Hepatogenous photosensitization in Akkaraman lambs: special emphasis to oxidative stress and thrombocytopenia
Abstract
In this study, a total of 24 Akkaraman lambs with clinical signs that are reminiscent of photosensitization composed the experimental group (Group I). Additional 10 healthy lambs were included as controls (Group II). We were aimed to make definitive diagnosis of photosensitization, which can be confused with blue tongue, big head and sunburns and to establish etiology as primary or hepatogenous. In total blood analyses, the leukocyte count was higher, but thrombocyte count was lower (thrombocytopenia) in Group I compared to Group II. The lower MCV indicates presence of a case of microcytosis. Furthermore, affected lambs had significantly higher levels of phylloerythrin, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and serum urea nitrogen. Histopathological lesions included periaciner necrosis, periportal fibrosis and biliary duct hyperplasy. The grazing field, where the lambs had been grazing, was very rich in Tribulus terrestris, a hepatotoxic plant. Based on the increased levels of phylloerythrin, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase as well as pathological findings in liver, the cases were diagnosed as hepatogenous photosensitization. In addition, presence of Tribulus terrestris in the grazing pasture strongly supported the diagnosis. Increased levels of serum malondialdehyde in affected lambs showed an ongoing oxidative stress. In addition, thrombocytopenia in such cases should be considered as a risk factor for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Thus in addition to a semptomatical treatment protocol, use of antioxidants, anticoagulants, and liver protective agents shoud be taken into consideration in hepatogenous photosensitization in lambs
Keywords
Lamb malondialdehyde microcytosis oxidative stress photosensitization Tribulus terrestris thrombocytopenia
References
- Aksoy H, Koruk M, Akçay F (2003): The relationship between serum malondialdehyde and ceruloplasmin in chronic liver disease. Turk J Biochem,28, 32-34.
- Bick RL (1994): Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Objective criteria for diagnosis and management. Med Clin N Am, 78, 511-543.
- Blowey RW, Weaver AD (2003): Photosensitization (photosensitive dermatitis). 24-25. In: Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of Cattle, 2nd ed. Mosby, RDC Group, China.
- Bonnefoi M, Braun JP, Bézille P, LeBars J, Sawadogo G, Thouvenot JP (1989): Clinical biochemistry of sporidesmin natural intoxication (Facial Eczema) of sheep. J Clin Chem Clin Bio, 27, 13-18.
- Brun A, Sandberg S (1991): Mechanisms of photosensitivity in porphyric patients with special emphasis on erythropoietic protoporphyria. J Photoch Photobi B, 10, 285-302.
- Flåǿyen A, Borrebek B, Nordstoga K (1991): Glycogen accumulation and histological changes in the liver of lambs with alveld and experimental sporidesmin intoxication. Vet Res Commun, 15, 443-453.
- Flåǿyen A (2007): Photosensitization. 338-342. In: ID Aitken (Ed), Diseases of sheep, 4th Ed. Blackwell, UK. 8. Kerr
- MG (2002): Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, Clinical
- Biochemistry and Haematology, 2nd Ed. Blackwell, UK.
- Knight AP, Walter RG (2003): Plants affecting the skin and liver. In: A Guide to Plant Poisoning of Animals in North America, Teton New Media, Jackson WY.
- Lecha M, Puy H, Deybach JC (2009): Erythropoietic protoporphyria (Review). Orphanet Journal of Rare Disease doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-4-19.
- Lund JE (2000): Toxicologic effects on blood and bone marrow. 44-49. In: FF Bernard, GZ Joseph, CJ Nemi (Eds), Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
- Mammen EF (1994): Coagulation defects in liver disease. Med. Clin. N. Am. 78, 545-554.
- Mayland HF, Cheeke PR (1995): Forages-induced animal disorders. 121-135. In: The Science of Grassland Agriculture, 5th Ed. Ames, Iowa.
- Opasina BA (1985): Photosensitization juandice syndrome in West African dwarf sheep and goats grazed on Brachiaria decumbens. Trop Grasslands, 19,120-123.
