Relationship between seropositivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and renal biochemical markers in clinically healthy rabbits

Özcan Özkan; Banuçiçek Yücesan; Selçuk Pekkaya; Mehmet Eray Alçığır; İsmayil Safa Gürcan

doi:10.33988/auvfd.433457

Research Article

Sağlıklı tavşanlarda Encephalitozoon cuniculi seropozitifliği ile böbrek biyokimyasal belirteçleri arasındaki ilişki

Year 2019, , 197 - 204, 05.04.2019

Özcan Özkan , Banuçiçek Yücesan Selçuk Pekkaya Mehmet Eray Alçığır İsmayil Safa Gürcan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.433457

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Encephalitozoon cuniculi, özellikle tavşangillerde ve çeşitli ülkelerdeki birçok yaban ve evcil hayvanlarda latent hastalığa neden olabilmektedir. Bu enfeksiyon potansiyel olarak zoonotik ve fırsatçı bir patojenden kaynaklandığından veteriner ve halk sağlığı için önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, klinik olarak sağlıklı tavşanlarda E. cuniculi seropozitifliği ve böbrek fonksiyon belirteçleri arasındaki ilişkinin, hastalığın tanısında yararlı olabileceğini araştırmaktır. Bu çalışmada, sağlıklı tavşanlarda E. cuniculi enfeksiyonunun seropozitifliği enzim bağlantılı immünosorbent testi (ELISA) ile belirlenmiş ve böbrek fonksiyon test sonuçları ile otopsi bulguları birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Bir laboratuvar tavşan yetiştirme tesisinde, ELISA testi, 97 tavşanın 48'inin (%49.5) E. cuniculi'ye karşı seropozitif olduğunu göstermiştir. Seropozitif hayvanlarda kan üre nitrojen (BUN) ve kreatinin düzeyleri anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Serum kreatinin (p<0.001) ve BUN (p<0.01) düzeylerinin tavşanların serolojik durumu ile istatistik olarak anlamlı bir ilişkisi olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Enfeksiyonun doğrulanması için iki seropozitif tavşan otopsi edildi. Böbrekteki histopatolojik bulgulara göre tübül epitelinde dejeneratif değişiklikler ve E. cuniculi sporları tespit edilmiştir. Encephalitozoon cuniculi enfeksiyonunu teşhis etmek için tavşanlarda serolojik ve histopatolojik yöntemler rutin olarak kullanılmamaktadır. Böbrekler tavşanlarda ensefalitozoonosisde en çok etkilenen organlardan biridir. Çalışmanın da gösterdiği üzere, kan üre nitrojen ve kreatinin düzeylerinin belirlenmesi, seropozitif tavşanların böbrek fonksiyonlarının değerlendirilmes, klinik ve genel sağlık durumunu yorumlanması adına yararlı olabileceği anlaşılmaktadır.

Keywords

Biyokimyasal belirteçler, böbrek fonksiyonu, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, tavşan

