Letter to Editor
Detection of Clostridium difficile and toxin genes in samples of modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) minced and cubed beef meat
Abstract
In this study it is intended to find out the prevalence of Clostridium difficile in modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) minced (n:50) and cubed beef meat samples (n :50); determine the toxin from the isolates and detect the antibiotic susceptibility against metronidazole, vancomycin and clindamycin. C. difficile isolates have been isolated from two (4%) of 50 minced beef meat samples; one (2%) of 50 cubed beef meat samples. All three isolates were confirmed by PCR as C. difficile by the detection of tpi gene. Three out of 5 C. difficile isolates showed toxigenic character, two of them were carried type B (tcdB) toxin genes, one of them harbored type A (tcdA) toxin gene. When antibiotic resistance profile was phenotypically analyzed, only C. difficile type A (tcdA) was found resistant against clindamycin. All isolates were found sensitive to vancomycin and metronidazole. The result of this study demonstrated that C. difficile strains detected in samples of modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) beef meat could be a potential problem to public health
References
- Baker AA, Davis E, Rehberger T, et al. (2010): Prevalence and diversity of toxigenic Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile among swine herds in the midwest. Appl Environ Microbiol, 76, 2961-2967.
- Bauer MP, Notermans DW, Van Benthem BH (2011): Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: A hospital-based survey. Lancet, 377, 63-73.
- Boer E, Zwartkruis-Nahuis A, Heuvelink AE, et al. (2011): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in retailed meat in The Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol, 144, 561-564.
- Bouttier S, Barc M, Felix B, et al. (2005): Clostridium difficile in ground meat, France. Emerg Infect Dis, 16, 733.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2012): Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; Approved Standard ‐ Eighth Edition, M11A8E W. Hecht, et al 2012: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
- Curry SR, Marsh JW, Schlackman JL, et al. (2005): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in uncooked ground meat products from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Appl Envir Microbiol, 78, 4183.
- Deneve C, Janoir C, Poilane I, et al. (2009): New trends in Clostridium difficile virulence and pathogenesis. Int J Antimicrob Agent, 33 Suppl 1, 24-28.
- Esfandiari Z, Jalali M, Ezzatpanah H, et al. (2014): Prevalence and characterization of Clostridium difficile in beef and mutton meats of Isfahan region, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 7, 16771.
- Harvey RB, Norman KN, Andrews K, et al. (2011): Clostridium difficile in retail meat and processing plants in Texas. J Vet Diag Invest, 23, 807-811.
- Hoffer E, Haechler H, Frei R, et al. (2010): Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples of healthy calves and pPigs at slaughter and in minced meat in Switzerland. J Food Prot, 73, 973-975.
- Houser BA, Soehnlen MK, Wolfgang DR, et al. (2012): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile toxin genes in the feces of veal calves and incidence of ground veal contamination. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 9, 32-36.
- Janezic S, Ocepe, M, Zidaric M, et al. (2012): Clostridium difficile genotypes other than ribotype 078 that are prevalent among human, animal and environmental isolates. BMC Microbiol, 12, 48.
- Jöbstl M, Heuberger S, Indra A, et al. (2008): Clostridium difficile in raw products of animal origin. Int J Food Microbiol, 138, 172-175.
- Kouassi KA, Dadie AT, N'Guessan KF, et al. (2014): Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in C^ote d'Ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Anaerob, 28, 90-94.
- Lemee L, Dhalluin A, Testelin S, et al. (2004): Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (Triose Phosphate Isomerase), tcdA (Toxin A), and tcdB (Toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol, 42, 5710-5714.
- McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM (2002): Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol, 97, 1769-75.
- Rahimi E, Jalali M, Weese JS (2014): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in raw beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo meat in Iran. BMC Public Health, 14, 119.
- Rodriguez-Palacios A, Reid-Smith RJ, Staempfli HR, et al. (2009): Possible seasonality of Clostridium difficile in retail meat, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 802-805.
- Rodriguez-Palacios A, LeJeune JT (2011): Moist-heat resistance, spore aging, and super dormancy in Clostridium difficile. Appl Environ Microbiol, 77, 3085-3091.
