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Year 2020, , 399 - 406, 01.09.2020

Abdullah Melekoğlu , Hüsamettin Ekici , Esra Arat , Siyami Karahan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.664059
Cited By: 5

Abstract

References

  • 1. An L, Li Z, Yang Z, et al (2012): Melamine induced cognitive impairment associated with oxidative damage in rat's hippocampus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 102, 196–202.
  • 2. An L, Zhang T (2014): Prenatal melamine exposure induces impairments of spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in male adolescent rats. Reprod Toxicol, 49, 78–85.
  • 3. Anderson LM, Diwan BA, Fear NT, et al (2000): Critical windows of exposure for children’s health: cancer in human epidemiological studies and neoplasms in experimental animal models. Environ Health Perspect, 108, 573-594.
  • 4. Batsalova T, Kolchakova D, Dzhambazov B (2018): In vitro cytotoxicity of cyanuric acid and selected derivatives. Toxicol Forensic Med Open J, 3, 14-21.
  • 5. Brown CA, Jeong KS, Poppenga RH, et al (2007): Outbreaks of renal failure associated with melamine and cyanuric acid in dogs and cats in 2004 and 2007. J Vet Diagn Invest, 19, 525–531.
  • 6. Chang, L., She R, Ma L, et al (2014): Acute testicular toxicity induced by melamine alone or a mixture of melamine and cyanuric acid in mice. Reprod Toxicol, 46, 1–11.
  • 7. Chang L, Yue Z, She R, et al (2015): The toxic effect of a mixture of melamine and cyanuric acid on the gastrointestinal tract and liver in mice. Res Vet Sci, 102, 234–237.
  • 8. Choi L, Kwak MY, Kwak EH, et al (2010): Comparative nephrotoxicity induced by melamine, cyanuric acid, or a mixture of both chemicals in either Sprague-Dawley rats or renal cell lines. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 73, 1407-1419.
  • 9. Chu CY, Chu KO, Chan JY, et al. (2010): Distribution of melamine in rat foetuses and neonates. Toxicol Lett, 199, 398–402.
  • 10. Field A, Field J (2010): Melamine and cyanuric acid do not interfere with Bradford and ninhydrin assays for protein determination. Food Chem, 121, 912–917.
  • 11. Filazi A, Sireli UT, Ekici H, et al (2012): Determination of melamine in milk and dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography. J Dairy Sci, 95, 602-608.
  • 12. Gohel MDI, Yuen JWM, Chi-Fai Ng (2018): Cytokine and inflammatory-related gene expression of melamine cyanurate on human renal proximal tubular cells. Clin Res Open Access, 4, 1-7.
  • 13. Guo C, Yuan H, He Z (2012): Melamine causes apoptosis of rat kidney epithelial cell line (NRK‐52e cells) via excessive intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the activation of p38 MAPK pathway. Cell Biol Int, 36, 383-389.
  • 14. Han YG, Liu SC, Zhang T, et al (2011): Induction of apoptosis by melamine in differentiated PC12 cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 31, 65-71.
  • 15. Hau AK, Kwan TH, Li PK (2009): Melamine toxicity and the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, 245–250.
  • 16. Hsieh TJ, Hsieh PC, Tsai YH, et al (2012): Melamine induces human renal proximal tubular cell injury via transforming growth factor-β and oxidative stress. Toxicol Sci, 130, 17-32.
  • 17. Jingbin W, Ndong M, Kai H, et al (2010): Placental transfer of melamine and its effects on rat dams and fetuses. Food Chem Toxicol, 48, 1791-1795.
  • 18. Langman CB, Alon U, Ingelfinger J, et al (2009): A position statement on kidney disease from powdered infant formulabased melamine exposure in Chinese infants. Pediatr Nephrol, 24, 1263–1266.
  • 19. Lee IC, Ko JW, Park S, et al (2016): Melamine and cyanuric acid co-exposure causes renal dysfunction and structural damage via MAPKs and mitochondrial signaling. Food Chem Toxicol, 96, 254-262.
  • 20. Melnick RL, Boormanm GA, Haseman JK, et al (1984): Urolithiasis and bladder carcinogenicity of melamine in rodents. Toxicol Appl Pharm, 72, 292–303.
  • 21. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1999): Screening Information Data Set for Isocyanuric Acid. CAS No. 108-80-5. Available at http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/108805.pdf. (Accessed December 02, 2019).