References

1. Abu-Akkada SS, Oda SS (2016): Prevention and treatment of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in immunosuppressed rabbits with fenbendazole. Iran J Vet Res, 17(2), 98-05.
2. Al-Sadi HI, Al-Mahmood, SS (2013): Microsporidial infection in some domestic and laboratory animals in Iraq. Int J App Basic Med Res, 3(3), 78–91.
3. Archetti I, Tittarelli C, Cerioli M, et al. (2008): Serum chemistry and hematology values in commercial rabbits; preliminary data from industrial farms in Northern Italy. In: 9th World rabbit congress: June, 10-13, 2008 Verona: Proceedings Castanet-Tolosan: WRSA. pp. 1147-1151.
4. Boot R, Hansen AK, Hansen CK, et al. (2000): Comparison of assays for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. Lab Anim, 34, 281–289.
5. Calasans-Maia MD, Monteiro ML, Ascoli FO, Granjeiro JM (2009): The rabbit as an animal model for experimental surgery. Acta Cir Bras, 24(4), 325-8.
6. Cray C, Rodriguez M, Fernandez Y (2013): Acute phase protein levels in rabbits with suspected Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. J Exot Pet Med 22, 280–6.
7. Csokai J, Joachim A, Gruber A, et al. (2009): Diagnostic markers for encephalitozoonosis in pet rabbits. Vet Parasitol, 163(1-2), 18-26.
8. Dipineto L, Rinaldi L, Santaniello A, et al. (2008): Serological survey for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits in Italy. Zoonoses Public Health, 55, 173–175.
9. Fuentes GC, Newgren J (2008): Physiology and clinical pathology of laboratory New Zealand White rabbits housed individually and in groups. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci, 47(2), 35-38.
10. Harcourt-Brown FM (2007): Radiographic signs of renal disease in rabbits. Vet Rec, 160, 787-94.
11. Harcourt-Brown FM, Holloway HK (2003): Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits. Vet Rec, 152, 427-431.
12. Hofmannová L, Sak B, Jekl V, et al. (2014): Lethal Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype III infection in Steppe lemmings (Lagurus lagurus). Vet Parasitol, 205(1-2), 357-60.
13. Igarashi M, Oohashi E, Dautu G, et al. (2008): High seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits in Japan. J Vet Med Sci, 70(12), 1301-4.
14. Keeble EJ, Shaw DJ (2006): Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in domestic rabbits in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec, 158, 539–544.
15. Kourgelis C, Reilly C, Von Roedern M, Cray C (2017): Serological survey for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in cats within the United States. Vet Parasitol (Amst), 9, 122–124.
16. Künzel F, Fisher PG (2018): Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 21(1), 69-82.
17. Künzel F, Gruber A, Tichy A, Edelhofer R, et al. (2008) Clinical symptoms and diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in pet rabbits. Vet Parasitol, 151(2-4), 115-24.
18. Künzel F, Joachim A (2010): Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. J Parasitol Res, 106, 299–309.
19. Latney LT, Bradley CW, Wyre NR (2014): Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits: Diagnosis and optimal management. Vet Med: Research & Reports, 5,169-180.
20. Lavazza A, Chiari M, Claudia Nassuato C, et al. (2016): Serological investigation on Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits in North-Central Italy. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 25, 52–9.
21. Maestrini G, Ricci E, Cantile C, et al. (2017): Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits: Serological screening and histopathological findings. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 50, 54-57.
22. Mähler CM, Berard M, Feinstein R., et al.,(2014): FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units. FELASA working group on revision of guidelines for health monitoring of rodents and rabbits. Lab Anim, 48(3), 178-192.
23. Mathis A, Weber R, Deplazes P (2005): Zoonotic potential of the microsporidia. Clin Microbiol Rev, 18(3), 423-45.
24. Matsuzawa T, Nomura M, Unno T (1993): Clinical pathology reference ranges of laboratory animals. J Vet Med Sci, 55, 351-62.
25. Melillo A (2007): Rabbit Clinical Pathology. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 16(3), 135-145.
26. Meng QF, Wang WL, Ni XT, et al. (2015): Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China. Korean J Parasitol, 53(6): 759-763.
27. Mohri M, Sharifi K, Eidi S (2007): Hematology and serum biochemistry of Holstein dairy calves: age-related changes and comparison with blood composition in adults. Res Vet Sci, 83, 30-39.
28. Rich G (2010): Clinical update on testing modalities for Encephalitozoon cuniculi in clinically sick rabbits. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 19(3), 226–230.
29. Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Villarreal-Marroquín A, Nevárez-Garza, AM, et al. (2017): Histochemical study of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores in the kidneys of naturally infected New Zealand rabbits. J Vet Diagn Invest, 29(3), 269-277.
30. Okewole EA (2008): Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in domestic rabbits in Nigeria. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 75, 33–38.
31. Ozkan C, Kaya A, Akgül Y (2012): Normal values of hematological and some biochemical parameters in serum and urine of New Zealand White rabbits. World Rabbit Sci, 20, 253-259.
32. Ozkan O, Ozkan AT, Karaer Z (2011): Encephalitozoonosis in New Zealand rabbits and potential transmission risk. Vet Parasitol, 179(1–3): 30 234–7.
33. Pan Y, Wang S, Liu X, et al. (2015): Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Humans and Rabbits in China. Iran J Parasitol 10(2): 290-295.
34. Reusch B, Murray JK, Papasouliotis K, Redrobe SP (2009) Urinary protein: creatinine ratio in rabbits in relation to their serological status to Encephalitozoon cuniculi.Vet Rec, 64, 293–295.
35. Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Castillo-Velázquez U, Arce-Mendoza AY, et al. (2016): Interferon γ and interleukin 10 responses in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed New Zealand White rabbits naturally infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Dev Comp Immunol, 62, 82-8.
36. Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Nevárez-Garza AM, Armando TA, et al. (2016a). Encephalitozoon cuniculi: Grading the histological lesions in brain, kidney, and liver during. a primo-infection outbreak in rabbits. Journal of Pathogens, Article ID 5768428, 9.
37. Santaniello A, Dipineto L, Rinaldi L, et al. (2009): Serological survey of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in farm rabbits in Italy. Res Vet Sci, 87(1), 67-9.
38. Tsukad R, Tsuchiyama A, Sasaki M, et al. (2013): Encephalitozoon infections in Rodentia and Soricomorpha in Japan. Vet Parasitol, 198(1-2), 193-6.
39. Wang W, Xu R, Li J (2010): Production of native bispecific antibodies in rabbits. PLoS ONE. 5(6), e10879.
40. Wesonga HO, Munda M (1992): Rabbit encephalitozoonosis in Kenya. Lab Anim, 26, 219-221.
41. Valencakova A, Balent P, Petrovova E, et al (2008): Encephalitozoonosis in household pet Nederland Dwarf rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Parasitol, 153(3-4), 265-9.
42. Valencakova A, Halanova M (2012): Immune response to Encephalitozoon infection review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 35(1), 1-7.
43. Yanni AE (2004): The laboratory rabbit: an animal model of atherosclerosis research. Lab Anim, 38(3), 246-56.

