Abstract
Electrocardiography is a noninvasive and easily applied technique used in the determination of cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, the classification of cardiac arrhythmias, and the diagnosis of conduction abnormalities. The aim of this study was to determine the normal electrocardiographic (ECG) values in Angora goats. A total of 30 healthy Angora goats of both sexes, ranging in age from 1 to 2 years, were used in the study. The 3 standard bipolar limb leads (I, II, III) and unipolar augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL, aVF) were recorded with the goats standing. The morphology and amplitude of P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves were analyzed in all leads. Cardiac rhythm, heart rate, and the durations of P, QRS and T waves, as well as the PR interval and QT interval, were calculated in the limb leads. The mean electrical axis for each individual was determined from the net amplitude of the QRS complex in leads I and III. Most of the animals had sinus rhythm. The mean heart rate was 108.71 ± 3.289 per minute and ranged from 75 to 143. The mean electrical axis was between -178° and +170°. In conclusion, the findings presented here may be useful to clinicians and researchers as reference values for the normal ECG of Angora goats
Keywords
References
- Ahmed JA, Sanyal S (2008): Electrocardiographic studies in Garol Sheep and Black Bengal Goats. Res J Cardiol, 1, 1–8.
- Atmaca N, Emre B (2010): Some Electrocardiographic Parameters of the Kangal Dogs. J Anim Vet Adv, 9, 949– 953.
- Ayala I, Montes A, Benedito JL, Castillo C, Hernandez J, Gutierrez C, Garcia-Partida P (1998): Modifications of the form and amplitude of the electrocardiographic QRS complex during growth in the Spanish-bred horse. J Vet Med A, 45, 309–317.
- Bernal LJ, Montes AM, Fdez Palacio MJ, Gutierrez P (1995): Electrocardiographic changes in the growing Mastin Espanol. J Small Anim Pract 36, 221–228.
- Cebra C, Cebra M (2002): Diseases of the Cardiovascular System. 393–396. In: DG Pugh, editor. Sheep and Goat Medicine. 1st ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, USA.
- Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG (1987): Text Book of Veterinary Anatomy. Saunders, Philadelphia.
- Hamlin RL, Glower DD, Pimmel RL (1984): Genesis of QRS in the ruminant: graphic simulation. Am J Vet Res, 45, 938–941.
- Hanton G, Rabemampianina Y (2006): The electrocardiogram of the Beagle dog: reference values and effect of sex, genetic strain, body position and heart rate. Lab Anim, 40, 123–136.
- Kant V, Srivastava AK, Verma PK, Raina R, Pankaj NK (2010): Alterations in electrocardiographic parameters after subacute exposure of flüoride and ameliorative action of aluminium sulphate in goats. Biol Trace Elem Res, 134, 188–194.
- Kinjavdekar P, Amarpal GR, Pawde AM, Aithal HP (1999): Effects of subarachnoid xylazine and medetomidine on haemodynamics and ECG in goats. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 46, 271–275.
- Lombard CW, Evans, M, Martin L (1984): Blood pressure, electrocardiogram and cardiogram measurements in the growing pony foal. Equine Vet J, 16, 342–347.
- Madan AK, Korde JP, Das AK, Rastogi SK (2010): Propofol-induced electroencephalographic, electro- cardiographic and spirometric changes in goats. Veterinarski Arhiv, 80, 27–39.
- Mohan NH, Niyogi D, Singh HN (2005): Analysis of normal electrocardiograms of Jamunapari goats. J Vet Sci, 6, 295–298.
- Oguchi Y, Hamlin RL (1993): Duration of QT interval in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res, 54, 2145–2149.
- Paslawska U (1998): The electrocardiographic curve of clinically healthy dogs of selected breeds. EJPAU, 1, 11–23.
- Pogliani FC, Raimondo RFS, Monteiro BM, Filho JHHG (2010): The normal electrocardiogram in the clinically healthy Saanen goats. XXVI. Chile: World Buiatrics Congress.
