

Abstract

References

  • Abdullahi UF, Igwenagu E, Mu'azu A, et al (2016): Intrigues of biofilm: A perspective in veterinary medicine. Vet World, 9, 12-18.
  • Batz MB, Hoffmann S, Morris JG (2012): Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J Food Protect, 75, 1278-1291.
  • Bell RL, Cao G, Allard MW, et al (2012): Salmonella Newport contamination of produce: Ecological, genetic, and epidemiological aspects. 155-173. In: Monte AS, De Santos PE (Eds), Salmonella: Classification, Genetics and Disease Nova, New York.
  • Beshiru A, Igbinosa IH, Igbinosa EO (2018): Biofilm formation and potential virulence factors of Salmonella strains isolated from ready-to-eat shrimps. PLoS ONE, 13, e0204345.
  • Bjarnsholt T, Givskov M (2006): The role of quorum sensing in the pathogenicity of the cunning aggressor Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anal Bioanal Chem, 387, 409-414.
  • Borawski P, Pawlewicz A, Parzonko A, et al (2020): Factors shaping cow’s milk production in the EU. Sustainability, 12, 420.
  • Borges KA, Furian TQ, de Souza SN, et al (2018): Biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from avian sources is partially related with their in vivo pathogenicity. Microb Path, 118, 238-241.
  • Borsanelli AC, Athayde FRF, Agostinho SD, et al (2021): Dental biofilm and its ecological interrelationships in ovine periodontitis. J Med Microbiol, 70, PMID: 34313584.
  • Braden CR (2006): Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and eggs: a national epidemic in the United States. Clin Infect Dis, 43, 512-517.
  • Bubenik LJ, Hosgood GL, Waldron DR, et al (2007): Frequency of urinary tract infection in catheterized dogs and comparison of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results for catheterized and noncatheterized dogs with urinary tract infections. J American Vet Med Assoc, 231, 893-899.
  • Choudhary P, Singh S, Agarwal V (2020): Microbial biofilms. 1-11. In: Dincer S (Ed), Bacterial biofilms. IntechOpen, London.
  • Cochrane CA, Freeman K, Woods E, et al (2009): Biofilm evidence and the microbial diversity of horse wounds. Can J Microbiol, 55, 197-202.
  • Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JJ, et al (1985): Adherence of coagulase-negative Staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of Staphylococci to medical device. J Clin Microbiol, 22, 996-1006.
  • Cruz A, Condinho M, Carvalho B, et al (2021): The two weapons against bacterial biofilms: Detection and treatment. Antibiotics, 10, 1482-1503.
  • Donlan RM (2001): Biofilms and device-associated infections. Emerg Infec Dis, 7, 277-281.
  • Donlan RM (2002): Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis, 8, 881-890.
  • Dookeran MM, Baccus-Taylor GS, Akingbala JO, et al (2012): Transmission of Salmonella on broiler chickens and carcasses from production to retail in Trinidad and Tobago. J Agr Biodiv Res, 1, 78-84.
  • Eng SK, Pusparajah P, Mutalib NSA, et al (2015): Salmonella: a review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance. Front Life Sci, 8, 284-293.
  • Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT (1989): New method for detecting slime production by coagulase negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol, 42, 872-874.
  • Gast R (2008): Salmonella infection. 619-642. In: Saif Y, Fadly A, Glisson J, et al (Eds.), Diseases of poultry, Blakwell, Iowa.
  • Gomes F, Saavedra MJ, Henriques M (2016): Bovine mastitis disease/pathogenicity: evidence of the potential role of microbial biofilms. Pathog Dis,74, 1-7.
  • Gómez-Suárez C, Busscher H, van der Mei H (2001): Analysis of bacterial detachment from substratum surfaces by the passage of air-liquid interfaces. App Environ Microbiol, 67, 2531-2537.
  • Haesler E, Swanson T, Ousey K, et al (2019): Clinical indicators of wound infection and biofilm: Reaching international consensus. J Wound Care, 28, 1-4.
  • Hawas S, Verderosa AD, Totsika M (2022): Combination therapies for biofilm inhibition and eradication: A comparative review of laboratory and preclinical studies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 12, 850030.
  • Hooper SJ, Percival SL, Cochrane CA, et al (2011): Biofilms and implication in medical devices in humans and animals. 191-203. In: Biofilms and Veterinary Medicine, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Hossain MJ, Attia Y, Ballah FM, et al (2021): Zoonotic significance and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in poultry in Bangladesh for the period of 2011–2021. Zoonotic Dis, 1, 3-24.
  • IFSAC (2017): Foodborne illness source attribution estimates for 2013 for Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter using multi-year outbreak surveillance data. United States. USDAFSIS, GA and D.C: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, FDA.
  • Jamal M, Wisal A, SaadiaA, et al (2018): Bacterial biofilm and associated infections. J Chinese Med Assoc, 81, 7-11.
  • Jørgensen E, Bay L, Skovgaard LT, et al (2019): An equine wound model to study effects of bacterial aggregates on wound healing. Adv Wound Care, 8, 487-498.
  • Jørgensen E, Bjarnsholt T, Jacobsen S (2021): Biofilm and equine limb wounds. Animals, 11, 2825-2840.
  • Kačírová J, Maďar M, Štrkolcová G, et al (2020): Dental biofilm as etiological agent of canine periodontal disease. 1-17. In: Dincer S (Ed), Bacterial biofilms. IntechOpen, London.