Relationship between seropositivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and renal biochemical markers in clinically healthy rabbits

Year 2019, , 197 - 204, 05.04.2019

Özcan Özkan , Banuçiçek Yücesan Selçuk Pekkaya Mehmet Eray Alçığır İsmayil Safa Gürcan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.433457

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Encephalitozoon cuniculi can cause latent disease, especially in lagomorphs and many wild and domestic animals in various countries. This infection is important for veterinary and public health because it is caused by a potentially zoonotic and opportunistic pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between seropositivity of E. cuniculi and renal function markers, which may be useful in predicting the disease in clinically healthy rabbits. In this study, the seropositivity of E. cuniculi infection in clinically healthy rabbits was determined, and necropsy findings were evaluated along with the results of renal function tests. In a laboratory rabbit breeding facility, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests showed that 48 (49.5%) of 97 rabbits were seropositive against E. cuniculi. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were significantly elevated in seropositive animals. Two seropositive rabbits were necropsied to confirm the infection. According to histopathological findings in the kidney, degenerative changes and E. cuniculi spores were identified in the tubule epithelia. Serum creatinine (p<0.001) and BUN (p<0.01) levels were found to have a statistically significant relationship with the serological status of rabbits. Serological and histopathological methods are not routinely used in rabbits to diagnose E. cuniculi infection. The kidneys were one of the most affected organs in encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. As revealed in this study, the testing blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels would be useful for the evaluation of general health status and renal function of the seropositive rabbits, and clinical interpretation as well.

Keywords

Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Biochemical markers, Rabbit, Renal function