- Prater MR (2000): Acquired Coagulopathy II: Liver Disease. 560-563. In: FF Bernard, GZ Joseph, CJ Nemi (Eds). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
- Russel KE, Grindem CB (2000): Secondary
- Thrombocytopenia. 487-493. In: FF Bernard, GZ Joseph, CJ Nemi (Eds). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
- Rutherford CJ, Frenkel EP (1994): Thrombocytopenia: Issues in diagnosis and therapy. Med Clin N Am, 78, 555-575.
- Scheie E, Flåǿyen A, Moan J, Berg K (2002): Phylloerythrin: Mechanisms for cellular uptake and location, photosensitisation and spectroscopic evaluation. New Zeal Vet J, 50, 104-110.
- Scheie E, Ryste EV, Flåǿyen A (2003a): Measurement of phylloerythrin (phytoporphyrin) in plasma or serum and skin from sheep photosensitised after ingestion of Narthecium ossifragum. New Zeal Vet J, 51, 99-103.
- Scheie E, Smith BL, Cox N, Flåǿyen A (2003b): Spectroflourometric analysis of phylloerythrin (phytoporphyrin) in plasma and tissues from sheep suffering from facial eczema. New Zeal Vet J, 51, 104-110.
- Scott DW (1993): Enviromental Skin Diseases, Photodermatitis. 904-906. In: JL Howard (Ed). Current Veterinary Therapy 3, Food Animal Practice. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
- Sean PMcD, Woodbury AH, Galey FD, Wilson DW, East N, Bracken E (1994): Hepatogenous photosensitization of sheep in California associated with ingestion of Tribulus tevrestris (puncturae vine). J Vet Diagn Invest, 6, 392-3965.
- Tennant, BC (1997): Hepatic Function, Hepatic Photosensitivity. 334-335. In: JJ Kaneko, JW Harvey, ML Bruss (Eds). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 5th Ed. Academic Pres, USA.
- Thompson, AR, Harker LA (1983): Manual of hemostasis and thrombosis, FA Davis (Ed). 3rd. Ed. Philadelphia.
- Tİnnesen, HH, Mysterud I, Karlsen J, Skulberg OM, Laane CM, Schumacher T (2010): Detection of singlet oxygen in blood serum samples of clinically healthy lambs and lambs suffering from alveld disease. Vet Res Commun, 34, 347-357.
- Tvedten H, Weiss DJ (2000): Classification and laboratory evaluation of anemia. 143-150. In: FF Bernard, GZ Joseph, CJ Nemi (Eds), Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
- Webb C, Twedt D (2008): Oxidative stress and liver disease. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract, 38, 125135.
- Wondrak GT, Jacobson MK, Jacobson EL (2006): Endogenous UVA-photosensitizers: mediators of skin photodamage and novel targets for skin photoprotection. Photoch Photobi Sci, 5, 215-237.
- Wislİff H, Wilkins AL, Scheie E, Flaİyen A (2002): Accumulation of sapogenin conjugates and histological changes in the liver and kidneys of lambs suffering from alveld, a hepatogenous photosensitization disease of sheep grazing Narthecium ossifragum. Vet Res Commun. 26, 381-396.