  • Kasimanickam RK, Ranjan A, Asokan GV, et al (2013): Prevention and treatment of biofilms by hybrid and nanotechnologies. Int J Nanomed, 8, 2809-2819.
  • König LM, Klopfleisch R, Höper D, et al (2014): Next generation sequencing analysis of biofilms from three dogs with postoperative surgical site infection. Int Sch Res Not, 1-5.
  • König LM, Klopfleisch R, Kershaw O, et al (2015): Prevalence of biofilms on surgical suture segments in wounds of dogs, cats, and horses. Vet Pathol, 52, 295-297.
  • Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, et al (2010): International Collaboration on Enteric Disease “Burden of Illness” Studies. The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clin Infect Dis, 50, 882-889.
  • Malone M, Swanson T (2017): Biofilm-based wound care: The importance of debridement in biofilm treatment strategies. Br J Community Nurs, 22, 20-25.
  • Marin C, Hernandez A, Lainez M (2009): Biofilm development capacity of Salmonella strains isolated in poultry risk factors and their resistance against disinfectants. Poultry Sci, 88, 424-431.
  • McDermid KP, Morek DW, Olson ME, et al (1993): A porcine model of Staphylococcus epidermidis catheter-associated infection. J Infec Dis, 168, 897-903.
  • Merino L, Procura F, Fernando T, et al (2017): Biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. in the poultry industry: Detection, control and eradication strategies. Food Res Int, 24, 1-11.
  • Nilsson RE, Ross T, Bowman JP (2011): Variability in biofilm production by Listeria monocytogenes correlated to strain origin and growth conditions. Int J Food Microbiol, 150, 14-24.
  • Pedersen RR, Krömker V, Bjarnsholt T, et al (2021): Biofilm research in bovine mastitis. Front Vet Sci, 8, 656810.
  • Peng M, Salaheen S, Almario JA, et al (2016): Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella serovars in integrated crop livestock farms and their products sold in local markets. Environ Microbiol,18, 1654-1665.
  • Percival SL, Malic S, Cruz H, et al (2011): Introduction to biofilms. 129-142. In: Percival S, Knottenbelt D,Cochrane C (Eds), Biofilms and Veterinary Medicine. Springer, Berlin.
  • Pérez-Serrano RM, Domínguez-Pérez RA, Ayala-Herrera JL, et al (2020): Dental plaque microbiota of pet owners and their dogs as a shared source and reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes. J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 21, 285-290.
  • Pires SM, Vieira SR, Hald T, et al (2014): Source attribution of human Salmonellosis: an overview of methods and estimates. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 11, 667-676.
  • Read RR, Eberwein P, Dasgupta MK, et al (1989): Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: bacterial colonization by biofilm spread along the catheter surface. Kidney Int, 35, 614-621.
  • Relucenti M, Familiari G, Donfrancesco O, et al (2021): Microscopy methods for biofilm Imaging: Focus on SEM and VP-SEM. Pros Con Biol, 10, 51.
  • Schillaci D, Vitale M (2012): Biofilm related to animal health, zoonosis and food transmitted diseases: Alternative targets for antimicrobial strategy? J Microbial Biochem Technol, 4, 7-10.
  • Sevin S, Karaca B, Haliscelik O, et al (2021): Postbiotics secreted by Lactobacillus sakei EIR/CM-1 isolated from cow milk microbiota, display antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against ruminant mastitis-causing pathogens. Ital J Anim Sci, 20, 1302-1316.
  • Shatila F, Yaşa I, Yalçın HT (2021): Biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica strains. Curr Microbiol, 78, 1150-1158.
  • Shivaprasad HL, Methner PA (2013): Salmonella infections in the domestic fowl. 162-192. In: Barrow PA, Methner U (Eds.), Salmonellain Domestic Animals (2nd ed.), CABI, Boston, Massachusetts.
  • Stewart PS, Franklin MJ (2008): Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol, 6, 199-210.
  • Smulski S, Gehrke M, Libera K, et al (2020): Effects of various mastitis treatments on the reproductive performance of cows. BMC Vet Res, 16, 99-109.
  • Swanson EA, Freeman LJ, Seleem MN, et al (2014): Biofilm-infected wounds in a dog. J Am Veter Med Assoc, 244, 699-707.
  • Theoret CL (2004): Wound repair in the horse: problems and proposed innovative solutions. Clin Tech Equine Prac, 3, 134-140.
  • Wang H, Ye K, Wei X, et al (2013): Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of Salmonella isolates from a chicken slaughter plant in China. Food Cont, 33, 378-384.
  • Weiling FU, Forster T, Mayer O, et al (2010): Bacteriophage cocktail for the prevention of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on catheters in an in vitro model system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 54, 397-404.
  • Westgate SJ, Percival SL, Knottenbelt DC, et al (2011): Microbiology of equine wounds and evidence of bacterial biofilms. Vet Microbiol, 150, 152-159.
  • Williams DW, Lewis MAO, Percival SL, et al (2011): Role of biofilms in the oral health of animals.129-142. In: Percival S, Knottenbelt D,Cochrane C (Eds), Biofilms and Veterinary Medicine. Springer, Berlin.
  • Wortinger A (2006): Care and use of feeding tubes in dogs and cats. J American Animal Hosp Assoc, 42, 401-406.
  • Zambori C, Tirziu E, Nichita I, et al (2012): Biofilm implication in oral diseases of dogs and cats. Anim Sci Biotechnol, 45, 208-212.

Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine

Year 2023, , 107 - 114, 30.12.2022

Fadime Kıran , Basar Karaca , Ali Furkan Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1097786

Abstract

Microbial biofilms defined as extremely complex ecosystems are considered clinically important for humans. However, the concept and significant roles of microbial biofilms in the progression of disease have seriously lagged in veterinary medicine, when compared with human medicine. Although the importance of biofilms in animal health is just beginning to emerge, limited studies have paid attention that microbial biofilms are clinically important in the field of veterinary medicine, and lead to serious economic losses. In this review, the importance of microbial biofilms causing high economic losses in the livestock industry has been highlighted. Besides, the concept of microbial biofilm, their role in the pathogenesis of the animal diseases, as well as diagnosis approaches and possible therapeutic strategies needed to overcome their detrimental effects in veterinary medicine, have been discussed.

Keywords

Biofilm diagnosis infection treatment veterinary medicine

References

  • Abdullahi UF, Igwenagu E, Mu'azu A, et al (2016): Intrigues of biofilm: A perspective in veterinary medicine. Vet World, 9, 12-18.
  • Batz MB, Hoffmann S, Morris JG (2012): Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J Food Protect, 75, 1278-1291.
  • Bell RL, Cao G, Allard MW, et al (2012): Salmonella Newport contamination of produce: Ecological, genetic, and epidemiological aspects. 155-173. In: Monte AS, De Santos PE (Eds), Salmonella: Classification, Genetics and Disease Nova, New York.
  • Beshiru A, Igbinosa IH, Igbinosa EO (2018): Biofilm formation and potential virulence factors of Salmonella strains isolated from ready-to-eat shrimps. PLoS ONE, 13, e0204345.
  • Bjarnsholt T, Givskov M (2006): The role of quorum sensing in the pathogenicity of the cunning aggressor Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anal Bioanal Chem, 387, 409-414.
  • Borawski P, Pawlewicz A, Parzonko A, et al (2020): Factors shaping cow’s milk production in the EU. Sustainability, 12, 420.
  • Borges KA, Furian TQ, de Souza SN, et al (2018): Biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from avian sources is partially related with their in vivo pathogenicity. Microb Path, 118, 238-241.
  • Borsanelli AC, Athayde FRF, Agostinho SD, et al (2021): Dental biofilm and its ecological interrelationships in ovine periodontitis. J Med Microbiol, 70, PMID: 34313584.
  • Braden CR (2006): Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and eggs: a national epidemic in the United States. Clin Infect Dis, 43, 512-517.
  • Bubenik LJ, Hosgood GL, Waldron DR, et al (2007): Frequency of urinary tract infection in catheterized dogs and comparison of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results for catheterized and noncatheterized dogs with urinary tract infections. J American Vet Med Assoc, 231, 893-899.
  • Choudhary P, Singh S, Agarwal V (2020): Microbial biofilms. 1-11. In: Dincer S (Ed), Bacterial biofilms. IntechOpen, London.
  • Cochrane CA, Freeman K, Woods E, et al (2009): Biofilm evidence and the microbial diversity of horse wounds. Can J Microbiol, 55, 197-202.
  • Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JJ, et al (1985): Adherence of coagulase-negative Staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of Staphylococci to medical device. J Clin Microbiol, 22, 996-1006.
  • Cruz A, Condinho M, Carvalho B, et al (2021): The two weapons against bacterial biofilms: Detection and treatment. Antibiotics, 10, 1482-1503.
  • Donlan RM (2001): Biofilms and device-associated infections. Emerg Infec Dis, 7, 277-281.
  • Donlan RM (2002): Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis, 8, 881-890.
  • Dookeran MM, Baccus-Taylor GS, Akingbala JO, et al (2012): Transmission of Salmonella on broiler chickens and carcasses from production to retail in Trinidad and Tobago. J Agr Biodiv Res, 1, 78-84.