- Pourjafar M, BadIeI K, Chalmeh AA, Sanati AR, Shahbazi A, Badkobeh M, Bagheri MH (2012): Age- related cardiac arrhythmias in clinically healthy Iranian Najdi goats. Bulg J Vet Med, 15, 37–43.
- Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (2007): Diseases of the cardiovascular system. 399–438. In: OM Radostits, CC Gay, KW Hinchcliff. (Eds), Veterinary Medicine: A Text Book of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, 10th ed., Elsevier, New York, USA.
- Raina R, Verma PK, Pankaj NK, Prawez S, Srivastava AK (2008): Effects of tramadol on electrocardiogram, mean electrical axis and respiration in Kagani goats. Iran J Pharmacol Ther, 7, 157–160.
- Rezakhani A, Atwell RB, Webster J (1990): Electrocardiographic values of German Shepherd dogs. Aust Vet J, 67, 307–309.
- Santamarina GL, Espino L, Suarez LM (2001): Electrocardiographic parameters of free-ranging roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). J Zoo Wildlife Med, 32, 441–446.
- Smith MC, Sherman DM (2009): Goat Medicine. 320– 322. In: MC Smith, DM Sherman (Eds), Cardiovascular System, 2nd ed., Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa.
- Tilley LP, Smith FWK, Oyama MA, Sleeper MM (2008): Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiology. Elsevier Inc., Canada.
- Tovar P, Santisteban R (1987): Effects of maturational changes upon the orientation of auricular activation vector in sheep. J Vet Med, 34, 18–24.
- Upadhyay RC, Sud SC (1977): Electrocardiogram of the goat. Indian J Exp Biol, 15, 359–362.
Abstract
Non-invaziv ve kolayca uygulanan elektrokardiyografi; kalpteki dilatasyon ve hipertrofilerin belirlenmesinde, kardiyak aritmilerin sınıflandırılmasında ve iletim bozukluklarının teşhisinde kullanılan bir tekniktir. Bu çalışmada Ankara keçilerine ait bazı elektrokardiyografik değerlerin ortaya konulması amaçlandı. Çalışmada her iki cinsiyetten, 1-2 yaş arası, toplam 30 tane sağlıklı Ankara keçisi kullanıldı. Hayvanlardan ayakta bipolar ekstremite derivasyonları (I, II, III) ve artırılmış unipolar ekstremite derivasyonlarının (aVR, aVL, aVF) kayıtları alındı. Tüm derivasyonlarda P dalgası, QRS kompleksi ve T dalgalarının morfolojileri ve amplitüdleri belirlendi. Ayrıca kalp ritmi ve dakika kalp atım sayısının yanısıra ekstremite derivasyonlarının tümünde P, QRS ve T dalgaları, PR aralığı ve QT aralığı süreleri hesaplandı. Her bir hayvan için I ve III. derivasyonlardaki net QRS kompleksi amplitüdünden ortalama elektriksel eksen belirlendi. Hayvanların çoğunda sinus ritmi bulundu. Dakika kalp atım sayısı ortalama 108,71±3,289, değişim aralığı ise 75-143 adet/dk olarak belirlendi. Ortalama elektriksel eksen -178° ile +170° arasında hesaplandı. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırmadan elde edilen bulguların Ankara keçilerine ait normal EKG değerleri ile ilgili bir referans olarak klinisyen ve araştırmacılara faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir
References
- Ahmed JA, Sanyal S (2008): Electrocardiographic studies in Garol Sheep and Black Bengal Goats. Res J Cardiol, 1, 1–8.
- Atmaca N, Emre B (2010): Some Electrocardiographic Parameters of the Kangal Dogs. J Anim Vet Adv, 9, 949– 953.
- Ayala I, Montes A, Benedito JL, Castillo C, Hernandez J, Gutierrez C, Garcia-Partida P (1998): Modifications of the form and amplitude of the electrocardiographic QRS complex during growth in the Spanish-bred horse. J Vet Med A, 45, 309–317.