- Rodriguez C, Avesani V, Van Broeck J, et al. (2013): Presence of Clostridium difficile in pigs and cattle intestinal contents and carcass contamination at the slaughterhouse in Belgium. Int J Food Microbiol, 166, 256-262.
- Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, Avesani V, et al. (2014): Multilocus sequence typing analysis and antibiotic resistance of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from retail meat and humans in Belgium. Food Microbiol, 42, 166-171.
- Rupnik M (2007): Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? Clin Microbiol Infect, 13, 457-459.
- Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN (2009): Clostridium difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol, 7, 526-536.
- Samore MH, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami PC, et al. (1996): Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Med, 100, 32-40.
- Songer JG (2004): The emergence of Clostridium difficile as a pathogen of food animals, Anim Health Res Rev, 5, 321-326.
- Songer JG, Trinh HT, Killgore GE, et al. (2009): Clostridium difficile in retail meat products, USA 2007. Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 819-821.
- Von Abercron, SM, Karlsson F, Wigh GT, et al. (2009): Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat in Sweden. J Food Protect, 72, 1732-1734.
- Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, Killgore G, et al. (2005): Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet, 366, 1079-1084.
- Weese JS, Avery BP, Rousseau J, et al. (2009): Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficiles spores in retail beef and pork. Appl Environ Microbiol. 75, 5009-5011.
- Wilcox MH, Mooney L, Bendall R (2008): A case-control study of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother, 62, 388-96.
- Zidaric V, Zemljic M, Janezic S, et al. (2008): High diversity of Clostridium difficile genotypes isolated from a single poultry farm producing replacement laying hens. Anaerob, 14, 325-327.
Modifiye atmosfer paketli (MAP) sığır kıyma ve kuşbaşı et örneklerinde Clostridium difficile ve toksin genlerinin belirlenmesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada konvansiyonel yöntem ve multipleks PCR (mPCR) tekniği ile modifiye atmosfer paketli (MAP) sığır kıyma (n:50) ve kuşbaşı (n:50) örneklerinde Clostridium difficile prevalansı, izolatlardaki toksin gen tipinin belirlenmesi ve metronidazol, vankomisin ve klindamisin antibiyotiklerine karşı duyarlılıklarının tespiti amaçlanmıştır. 50 sığır kıyma örneğinin ikisinde (% 4), 50 sığır kuşbaşı örneğinin birinde (% 2), C. difficile saptanmıştır. Multipleks PCR ile yapılan analizlerde, konvansiyonel yöntemle belirlenen toplam beş izolat ile tpi geninin tespiti ile C. difficile olarak doğrulanmıştır. C. difficile izolatlarının toksin gen varlığı değerlendirildiğinde beş izolatın üçü toksijenik karakterde olup ikisinde C. difficile tip B (tdcB), birinde ise C. difficile tip A (tdcA) toksin geni tespit edilmiştir. Fenotipik antibiyotik direnç profili analizinde klindamisine karşı yalnızca C. difficile tip A (tdcA) toksin genini içeren izolat dirençli bulunurken, tüm izolatlar vankomisine ve metronidazole karşı duyarlı bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda modifiye atmosfer paketli (MAP) et örneklerinde tespit edilen C. difficile’nin halk sağlığı için potansiyel bir tehlike olabileceği ortaya konmuştur
References
- Baker AA, Davis E, Rehberger T, et al. (2010): Prevalence and diversity of toxigenic Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile among swine herds in the midwest. Appl Environ Microbiol, 76, 2961-2967.
- Bauer MP, Notermans DW, Van Benthem BH (2011): Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: A hospital-based survey. Lancet, 377, 63-73.
- Boer E, Zwartkruis-Nahuis A, Heuvelink AE, et al. (2011): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in retailed meat in The Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol, 144, 561-564.
- Bouttier S, Barc M, Felix B, et al. (2005): Clostridium difficile in ground meat, France. Emerg Infect Dis, 16, 733.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2012): Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; Approved Standard ‐ Eighth Edition, M11A8E W. Hecht, et al 2012: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
- Curry SR, Marsh JW, Schlackman JL, et al. (2005): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in uncooked ground meat products from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Appl Envir Microbiol, 78, 4183.