- Witte ST, Curry SL (1993): Hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle fed a grass hay. J Vet Diagn Invest, 5, 133-136. Geliş tarihi: 16.07.2012 / Kabul tarihi: 06.11.2012 Address for correspondence: Naci Ocal University of Kırıkkale, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Internal Medicine, Campus-71451, Yahsihan/Kırıkkale, Turkey e-mail: drnaciocal@yahoo.com
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, klinik olarak fotosensitizasyona benzeyen semptomlar gösteren farklı cinsiyetten 24 (Grup I) ve 10 tane de sağlıklı (Grup II) Akkaraman kuzu çalışmanın hayvan materyalini oluşturdu. Kuzularda mavi dil, big head (koca kafa) ve güneş yanığı ile karışabilen fotosensitizasyonun kesin tanısının yapılması, etiyolojik olarak primer veya sekonder (hepatojen) tip olup olmadığının ortaya konması amaçlandı. Sağlıklı kuzulara göre hastaların lökosit sayısının yüksek, trombosit sayısının ise düşük (trombositopeni) olduğu saptandı (P<0.001). Ayrıca düşük MCV değeri mikrositozis olarak değerlendirildi. Biyokimyasal analizlerde hasta kuzuların filloeritrin, γ-glutamil transpeptidaz, aspartat aminotransferaz, alkalin fosfataz, kolesterol değerlerinin P<0.001 ve serum üre nitrogen değerinin ise P<0.01 düzeyinde yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Histopatolojik incelemede periasiner nekrozis, periportal fibrozis ve bilier kanal hiperplazisi ortaya kondu. Yapılan mera taramasında, kuzuların otlatıldığı tarlaların bitki örtüsünün demir dikeni (Tribulus terrestris) bitkisi yönünden zengin olduğu belirlendi.Karciğerdeki patolojik bulgulara ve filloeritrin, γglutamil transpeptidaz, aspartat aminotransferaz ve alkalin fosfataz düzeylerindeki artışlara dayanarak tablonun hepatojen photosensitizasyon olduğu, karaciğer hasarının etiyolojisinde demir dikeni bitkisinin sorumlu olduğu kanısına varıldı. Ayrıca fotosensitizasyonlu kuzularda serum malondialdehid değerinin önemli düzeyde yüksek olduğu ve dolayısıyla patogenezde oksidatif stresin önemli bir yer tuttuğu, trombositopeninin ise koagulasyon bozukluğu (DIC) gelişimi için önemli bir risk faktörü olarak dikkate alınmasının gerektiği düşünüldü. Bu nedenle semptomatik sağaltıma ek olarak, antioksidantların, pıhtılaşma düzenleyicilerin ve karaciğer koruyucuların kullanılmasının tedaviye yeni bir boyut kazandırabileceği söylenebilir
Keywords
Demir dikeni fotosensitizasyon kuzu malondialdehid mikrositozis oksidatif stres trombositopeni
References
- Aksoy H, Koruk M, Akçay F (2003): The relationship between serum malondialdehyde and ceruloplasmin in chronic liver disease. Turk J Biochem,28, 32-34.
- Bick RL (1994): Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Objective criteria for diagnosis and management. Med Clin N Am, 78, 511-543.
- Blowey RW, Weaver AD (2003): Photosensitization (photosensitive dermatitis). 24-25. In: Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of Cattle, 2nd ed. Mosby, RDC Group, China.
- Bonnefoi M, Braun JP, Bézille P, LeBars J, Sawadogo G, Thouvenot JP (1989): Clinical biochemistry of sporidesmin natural intoxication (Facial Eczema) of sheep. J Clin Chem Clin Bio, 27, 13-18.
- Brun A, Sandberg S (1991): Mechanisms of photosensitivity in porphyric patients with special emphasis on erythropoietic protoporphyria. J Photoch Photobi B, 10, 285-302.
- Flåǿyen A, Borrebek B, Nordstoga K (1991): Glycogen accumulation and histological changes in the liver of lambs with alveld and experimental sporidesmin intoxication. Vet Res Commun, 15, 443-453.
- Flåǿyen A (2007): Photosensitization. 338-342. In: ID Aitken (Ed), Diseases of sheep, 4th Ed. Blackwell, UK. 8. Kerr
- MG (2002): Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, Clinical
- Biochemistry and Haematology, 2nd Ed. Blackwell, UK.
- Knight AP, Walter RG (2003): Plants affecting the skin and liver. In: A Guide to Plant Poisoning of Animals in North America, Teton New Media, Jackson WY.
- Lecha M, Puy H, Deybach JC (2009): Erythropoietic protoporphyria (Review). Orphanet Journal of Rare Disease doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-4-19.
- Lund JE (2000): Toxicologic effects on blood and bone marrow. 44-49. In: FF Bernard, GZ Joseph, CJ Nemi (Eds), Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
- Mammen EF (1994): Coagulation defects in liver disease. Med. Clin. N. Am. 78, 545-554.