  • Eng SK, Pusparajah P, Mutalib NSA, et al (2015): Salmonella: a review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance. Front Life Sci, 8, 284-293.
  • Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT (1989): New method for detecting slime production by coagulase negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol, 42, 872-874.
  • Gast R (2008): Salmonella infection. 619-642. In: Saif Y, Fadly A, Glisson J, et al (Eds.), Diseases of poultry, Blakwell, Iowa.
  • Gomes F, Saavedra MJ, Henriques M (2016): Bovine mastitis disease/pathogenicity: evidence of the potential role of microbial biofilms. Pathog Dis,74, 1-7.
  • Gómez-Suárez C, Busscher H, van der Mei H (2001): Analysis of bacterial detachment from substratum surfaces by the passage of air-liquid interfaces. App Environ Microbiol, 67, 2531-2537.
  • Haesler E, Swanson T, Ousey K, et al (2019): Clinical indicators of wound infection and biofilm: Reaching international consensus. J Wound Care, 28, 1-4.
  • Hawas S, Verderosa AD, Totsika M (2022): Combination therapies for biofilm inhibition and eradication: A comparative review of laboratory and preclinical studies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 12, 850030.
  • Hooper SJ, Percival SL, Cochrane CA, et al (2011): Biofilms and implication in medical devices in humans and animals. 191-203. In: Biofilms and Veterinary Medicine, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Hossain MJ, Attia Y, Ballah FM, et al (2021): Zoonotic significance and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in poultry in Bangladesh for the period of 2011–2021. Zoonotic Dis, 1, 3-24.
  • IFSAC (2017): Foodborne illness source attribution estimates for 2013 for Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter using multi-year outbreak surveillance data. United States. USDAFSIS, GA and D.C: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, FDA.
  • Jamal M, Wisal A, SaadiaA, et al (2018): Bacterial biofilm and associated infections. J Chinese Med Assoc, 81, 7-11.
  • Jørgensen E, Bay L, Skovgaard LT, et al (2019): An equine wound model to study effects of bacterial aggregates on wound healing. Adv Wound Care, 8, 487-498.
  • Jørgensen E, Bjarnsholt T, Jacobsen S (2021): Biofilm and equine limb wounds. Animals, 11, 2825-2840.
  • Kačírová J, Maďar M, Štrkolcová G, et al (2020): Dental biofilm as etiological agent of canine periodontal disease. 1-17. In: Dincer S (Ed), Bacterial biofilms. IntechOpen, London.
  • Kasimanickam RK, Ranjan A, Asokan GV, et al (2013): Prevention and treatment of biofilms by hybrid and nanotechnologies. Int J Nanomed, 8, 2809-2819.
  • König LM, Klopfleisch R, Höper D, et al (2014): Next generation sequencing analysis of biofilms from three dogs with postoperative surgical site infection. Int Sch Res Not, 1-5.
  • König LM, Klopfleisch R, Kershaw O, et al (2015): Prevalence of biofilms on surgical suture segments in wounds of dogs, cats, and horses. Vet Pathol, 52, 295-297.
  • Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, et al (2010): International Collaboration on Enteric Disease “Burden of Illness” Studies. The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clin Infect Dis, 50, 882-889.
  • Malone M, Swanson T (2017): Biofilm-based wound care: The importance of debridement in biofilm treatment strategies. Br J Community Nurs, 22, 20-25.
  • Marin C, Hernandez A, Lainez M (2009): Biofilm development capacity of Salmonella strains isolated in poultry risk factors and their resistance against disinfectants. Poultry Sci, 88, 424-431.
  • McDermid KP, Morek DW, Olson ME, et al (1993): A porcine model of Staphylococcus epidermidis catheter-associated infection. J Infec Dis, 168, 897-903.
  • Merino L, Procura F, Fernando T, et al (2017): Biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. in the poultry industry: Detection, control and eradication strategies. Food Res Int, 24, 1-11.