  • 22. Pang J, Li GQ, Li CR, et al (2013): Toxicokinetic study of melamine in the presence and absence of cyanuric acid in rats. J Appl Toxicol, 33, 444–450.
  • 23. Partanen H, Vahakangas K, Woo CS, et al (2012): Transplacental transfer of melamine. Placenta, 33, 60–66. 24. Puschner B, Reimschuessel R (2011): Toxicosis caused by melamine and cyanuric acid in dogs and cats: uncovering the mystery and subsequent global implications. Clin Lab Med, 31, 181–199.
  • 25. Radko L, Minta M, Stypuła-Trębas S, et al (2010): Determination of melamine cytotoxicity. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 54, 223-228.
  • 26. Reimschuessel R, Gieseker CM, Miller RA et al (2008): Evaluation of the renal effects of experimental feeding of melamine and cyanuric acid to fish and pigs. Am J Vet Res, 69, 1217–1228.
  • 27. Srivastava GK, Alonso-Alonso ML, Fernandez-Bueno I, et al (2018): Comparison between direct contact and extract exposure methods for PFO cytotoxicity evaluation. Sci Rep, 8, 1425.
  • 28. Stine CB, Reimschuessel R, Keltner Z, et al (2014): Reproductive toxicity in rats with crystal nephropathy following high doses of oral melamine or cyanuric acid. Food Chem Toxicol, 68, 142–153.
  • 29. Sun F, Ma W, Xu L, et al (2010): Analytical methods and recent developments in the detection of melamine. Trends Anal Chem, 11, 1239–1249.
  • 30. Sun H, Wang K, Wei H, et al (2016): Cytotoxicity, organ distribution and morphological effects of melamine and cyanuric acid in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods, 26, 501-510.
  • 31. Tutun, H (2019): Anti-Proliferative Effect of Melamine on Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells. Kocatepe Vet Derg, 12, 264-267.
  • 32. Ulukaya E, Acilan C, Ari F, et al (2011): A Glance at the methods for detection of apoptosis qualitatively and quantitatively. Turk J Biochem, 36, 261-269.
  • 33. World Health Organization (2008): Melamine and cyanuric acid: toxicity, preliminary risk assessment and guidance on levels in food. Available at http://www.who.int/entity/foodsafety/fsmanagement/Melamine.pdf. (Accessed December 02, 2019).
  • 34. Wu HN, Li HY, Chua FZH, et al (2013): Rapid detection of melamine based on immunoassay using portable surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Sensor Actuat B-Chem, 178, 541–547.
  • 35. Xie Z, Yuan H, Chen Q, et al (2011): Study on compound of melamine and cyanuric acid on liver damage in mice. Chin J Vet Sci, 31, 1348–1353.
  • 36. Yin RH, Wang X, Wang XZ, et al (2013): Effect of melamine in the absence and presence of cyanuric acid on ultrastructure of visceral organs in male mice. Isr J Vet Med, 68, 56–64.
  • 37. Yin RH, Liu J, Li HS, et al (2014): The toxic effects of melamine on spleen lymphocytes with or without cyanuric acid in mice. Res Vet Sci, 97, 505–513.
  • 38. Yin RH, Li XT, Wang X, et al (2016): The effects of melamine on humoral immunity with or without cyanuric acid in mice. Res Vet Sci, 105, 65-73.
  • 39. Yin RH, Dong Q, Li HS, et al (2017): The effects of melamine with or without cyanuric acid on immune function in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Res Vet Sci, 114, 254-261.
  • 40. Yin RH, Huang C, Yuan J, Li W, et al (2019): iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis reveals the deregulated proteins related to liver toxicity induced by melamine with or without cyanuric acid in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 174, 618-629.
  • 41. Yiu AJ, Ibeh CL, Roy SK, et al (2017): Melamine induces Ca2+-sensing receptor activation and elicits apoptosis in proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 313, C27-C41.
  • 42. Yoon YS, Kim DH, Kim SK, et al (2011): The melamine excretion effect of the electrolyzed reduced water in melamine-fed mice. Food Chem Toxicol, 49, 1814–1819.
  • 43. Zhang QX, Yang GY, Li WX, et al (2011): Melamine induces sperm DNA damage and abnormality, but not genetic toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 60, 144–150.