- Mayland HF, Cheeke PR (1995): Forages-induced animal disorders. 121-135. In: The Science of Grassland Agriculture, 5th Ed. Ames, Iowa.
- Opasina BA (1985): Photosensitization juandice syndrome in West African dwarf sheep and goats grazed on Brachiaria decumbens. Trop Grasslands, 19,120-123.
- Prater MR (2000): Acquired Coagulopathy II: Liver Disease. 560-563. In: FF Bernard, GZ Joseph, CJ Nemi (Eds). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
- Russel KE, Grindem CB (2000): Secondary
- Thrombocytopenia. 487-493. In: FF Bernard, GZ Joseph, CJ Nemi (Eds). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
- Rutherford CJ, Frenkel EP (1994): Thrombocytopenia: Issues in diagnosis and therapy. Med Clin N Am, 78, 555-575.
- Scheie E, Flåǿyen A, Moan J, Berg K (2002): Phylloerythrin: Mechanisms for cellular uptake and location, photosensitisation and spectroscopic evaluation. New Zeal Vet J, 50, 104-110.
- Scheie E, Ryste EV, Flåǿyen A (2003a): Measurement of phylloerythrin (phytoporphyrin) in plasma or serum and skin from sheep photosensitised after ingestion of Narthecium ossifragum. New Zeal Vet J, 51, 99-103.
- Scheie E, Smith BL, Cox N, Flåǿyen A (2003b): Spectroflourometric analysis of phylloerythrin (phytoporphyrin) in plasma and tissues from sheep suffering from facial eczema. New Zeal Vet J, 51, 104-110.
- Scott DW (1993): Enviromental Skin Diseases, Photodermatitis. 904-906. In: JL Howard (Ed). Current Veterinary Therapy 3, Food Animal Practice. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
- Sean PMcD, Woodbury AH, Galey FD, Wilson DW, East N, Bracken E (1994): Hepatogenous photosensitization of sheep in California associated with ingestion of Tribulus tevrestris (puncturae vine). J Vet Diagn Invest, 6, 392-3965.
- Tennant, BC (1997): Hepatic Function, Hepatic Photosensitivity. 334-335. In: JJ Kaneko, JW Harvey, ML Bruss (Eds). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 5th Ed. Academic Pres, USA.
- Thompson, AR, Harker LA (1983): Manual of hemostasis and thrombosis, FA Davis (Ed). 3rd. Ed. Philadelphia.
- Tİnnesen, HH, Mysterud I, Karlsen J, Skulberg OM, Laane CM, Schumacher T (2010): Detection of singlet oxygen in blood serum samples of clinically healthy lambs and lambs suffering from alveld disease. Vet Res Commun, 34, 347-357.
- Tvedten H, Weiss DJ (2000): Classification and laboratory evaluation of anemia. 143-150. In: FF Bernard, GZ Joseph, CJ Nemi (Eds), Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
- Webb C, Twedt D (2008): Oxidative stress and liver disease. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract, 38, 125135.
- Wondrak GT, Jacobson MK, Jacobson EL (2006): Endogenous UVA-photosensitizers: mediators of skin photodamage and novel targets for skin photoprotection. Photoch Photobi Sci, 5, 215-237.
- Wislİff H, Wilkins AL, Scheie E, Flaİyen A (2002): Accumulation of sapogenin conjugates and histological changes in the liver and kidneys of lambs suffering from alveld, a hepatogenous photosensitization disease of sheep grazing Narthecium ossifragum. Vet Res Commun. 26, 381-396.
- Witte ST, Curry SL (1993): Hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle fed a grass hay. J Vet Diagn Invest, 5, 133-136. Geliş tarihi: 16.07.2012 / Kabul tarihi: 06.11.2012 Address for correspondence: Naci Ocal University of Kırıkkale, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Internal Medicine, Campus-71451, Yahsihan/Kırıkkale, Turkey e-mail: drnaciocal@yahoo.com
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Other ID | JA96GR92ZP |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 1, 2013 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2013 |