  • Nilsson RE, Ross T, Bowman JP (2011): Variability in biofilm production by Listeria monocytogenes correlated to strain origin and growth conditions. Int J Food Microbiol, 150, 14-24.
  • Pedersen RR, Krömker V, Bjarnsholt T, et al (2021): Biofilm research in bovine mastitis. Front Vet Sci, 8, 656810.
  • Peng M, Salaheen S, Almario JA, et al (2016): Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella serovars in integrated crop livestock farms and their products sold in local markets. Environ Microbiol,18, 1654-1665.
  • Percival SL, Malic S, Cruz H, et al (2011): Introduction to biofilms. 129-142. In: Percival S, Knottenbelt D,Cochrane C (Eds), Biofilms and Veterinary Medicine. Springer, Berlin.
  • Pérez-Serrano RM, Domínguez-Pérez RA, Ayala-Herrera JL, et al (2020): Dental plaque microbiota of pet owners and their dogs as a shared source and reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes. J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 21, 285-290.
  • Pires SM, Vieira SR, Hald T, et al (2014): Source attribution of human Salmonellosis: an overview of methods and estimates. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 11, 667-676.
  • Read RR, Eberwein P, Dasgupta MK, et al (1989): Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: bacterial colonization by biofilm spread along the catheter surface. Kidney Int, 35, 614-621.
  • Relucenti M, Familiari G, Donfrancesco O, et al (2021): Microscopy methods for biofilm Imaging: Focus on SEM and VP-SEM. Pros Con Biol, 10, 51.
  • Schillaci D, Vitale M (2012): Biofilm related to animal health, zoonosis and food transmitted diseases: Alternative targets for antimicrobial strategy? J Microbial Biochem Technol, 4, 7-10.
  • Sevin S, Karaca B, Haliscelik O, et al (2021): Postbiotics secreted by Lactobacillus sakei EIR/CM-1 isolated from cow milk microbiota, display antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against ruminant mastitis-causing pathogens. Ital J Anim Sci, 20, 1302-1316.
  • Shatila F, Yaşa I, Yalçın HT (2021): Biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica strains. Curr Microbiol, 78, 1150-1158.
  • Shivaprasad HL, Methner PA (2013): Salmonella infections in the domestic fowl. 162-192. In: Barrow PA, Methner U (Eds.), Salmonellain Domestic Animals (2nd ed.), CABI, Boston, Massachusetts.
  • Stewart PS, Franklin MJ (2008): Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol, 6, 199-210.
  • Smulski S, Gehrke M, Libera K, et al (2020): Effects of various mastitis treatments on the reproductive performance of cows. BMC Vet Res, 16, 99-109.
  • Swanson EA, Freeman LJ, Seleem MN, et al (2014): Biofilm-infected wounds in a dog. J Am Veter Med Assoc, 244, 699-707.
  • Theoret CL (2004): Wound repair in the horse: problems and proposed innovative solutions. Clin Tech Equine Prac, 3, 134-140.
  • Wang H, Ye K, Wei X, et al (2013): Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of Salmonella isolates from a chicken slaughter plant in China. Food Cont, 33, 378-384.
  • Weiling FU, Forster T, Mayer O, et al (2010): Bacteriophage cocktail for the prevention of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on catheters in an in vitro model system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 54, 397-404.
  • Westgate SJ, Percival SL, Knottenbelt DC, et al (2011): Microbiology of equine wounds and evidence of bacterial biofilms. Vet Microbiol, 150, 152-159.
  • Williams DW, Lewis MAO, Percival SL, et al (2011): Role of biofilms in the oral health of animals.129-142. In: Percival S, Knottenbelt D,Cochrane C (Eds), Biofilms and Veterinary Medicine. Springer, Berlin.
  • Wortinger A (2006): Care and use of feeding tubes in dogs and cats. J American Animal Hosp Assoc, 42, 401-406.
  • Zambori C, Tirziu E, Nichita I, et al (2012): Biofilm implication in oral diseases of dogs and cats. Anim Sci Biotechnol, 45, 208-212.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Review
Authors