References

1. Abu-Akkada SS, Oda SS (2016): Prevention and treatment of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in immunosuppressed rabbits with fenbendazole. Iran J Vet Res, 17(2), 98-05.
2. Al-Sadi HI, Al-Mahmood, SS (2013): Microsporidial infection in some domestic and laboratory animals in Iraq. Int J App Basic Med Res, 3(3), 78–91.
3. Archetti I, Tittarelli C, Cerioli M, et al. (2008): Serum chemistry and hematology values in commercial rabbits; preliminary data from industrial farms in Northern Italy. In: 9th World rabbit congress: June, 10-13, 2008 Verona: Proceedings Castanet-Tolosan: WRSA. pp. 1147-1151.
4. Boot R, Hansen AK, Hansen CK, et al. (2000): Comparison of assays for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. Lab Anim, 34, 281–289.
5. Calasans-Maia MD, Monteiro ML, Ascoli FO, Granjeiro JM (2009): The rabbit as an animal model for experimental surgery. Acta Cir Bras, 24(4), 325-8.
6. Cray C, Rodriguez M, Fernandez Y (2013): Acute phase protein levels in rabbits with suspected Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. J Exot Pet Med 22, 280–6.
7. Csokai J, Joachim A, Gruber A, et al. (2009): Diagnostic markers for encephalitozoonosis in pet rabbits. Vet Parasitol, 163(1-2), 18-26.
8. Dipineto L, Rinaldi L, Santaniello A, et al. (2008): Serological survey for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits in Italy. Zoonoses Public Health, 55, 173–175.
9. Fuentes GC, Newgren J (2008): Physiology and clinical pathology of laboratory New Zealand White rabbits housed individually and in groups. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci, 47(2), 35-38.
10. Harcourt-Brown FM (2007): Radiographic signs of renal disease in rabbits. Vet Rec, 160, 787-94.
11. Harcourt-Brown FM, Holloway HK (2003): Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits. Vet Rec, 152, 427-431.
12. Hofmannová L, Sak B, Jekl V, et al. (2014): Lethal Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype III infection in Steppe lemmings (Lagurus lagurus). Vet Parasitol, 205(1-2), 357-60.
13. Igarashi M, Oohashi E, Dautu G, et al. (2008): High seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits in Japan. J Vet Med Sci, 70(12), 1301-4.
14. Keeble EJ, Shaw DJ (2006): Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in domestic rabbits in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec, 158, 539–544.
15. Kourgelis C, Reilly C, Von Roedern M, Cray C (2017): Serological survey for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in cats within the United States. Vet Parasitol (Amst), 9, 122–124.
16. Künzel F, Fisher PG (2018): Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 21(1), 69-82.
17. Künzel F, Gruber A, Tichy A, Edelhofer R, et al. (2008) Clinical symptoms and diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in pet rabbits. Vet Parasitol, 151(2-4), 115-24.
18. Künzel F, Joachim A (2010): Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. J Parasitol Res, 106, 299–309.
19. Latney LT, Bradley CW, Wyre NR (2014): Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits: Diagnosis and optimal management. Vet Med: Research & Reports, 5,169-180.
20. Lavazza A, Chiari M, Claudia Nassuato C, et al. (2016): Serological investigation on Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits in North-Central Italy. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 25, 52–9.
21. Maestrini G, Ricci E, Cantile C, et al. (2017): Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits: Serological screening and histopathological findings. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 50, 54-57.
22. Mähler CM, Berard M, Feinstein R., et al.,(2014): FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units. FELASA working group on revision of guidelines for health monitoring of rodents and rabbits. Lab Anim, 48(3), 178-192.
23. Mathis A, Weber R, Deplazes P (2005): Zoonotic potential of the microsporidia. Clin Microbiol Rev, 18(3), 423-45.
24. Matsuzawa T, Nomura M, Unno T (1993): Clinical pathology reference ranges of laboratory animals. J Vet Med Sci, 55, 351-62.
25. Melillo A (2007): Rabbit Clinical Pathology. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 16(3), 135-145.
26. Meng QF, Wang WL, Ni XT, et al. (2015): Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China. Korean J Parasitol, 53(6): 759-763.
27. Mohri M, Sharifi K, Eidi S (2007): Hematology and serum biochemistry of Holstein dairy calves: age-related changes and comparison with blood composition in adults. Res Vet Sci, 83, 30-39.
28. Rich G (2010): Clinical update on testing modalities for Encephalitozoon cuniculi in clinically sick rabbits. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 19(3), 226–230.
29. Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Villarreal-Marroquín A, Nevárez-Garza, AM, et al. (2017): Histochemical study of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores in the kidneys of naturally infected New Zealand rabbits. J Vet Diagn Invest, 29(3), 269-277.
30. Okewole EA (2008): Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in domestic rabbits in Nigeria. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 75, 33–38.
31. Ozkan C, Kaya A, Akgül Y (2012): Normal values of hematological and some biochemical parameters in serum and urine of New Zealand White rabbits. World Rabbit Sci, 20, 253-259.
32. Ozkan O, Ozkan AT, Karaer Z (2011): Encephalitozoonosis in New Zealand rabbits and potential transmission risk. Vet Parasitol, 179(1–3): 30 234–7.
33. Pan Y, Wang S, Liu X, et al. (2015): Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Humans and Rabbits in China. Iran J Parasitol 10(2): 290-295.
34. Reusch B, Murray JK, Papasouliotis K, Redrobe SP (2009) Urinary protein: creatinine ratio in rabbits in relation to their serological status to Encephalitozoon cuniculi.Vet Rec, 64, 293–295.
35. Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Castillo-Velázquez U, Arce-Mendoza AY, et al. (2016): Interferon γ and interleukin 10 responses in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed New Zealand White rabbits naturally infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Dev Comp Immunol, 62, 82-8.
36. Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Nevárez-Garza AM, Armando TA, et al. (2016a). Encephalitozoon cuniculi: Grading the histological lesions in brain, kidney, and liver during. a primo-infection outbreak in rabbits. Journal of Pathogens, Article ID 5768428, 9.
37. Santaniello A, Dipineto L, Rinaldi L, et al. (2009): Serological survey of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in farm rabbits in Italy. Res Vet Sci, 87(1), 67-9.
38. Tsukad R, Tsuchiyama A, Sasaki M, et al. (2013): Encephalitozoon infections in Rodentia and Soricomorpha in Japan. Vet Parasitol, 198(1-2), 193-6.
39. Wang W, Xu R, Li J (2010): Production of native bispecific antibodies in rabbits. PLoS ONE. 5(6), e10879.
40. Wesonga HO, Munda M (1992): Rabbit encephalitozoonosis in Kenya. Lab Anim, 26, 219-221.
41. Valencakova A, Balent P, Petrovova E, et al (2008): Encephalitozoonosis in household pet Nederland Dwarf rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Parasitol, 153(3-4), 265-9.
42. Valencakova A, Halanova M (2012): Immune response to Encephalitozoon infection review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 35(1), 1-7.
43. Yanni AE (2004): The laboratory rabbit: an animal model of atherosclerosis research. Lab Anim, 38(3), 246-56.