- Deneve C, Janoir C, Poilane I, et al. (2009): New trends in Clostridium difficile virulence and pathogenesis. Int J Antimicrob Agent, 33 Suppl 1, 24-28.
- Esfandiari Z, Jalali M, Ezzatpanah H, et al. (2014): Prevalence and characterization of Clostridium difficile in beef and mutton meats of Isfahan region, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 7, 16771.
- Harvey RB, Norman KN, Andrews K, et al. (2011): Clostridium difficile in retail meat and processing plants in Texas. J Vet Diag Invest, 23, 807-811.
- Hoffer E, Haechler H, Frei R, et al. (2010): Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples of healthy calves and pPigs at slaughter and in minced meat in Switzerland. J Food Prot, 73, 973-975.
- Houser BA, Soehnlen MK, Wolfgang DR, et al. (2012): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile toxin genes in the feces of veal calves and incidence of ground veal contamination. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 9, 32-36.
- Janezic S, Ocepe, M, Zidaric M, et al. (2012): Clostridium difficile genotypes other than ribotype 078 that are prevalent among human, animal and environmental isolates. BMC Microbiol, 12, 48.
- Jöbstl M, Heuberger S, Indra A, et al. (2008): Clostridium difficile in raw products of animal origin. Int J Food Microbiol, 138, 172-175.
- Kouassi KA, Dadie AT, N'Guessan KF, et al. (2014): Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in C^ote d'Ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Anaerob, 28, 90-94.
- Lemee L, Dhalluin A, Testelin S, et al. (2004): Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (Triose Phosphate Isomerase), tcdA (Toxin A), and tcdB (Toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol, 42, 5710-5714.
- McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM (2002): Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol, 97, 1769-75.
- Rahimi E, Jalali M, Weese JS (2014): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in raw beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo meat in Iran. BMC Public Health, 14, 119.
- Rodriguez-Palacios A, Reid-Smith RJ, Staempfli HR, et al. (2009): Possible seasonality of Clostridium difficile in retail meat, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 802-805.
- Rodriguez-Palacios A, LeJeune JT (2011): Moist-heat resistance, spore aging, and super dormancy in Clostridium difficile. Appl Environ Microbiol, 77, 3085-3091.
- Rodriguez C, Avesani V, Van Broeck J, et al. (2013): Presence of Clostridium difficile in pigs and cattle intestinal contents and carcass contamination at the slaughterhouse in Belgium. Int J Food Microbiol, 166, 256-262.
- Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, Avesani V, et al. (2014): Multilocus sequence typing analysis and antibiotic resistance of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from retail meat and humans in Belgium. Food Microbiol, 42, 166-171.
- Rupnik M (2007): Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? Clin Microbiol Infect, 13, 457-459.
- Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN (2009): Clostridium difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol, 7, 526-536.
- Samore MH, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami PC, et al. (1996): Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Med, 100, 32-40.
- Songer JG (2004): The emergence of Clostridium difficile as a pathogen of food animals, Anim Health Res Rev, 5, 321-326.
- Songer JG, Trinh HT, Killgore GE, et al. (2009): Clostridium difficile in retail meat products, USA 2007. Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 819-821.
- Von Abercron, SM, Karlsson F, Wigh GT, et al. (2009): Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat in Sweden. J Food Protect, 72, 1732-1734.
- Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, Killgore G, et al. (2005): Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet, 366, 1079-1084.
- Weese JS, Avery BP, Rousseau J, et al. (2009): Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficiles spores in retail beef and pork. Appl Environ Microbiol. 75, 5009-5011.
- Wilcox MH, Mooney L, Bendall R (2008): A case-control study of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother, 62, 388-96.
- Zidaric V, Zemljic M, Janezic S, et al. (2008): High diversity of Clostridium difficile genotypes isolated from a single poultry farm producing replacement laying hens. Anaerob, 14, 325-327.
There are 31 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA29NM74FF |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 1, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 |