Fadime Kıran 0000-0002-4536-2959

Basar Karaca 0000-0001-6943-8965

Ali Furkan Erdoğan 0000-0002-2646-8002

Publication Date December 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Kıran, F., Karaca, B., & Erdoğan, A. F. (2022). Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 70(1), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1097786
AMA Kıran F, Karaca B, Erdoğan AF. Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. December 2022;70(1):107-114. doi:10.33988/auvfd.1097786
Chicago Kıran, Fadime, Basar Karaca, and Ali Furkan Erdoğan. “Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 70, no. 1 (December 2022): 107-14. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1097786.
EndNote Kıran F, Karaca B, Erdoğan AF (December 1, 2022) Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 70 1 107–114.
IEEE F. Kıran, B. Karaca, and A. F. Erdoğan, “Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 107–114, 2022, doi: 10.33988/auvfd.1097786.
ISNAD Kıran, Fadime et al. “Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 70/1 (December 2022), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1097786.
JAMA Kıran F, Karaca B, Erdoğan AF. Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2022;70:107–114.
MLA Kıran, Fadime et al. “Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 70, no. 1, 2022, pp. 107-14, doi:10.33988/auvfd.1097786.
Vancouver Kıran F, Karaca B, Erdoğan AF. Microbial Biofilms in Veterinary Medicine. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2022;70(1):107-14.