There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Özcan Özkan Banuçiçek Yücesan Selçuk Pekkaya Mehmet Eray Alçığır İsmayil Safa Gürcan
Publication Date	April 5, 2019
Published in Issue	Year 2019

Cite

APA	Özkan, Ö., Yücesan, B., Pekkaya, S., Alçığır, M. E., et al. (2019). Relationship between seropositivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and renal biochemical markers in clinically healthy rabbits. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 66(2), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.433457
AMA	Özkan Ö, Yücesan B, Pekkaya S, Alçığır ME, Gürcan İS. Relationship between seropositivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and renal biochemical markers in clinically healthy rabbits. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. April 2019;66(2):197-204. doi:10.33988/auvfd.433457
Chicago	Özkan, Özcan, Banuçiçek Yücesan, Selçuk Pekkaya, Mehmet Eray Alçığır, and İsmayil Safa Gürcan. “Relationship Between Seropositivity of Encephalitozoon Cuniculi and Renal Biochemical Markers in Clinically Healthy Rabbits”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 66, no. 2 (April 2019): 197-204. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.433457.
EndNote	Özkan Ö, Yücesan B, Pekkaya S, Alçığır ME, Gürcan İS (April 1, 2019) Relationship between seropositivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and renal biochemical markers in clinically healthy rabbits. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 66 2 197–204.
IEEE	Ö. Özkan, B. Yücesan, S. Pekkaya, M. E. Alçığır, and İ. S. Gürcan, “Relationship between seropositivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and renal biochemical markers in clinically healthy rabbits”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 197–204, 2019, doi: 10.33988/auvfd.433457.
ISNAD	Özkan, Özcan et al. “Relationship Between Seropositivity of Encephalitozoon Cuniculi and Renal Biochemical Markers in Clinically Healthy Rabbits”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 66/2 (April 2019), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.433457.
JAMA	Özkan Ö, Yücesan B, Pekkaya S, Alçığır ME, Gürcan İS. Relationship between seropositivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and renal biochemical markers in clinically healthy rabbits. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2019;66:197–204.
MLA	Özkan, Özcan et al. “Relationship Between Seropositivity of Encephalitozoon Cuniculi and Renal Biochemical Markers in Clinically Healthy Rabbits”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 66, no. 2, 2019, pp. 197-04, doi:10.33988/auvfd.433457.
Vancouver	Özkan Ö, Yücesan B, Pekkaya S, Alçığır ME, Gürcan İS. Relationship between seropositivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and renal biochemical markers in clinically healthy rabbits. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2019;66(2):197-204.

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