Evaluation of melamine and cyanuric acid cytotoxicity: an in vitro study on L929 fibroblasts and CHO cell line

Year 2020, , 399 - 406, 01.09.2020

Abdullah Melekoğlu , Hüsamettin Ekici , Esra Arat , Siyami Karahan

https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.664059
Cited By: 5

Abstract

Melamine and its metabolites pose health concern as they are used in various industrial products including feed and drugs. There are a limited number of studies on melamine and cyanuric acid cytotoxicity and cellular damage without a certain conclusion. The present study aimed to evaluate melamine, cyanuric acid and its combined cytotoxic effects using 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) methyl thiazole tetrazolium (MTT) bromide test. The study also evaluated apoptotic and necrotic effect using a double staining method of Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide. Melamine, cyanuric acid and their combination (1:1) were applied to L929 fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at various concentrations (1000 µg/mL, 500 µg/mL, 250 µg/mL, 125 µg/mL and 62.5 µg/mL). At the highest concentration (1000 µg/mL), the cell viability dropped down approximately to 50% both in CHO cells and L929 cells. Melamine, cyanuric acid and their mixture caused cytotoxicity in CHO cells and L929 fibroblasts in dose-dependent manner. Cell death occurred through both apoptosis and mainly necrosis. Both cell types were more sensitive to the mixture of melamine and cyanuric acid and, furthermore, CHO cells were more sensitive than L929 fibroblasts. As a result, melamine, cyanuric acid and their combination caused cytotoxicity in CHO cells and L929 fibroblasts. Further studies should be conducted in different cell lines. These studies should also aim to reveal the mechanism of cytotoxicity and related pathways. 