- Bernal LJ, Montes AM, Fdez Palacio MJ, Gutierrez P (1995): Electrocardiographic changes in the growing Mastin Espanol. J Small Anim Pract 36, 221–228.
- Cebra C, Cebra M (2002): Diseases of the Cardiovascular System. 393–396. In: DG Pugh, editor. Sheep and Goat Medicine. 1st ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, USA.
- Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG (1987): Text Book of Veterinary Anatomy. Saunders, Philadelphia.
- Hamlin RL, Glower DD, Pimmel RL (1984): Genesis of QRS in the ruminant: graphic simulation. Am J Vet Res, 45, 938–941.
- Hanton G, Rabemampianina Y (2006): The electrocardiogram of the Beagle dog: reference values and effect of sex, genetic strain, body position and heart rate. Lab Anim, 40, 123–136.
- Kant V, Srivastava AK, Verma PK, Raina R, Pankaj NK (2010): Alterations in electrocardiographic parameters after subacute exposure of flüoride and ameliorative action of aluminium sulphate in goats. Biol Trace Elem Res, 134, 188–194.
- Kinjavdekar P, Amarpal GR, Pawde AM, Aithal HP (1999): Effects of subarachnoid xylazine and medetomidine on haemodynamics and ECG in goats. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 46, 271–275.
- Lombard CW, Evans, M, Martin L (1984): Blood pressure, electrocardiogram and cardiogram measurements in the growing pony foal. Equine Vet J, 16, 342–347.
- Madan AK, Korde JP, Das AK, Rastogi SK (2010): Propofol-induced electroencephalographic, electro- cardiographic and spirometric changes in goats. Veterinarski Arhiv, 80, 27–39.
- Mohan NH, Niyogi D, Singh HN (2005): Analysis of normal electrocardiograms of Jamunapari goats. J Vet Sci, 6, 295–298.
- Oguchi Y, Hamlin RL (1993): Duration of QT interval in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res, 54, 2145–2149.
- Paslawska U (1998): The electrocardiographic curve of clinically healthy dogs of selected breeds. EJPAU, 1, 11–23.
- Pogliani FC, Raimondo RFS, Monteiro BM, Filho JHHG (2010): The normal electrocardiogram in the clinically healthy Saanen goats. XXVI. Chile: World Buiatrics Congress.
- Pourjafar M, BadIeI K, Chalmeh AA, Sanati AR, Shahbazi A, Badkobeh M, Bagheri MH (2012): Age- related cardiac arrhythmias in clinically healthy Iranian Najdi goats. Bulg J Vet Med, 15, 37–43.
- Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (2007): Diseases of the cardiovascular system. 399–438. In: OM Radostits, CC Gay, KW Hinchcliff. (Eds), Veterinary Medicine: A Text Book of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, 10th ed., Elsevier, New York, USA.
- Raina R, Verma PK, Pankaj NK, Prawez S, Srivastava AK (2008): Effects of tramadol on electrocardiogram, mean electrical axis and respiration in Kagani goats. Iran J Pharmacol Ther, 7, 157–160.
- Rezakhani A, Atwell RB, Webster J (1990): Electrocardiographic values of German Shepherd dogs. Aust Vet J, 67, 307–309.
- Santamarina GL, Espino L, Suarez LM (2001): Electrocardiographic parameters of free-ranging roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). J Zoo Wildlife Med, 32, 441–446.
- Smith MC, Sherman DM (2009): Goat Medicine. 320– 322. In: MC Smith, DM Sherman (Eds), Cardiovascular System, 2nd ed., Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa.
- Tilley LP, Smith FWK, Oyama MA, Sleeper MM (2008): Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiology. Elsevier Inc., Canada.
- Tovar P, Santisteban R (1987): Effects of maturational changes upon the orientation of auricular activation vector in sheep. J Vet Med, 34, 18–24.
- Upadhyay RC, Sud SC (1977): Electrocardiogram of the goat. Indian J Exp Biol, 15, 359–362.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA99GC83MH |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 1, 2014 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2014 |