Keywords

Apoptosis cyanuric acid cytotoxicity melamine necrosis

References

  • 1. An L, Li Z, Yang Z, et al (2012): Melamine induced cognitive impairment associated with oxidative damage in rat's hippocampus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 102, 196–202.
  • 2. An L, Zhang T (2014): Prenatal melamine exposure induces impairments of spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in male adolescent rats. Reprod Toxicol, 49, 78–85.
  • 3. Anderson LM, Diwan BA, Fear NT, et al (2000): Critical windows of exposure for children’s health: cancer in human epidemiological studies and neoplasms in experimental animal models. Environ Health Perspect, 108, 573-594.
  • 4. Batsalova T, Kolchakova D, Dzhambazov B (2018): In vitro cytotoxicity of cyanuric acid and selected derivatives. Toxicol Forensic Med Open J, 3, 14-21.
  • 5. Brown CA, Jeong KS, Poppenga RH, et al (2007): Outbreaks of renal failure associated with melamine and cyanuric acid in dogs and cats in 2004 and 2007. J Vet Diagn Invest, 19, 525–531.
  • 6. Chang, L., She R, Ma L, et al (2014): Acute testicular toxicity induced by melamine alone or a mixture of melamine and cyanuric acid in mice. Reprod Toxicol, 46, 1–11.
  • 7. Chang L, Yue Z, She R, et al (2015): The toxic effect of a mixture of melamine and cyanuric acid on the gastrointestinal tract and liver in mice. Res Vet Sci, 102, 234–237.
  • 8. Choi L, Kwak MY, Kwak EH, et al (2010): Comparative nephrotoxicity induced by melamine, cyanuric acid, or a mixture of both chemicals in either Sprague-Dawley rats or renal cell lines. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 73, 1407-1419.
  • 9. Chu CY, Chu KO, Chan JY, et al. (2010): Distribution of melamine in rat foetuses and neonates. Toxicol Lett, 199, 398–402.
  • 10. Field A, Field J (2010): Melamine and cyanuric acid do not interfere with Bradford and ninhydrin assays for protein determination. Food Chem, 121, 912–917.
  • 11. Filazi A, Sireli UT, Ekici H, et al (2012): Determination of melamine in milk and dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography. J Dairy Sci, 95, 602-608.
  • 12. Gohel MDI, Yuen JWM, Chi-Fai Ng (2018): Cytokine and inflammatory-related gene expression of melamine cyanurate on human renal proximal tubular cells. Clin Res Open Access, 4, 1-7.
  • 13. Guo C, Yuan H, He Z (2012): Melamine causes apoptosis of rat kidney epithelial cell line (NRK‐52e cells) via excessive intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the activation of p38 MAPK pathway. Cell Biol Int, 36, 383-389.
  • 14. Han YG, Liu SC, Zhang T, et al (2011): Induction of apoptosis by melamine in differentiated PC12 cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 31, 65-71.
  • 15. Hau AK, Kwan TH, Li PK (2009): Melamine toxicity and the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, 245–250.
  • 16. Hsieh TJ, Hsieh PC, Tsai YH, et al (2012): Melamine induces human renal proximal tubular cell injury via transforming growth factor-β and oxidative stress. Toxicol Sci, 130, 17-32.
  • 17. Jingbin W, Ndong M, Kai H, et al (2010): Placental transfer of melamine and its effects on rat dams and fetuses. Food Chem Toxicol, 48, 1791-1795.
  • 18. Langman CB, Alon U, Ingelfinger J, et al (2009): A position statement on kidney disease from powdered infant formulabased melamine exposure in Chinese infants. Pediatr Nephrol, 24, 1263–1266.
  • 19. Lee IC, Ko JW, Park S, et al (2016): Melamine and cyanuric acid co-exposure causes renal dysfunction and structural damage via MAPKs and mitochondrial signaling. Food Chem Toxicol, 96, 254-262.
  • 20. Melnick RL, Boormanm GA, Haseman JK, et al (1984): Urolithiasis and bladder carcinogenicity of melamine in rodents. Toxicol Appl Pharm, 72, 292–303.
  • 21. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1999): Screening Information Data Set for Isocyanuric Acid. CAS No. 108-80-5. Available at http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/108805.pdf. (Accessed December 02, 2019).
  • 22. Pang J, Li GQ, Li CR, et al (2013): Toxicokinetic study of melamine in the presence and absence of cyanuric acid in rats. J Appl Toxicol, 33, 444–450.
  • 23. Partanen H, Vahakangas K, Woo CS, et al (2012): Transplacental transfer of melamine. Placenta, 33, 60–66. 24. Puschner B, Reimschuessel R (2011): Toxicosis caused by melamine and cyanuric acid in dogs and cats: uncovering the mystery and subsequent global implications. Clin Lab Med, 31, 181–199.
  • 25. Radko L, Minta M, Stypuła-Trębas S, et al (2010): Determination of melamine cytotoxicity. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 54, 223-228.
  • 26. Reimschuessel R, Gieseker CM, Miller RA et al (2008): Evaluation of the renal effects of experimental feeding of melamine and cyanuric acid to fish and pigs. Am J Vet Res, 69, 1217–1228.
  • 27. Srivastava GK, Alonso-Alonso ML, Fernandez-Bueno I, et al (2018): Comparison between direct contact and extract exposure methods for PFO cytotoxicity evaluation. Sci Rep, 8, 1425.
  • 28. Stine CB, Reimschuessel R, Keltner Z, et al (2014): Reproductive toxicity in rats with crystal nephropathy following high doses of oral melamine or cyanuric acid. Food Chem Toxicol, 68, 142–153.
  • 29. Sun F, Ma W, Xu L, et al (2010): Analytical methods and recent developments in the detection of melamine. Trends Anal Chem, 11, 1239–1249.
  • 30. Sun H, Wang K, Wei H, et al (2016): Cytotoxicity, organ distribution and morphological effects of melamine and cyanuric acid in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods, 26, 501-510.
  • 31. Tutun, H (2019): Anti-Proliferative Effect of Melamine on Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells. Kocatepe Vet Derg, 12, 264-267.
  • 32. Ulukaya E, Acilan C, Ari F, et al (2011): A Glance at the methods for detection of apoptosis qualitatively and quantitatively. Turk J Biochem, 36, 261-269.
  • 33. World Health Organization (2008): Melamine and cyanuric acid: toxicity, preliminary risk assessment and guidance on levels in food. Available at http://www.who.int/entity/foodsafety/fsmanagement/Melamine.pdf. (Accessed December 02, 2019).
  • 34. Wu HN, Li HY, Chua FZH, et al (2013): Rapid detection of melamine based on immunoassay using portable surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Sensor Actuat B-Chem, 178, 541–547.
  • 35. Xie Z, Yuan H, Chen Q, et al (2011): Study on compound of melamine and cyanuric acid on liver damage in mice. Chin J Vet Sci, 31, 1348–1353.
  • 36. Yin RH, Wang X, Wang XZ, et al (2013): Effect of melamine in the absence and presence of cyanuric acid on ultrastructure of visceral organs in male mice. Isr J Vet Med, 68, 56–64.
  • 37. Yin RH, Liu J, Li HS, et al (2014): The toxic effects of melamine on spleen lymphocytes with or without cyanuric acid in mice. Res Vet Sci, 97, 505–513.
  • 38. Yin RH, Li XT, Wang X, et al (2016): The effects of melamine on humoral immunity with or without cyanuric acid in mice. Res Vet Sci, 105, 65-73.
  • 39. Yin RH, Dong Q, Li HS, et al (2017): The effects of melamine with or without cyanuric acid on immune function in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Res Vet Sci, 114, 254-261.
  • 40. Yin RH, Huang C, Yuan J, Li W, et al (2019): iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis reveals the deregulated proteins related to liver toxicity induced by melamine with or without cyanuric acid in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 174, 618-629.
  • 41. Yiu AJ, Ibeh CL, Roy SK, et al (2017): Melamine induces Ca2+-sensing receptor activation and elicits apoptosis in proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 313, C27-C41.
  • 42. Yoon YS, Kim DH, Kim SK, et al (2011): The melamine excretion effect of the electrolyzed reduced water in melamine-fed mice. Food Chem Toxicol, 49, 1814–1819.
  • 43. Zhang QX, Yang GY, Li WX, et al (2011): Melamine induces sperm DNA damage and abnormality, but not genetic toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 60, 144–150.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Abdullah Melekoğlu 0000-0002-5214-292X

Hüsamettin Ekici 0000-0001-6403-737X

Esra Arat 0000-0002-9259-2538

Siyami Karahan 0000-0002-2744-1717

Publication Date September 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Melekoğlu, A., Ekici, H., Arat, E., Karahan, S. (2020). Evaluation of melamine and cyanuric acid cytotoxicity: an in vitro study on L929 fibroblasts and CHO cell line. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 67(4), 399-406. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.664059
AMA Melekoğlu A, Ekici H, Arat E, Karahan S. Evaluation of melamine and cyanuric acid cytotoxicity: an in vitro study on L929 fibroblasts and CHO cell line. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. September 2020;67(4):399-406. doi:10.33988/auvfd.664059
Chicago Melekoğlu, Abdullah, Hüsamettin Ekici, Esra Arat, and Siyami Karahan. “Evaluation of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Cytotoxicity: An in Vitro Study on L929 Fibroblasts and CHO Cell Line”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 67, no. 4 (September 2020): 399-406. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.664059.
EndNote Melekoğlu A, Ekici H, Arat E, Karahan S (September 1, 2020) Evaluation of melamine and cyanuric acid cytotoxicity: an in vitro study on L929 fibroblasts and CHO cell line. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 67 4 399–406.
IEEE A. Melekoğlu, H. Ekici, E. Arat, and S. Karahan, “Evaluation of melamine and cyanuric acid cytotoxicity: an in vitro study on L929 fibroblasts and CHO cell line”, Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 399–406, 2020, doi: 10.33988/auvfd.664059.
ISNAD Melekoğlu, Abdullah et al. “Evaluation of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Cytotoxicity: An in Vitro Study on L929 Fibroblasts and CHO Cell Line”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 67/4 (September 2020), 399-406. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.664059.
JAMA Melekoğlu A, Ekici H, Arat E, Karahan S. Evaluation of melamine and cyanuric acid cytotoxicity: an in vitro study on L929 fibroblasts and CHO cell line. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2020;67:399–406.
MLA Melekoğlu, Abdullah et al. “Evaluation of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Cytotoxicity: An in Vitro Study on L929 Fibroblasts and CHO Cell Line”. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 67, no. 4, 2020, pp. 399-06, doi:10.33988/auvfd.664059.
Vancouver Melekoğlu A, Ekici H, Arat E, Karahan S. Evaluation of melamine and cyanuric acid cytotoxicity: an in vitro study on L929 fibroblasts and CHO cell line. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2020;67(4):399-406.

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